Risk Factors Related (risk + factor_relate)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Kinds of Risk Factors Related

  • independent risk factor relate


  • Selected Abstracts


    Risk factors related to traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian schoolchildren

    DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2004
    Evelyne Pessoa Soriano
    Abstract,,, The aim of this pilot study was to analyse whether overjet, lip coverage and obesity represented risk factors associated with the occurrence of dental trauma in the permanent anterior teeth of schoolchildren in Recife, Brazil. It included a random sample of 116 boys and girls aged 12 years, attending both public and private schools. Data was collected through clinical examinations and interviews. Dental trauma was classified according to Andreasen's criteria (1994). Overjet was considered as risk factor when it presented values higher than 5 mm. Lip coverage was classified as adequate or inadequate, while obesity was considered according to National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) procedures for the assessment of nutritional status. The prevalence of dental injuries was 23.3%. Boys experienced more injuries than girls, 30 and 16.1%, respectively (P > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between traumatic dental injuries and overjet (P < 0.05) and between traumatic dental injuries and lip coverage (P = 0.000). No statistical significant differences were found when obesity and dental trauma were analysed (P < 0.05). It was concluded that boys from lower social strata attending public schools, presenting an overjet size greater than 5 mm and an inadequate lip coverage, were more likely to have traumatic dental injuries in Recife, Brazil. Obesity was not a risk factor for dental trauma in this sample. [source]


    HOMELESS SHELTER USE AND REINCARCERATION FOLLOWING PRISON RELEASE,

    CRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 2 2004
    STEPHEN METRAUX
    Research Summary: This paper examines the incidence of and interrelationships between shelter use and reincarceration among a cohort of 48,424 persons who were released from New York State prisons to New York City in 1995,1998. Results show that, within two years of release, 11.4% of the study group entered a New York City homeless shelter and 32.8% of this group was again imprisoned. Using survival analysis methods, time since prison release and history of residential instability were the most salient risk factors related to shelter use, and shelter use increased the risk of subsequent reincarceration. Policy Implications: These findings show both homelessness and reincarceration to be substantial problems among a population of released prisoners, problems that fall into the more general framework of community reintegration. They also suggest that enhanced housing and related services, when targeted to a relatively small at-risk group among this population, have the potential to substantially reduce the overall risk for homelessness in the group. [source]


    Alcohol abuse in a metropolitan city in China: a study of the prevalence and risk factors

    ADDICTION, Issue 9 2004
    Zhang Jiafang
    ABSTRACT Aims To investigate the prevalence of alcohol abuse in modern China and to explore the risk factors that may be associated with alcohol abuse. Design A face-to-face interview was carried out in a random sample with 2327 respondents. Setting Respondents were selected randomly from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, between May and June 2002. Participants Fifteen,65-year-old urban Chinese adults. Measurements Scores for alcohol abuse and related risk factors were the main measures. Findings (1) Nearly 15% of urban Chinese adults aged 15,65 were alcohol abusers. (2) Deviant drinking habits of mother, schoolmates, colleagues or friends all had a negative impact on the respondent's alcohol drinking behaviours, and higher economic status, current smokers, being male and being older were identified as risk factors related to alcohol abuse. In particular, if a drinker's mother used alcohol frequently then this drinker was more likely to become an alcohol abuser than those drinkers whose mothers did not use alcohol frequently (P = 0.0001). Fathers' drinking behaviours do not have a significant impact on the alcohol abusers. Conclusions In addition to common risk factors such as economic status, deviant peers' and fellows' drinking behaviours and negative attitudes to alcohol drinking, maternal alcohol drinking habit influenced significantly the offspring's drinking habits. Therefore, efficient intervention and education of healthy drinking habits in early motherhood is necessary for Chinese women. [source]


    Common Risk Factors Versus a Mispricing Factor of Tokyo Stock Exchange Firms: Inquiries into the Fundamental Value Derived from Analyst Earnings Forecasts,

    INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF FINANCE, Issue 3 2009
    KEIICHI KUBOTA
    ABSTRACT We search for common factors and/or a mispricing factor for Tokyo Stock Exchange firms. We utilize the Edwards,Bell,Ohlson model to compute the firms' fundamental value and divide this value by the firms' market price to construct a new variable called a ,value-to-price ratio' (VPR). We find that this VPR variable can generate abnormal returns even after adjusting for the risk factors related to portfolio style differences. To find out whether it is indeed a risk factor or simply a characteristic, we construct return difference portfolios of the high VPR stocks minus the low value-to-price stocks and call this portfolio the upward-forecast minus downward-forecast (UMD) factor. Fama and MacBeth test indicate that the risk premium for this UMD factor is positive. The best model in terms of the adjusted R2 value is the four-factor model in which the UMD factor is added to the Fama and French three factors. GMM Euler condition tests reveal that the UMD factor helps to price assets and that the four-factor model is not rejected. We conclude the VPR variable contains new information content that is not contained in the conventional Fama and French's three factors. [source]


    Should diagnostic laparoscopy be performed initially or not, during infertility management of primary and secondary infertile women?

    JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY RESEARCH (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2009
    A cross-sectional study
    Abstract Objective:, The debate about the timing of diagnostic laparoscopy in unexplained infertile women has been investigated in this prospective study. Study design:, A total of 328 infertile women who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy for investigation of infertility at any stage of their infertility management from April 2001 to April 2003 were investigated. When the study group was resized according to the inclusion criteria 191 unexplained infertile patients were included. Preoperative and postoperative treatment strategies were compared. The correlation between hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy findings was identified. The results were evaluated using SPSS version 10.0 for Windows. Results:, A total of 106 patients were primary and 85 were secondary infertile. The mean ages of primary and secondary infertile patients were 27 ± 5 and 29 ± 5, respectively. Sixty percent of primary and 69% of secondary infertile patients had pelvic pathologies. Treatment strategies of 29 (43%) primary infertile and 27 (49%) secondary infertile patients with infertility-related risk factors changed after diagnostic laparoscopy. Conclusion:, Diagnostic laparoscopy in preparation for operative procedures (especially for secondary infertile women) should be performed initially in all unexplained infertile patients with or without risk factors related to pelvic pathologies. [source]


    Demographics and Costs of Colic in Swedish Horses

    JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 4 2008
    A. Egenvall
    Background: Colic is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in horses. In Sweden, an insurance database with diagnostic medical information is maintained on >30% of the nation's horse population. Hypothesis: The objective was to describe the occurrence of colic, defined by costly veterinary care and life claims, in horses at 1 insurance company during 1997,2002. Horses: All horses (<21 years of age) with complete insurance for veterinary care and life during the period 1997,2002 were included. Methods: Colic was defined as conditions where the main clinical sign was abdominal pain and the problem was related to the gastrointestinal system. The analyses included measures of incidence by sex, breed group, age categories, geographical location (urban/other), survival to and survival after colic, medical cost for colic, and multivariable modeling of risk factors related to the event of colic. Results: In all, 116,288 horses contributed to 341,564 horse years at risk (HYAR). There were 3,100 horses with a colic diagnosis, of which 27% were settled for life insurance. The median gross cost for veterinary care was 4,729 Swedish Kronor (SEK). The overall occurrence and mortality rate of colic was 91 and 24 events per 10,000 HYAR. Survival after colic at 1 month was 76% (95% confidence interval: 75,78%). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The occurrence of colic varied with breed group, age, and season. The mortality rates probably reflected the true mortality of colic. The veterinary care rates most likely underestimated of the risk colic because they represent relatively costly events. [source]


    Diabetes pattern on the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus

    LIVER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 8 2009
    Ichiro Konishi
    Abstract Background: Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) frequently show glucose intolerance. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been proposed to be a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aims: The aim of this study is to clarify the influence of glucose intolerance as evaluated by the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with HCV. Methods: This study was carried out in a cohort of 197 patients with HCV who had not been previously diagnosed as having DM. All patients underwent the 75 g OGTT at entry. They were also screened for HCC and, thereafter, the rate of hepatocarcinogenesis was compared between the patients with and without glucose intolerance. Results: Based on the results of the 75 g OGTT, 125 (63%) had normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 49 (25%) had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 23 (12%) had the DM pattern. HCC occurred more frequently in patients with the DM pattern than in patients with either NGT or IGT. Even in patients without advanced liver fibrosis, HCC was more frequently observed in patients with DM than in patients with NGT. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed advanced liver fibrosis, the DM pattern on the 75 g OGTT, an older age and ,-glutamyltransferase to all be independent risk factors related to hepatocarcinogenesis. Conclusions: A DM pattern on the 75 g OGTT was thus found to be associated with hepatocarcinogenesis and the 75 g OGTT is considered to be useful for identifying this risk factor for HCC in patients with HCV. [source]


    Impact of allergic rhinitis on asthma: effects on bronchial hyperreactivity

    ALLERGY, Issue 3 2009
    I. Cirillo
    Background:, Remarkable relationship exists between upper and lower airways. Bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) is a paramount feature of asthma and may be considered a strong risk factor for the onset of asthma in patients with allergic rhinitis. Objective:, This study is aimed at evaluating the presence of BHR in a large group of patients with moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis alone, and at investigating possible risk factors related to severe BHR. Methods:, Three hundred and forty-two patients with moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis were prospectively and consecutively evaluated. Clinical examination, skin prick test, spirometry and bronchial methacholine (MCH) test were performed in all patients. Results:, Twenty-two (6.4%) patients had severe BHR, 74 (21.6%) patients had mild BHR and 192 (56.2%) had borderline BHR; 54 (15.8%) patients had a negative MCH test. The logistic regression analysis evidenced that trees and house dust mites sensitization (ORAdj: 8.1), rhinitis duration > 5 years (ORAdj: 5.4) and FEV1 , 86% of predicted (ORAdj: 4.0) were significantly associated with severe BHR. The discriminative ability of this model is appreciably satisfactory, being the AUC = 0.90. Conclusion:, This study highlights the close link between upper and lower airways and the role of some risk factors, such as tree and mite sensitization, > 5-year duration, and , 86% FEV1 values, as risk factors for severe BHR in patients with moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis alone. Therefore, BHR is frequently present in patients with chronic rhinitis and should be suspected in the presence of defined risk factors. [source]


    Effective management of smoking in an oral dysplasia clinic in London

    ORAL DISEASES, Issue 1 2006
    TWJ Poate
    Background:, Precancerous lesions precede the development of oral cancer; of several clinical types the most common is leukoplakia. The risk factors include tobacco and excess alcohol use and diets low in antioxidants. Studies concerning the management of risk factors related to oral precancer are meager. Objectives:, We investigated the effectiveness of smoking cessation at a dysplasia clinic among patients followed up for at least for 12 months. Methods:, Data from case notes relating to180 patients with white and red patches of oral mucosa (excluding other benign disorders confirmed by biopsy findings) attending a dysplasia clinic at a teaching hospital in London and seen by one consultant between 1993 and 2003 were transcribed. Effect of referring to a smoker's clinic to receive specialist help was evaluated against brief advice given at the dysplasia clinic ± medications. Results:, The mean age at the first visit was 48.5 years (±12.5), 65% were male, and 88% were white European. One hundred and sixty-two patients (90%) had used tobacco and 83% were current smokers. Of the smokers 95% had smoked over 10 years, the majority smoking over 10 cigarettes per day. Nine were alcohol misusers including two binge drinkers. One hundred and forty-six were diagnosed with oral leukoplakia, 16 with non-homogeneous types (speckled or nodular). Three patients were diagnosed with an erythroplakia. Nineteen per cent exhibited the presence of dysplasia and one subject had in situ carcinoma. Five patients in the sample quit smoking prior to arrival in the dysplasia clinic. Twenty-seven cases (20%) with oral leukoplakia quit smoking while registered as a patient at the dysplasia clinic: 17 of 100 subjects quit with brief advice ± medications and 10 of 30 following referral to the smoker's clinic. The difference between the two groups was significant for point prevalence abstinence at the last visit to the clinic (minimum 12 months follow up). Out of a total of 180 precancer cases managed in the dysplasia clinic (mean follow up 4.2 years) three patients subsequently developed invasive carcinoma during follow up. Conclusions:, Smoking cessation needs to be an integral component of management of cases attending a dysplasia clinic and referring to smoker's clinics could help to improve the effectiveness of managing patients with oral precancer to quit smoking. [source]


    Maternal factors associated with the duration of breast feeding in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    PAEDIATRIC & PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003
    Sherine Shawky
    Summary Recently, there has been increasing concern about the decline in breast-feeding pattern in developing countries. The objectives of this study were to document the recent breast-feeding trends in Jeddah during the first year of an infant's life and identify the probable maternal risk factors implicated in breast-feeding cessation. Data were collected from six randomly selected primary health care centres in Jeddah City. All married women with an infant , 12 completed months of age were interviewed, and information on socio-demographic characteristics, breast feeding and contraceptive use were collected. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios for the various maternal risk factors related to breast-feeding cessation. A total of 400 women were enrolled in the study. Their mean age at delivery was 28.0 years (SD = 4.1 years). Approximately 40.0% had never attended school, 43.0% had at least five children and 13.8% were smokers. Deliveries by caesarean section were reported by 13.0% of women and contraceptive use by 44.7%, among whom oral contraceptives were the commonest method. Around 94.0% of women ever initially breast fed their infants, and this proportion dropped to 40.0% by the infant's 12th month. Women who delivered by caesarean section (OR = 1.9 [95% CI 1.3, 2.8]P = 0.001) and those who used oral contraceptives (OR = 1.5 [95% CI 1.1, 2.2]P = 0.031) were at higher risk of stopping breast feeding and lower probability of maintaining breast feeding to the 12th month post partum than those who delivered vaginally and did not use oral contraceptives. Breast-feeding practice seems to decline rapidly during the first year of the infant's life. Health care professionals should promote breast-feeding practice as early as the antenatal period. They should also take into consideration the impact of caesarean section deliveries and early oral contraceptive use to avoid their negative impact on breast-feeding practice. [source]


    Do fall predictors in middle aged and older adults predict fall status in persons 50+ with fibromyalgia?

    RESEARCH IN NURSING & HEALTH, Issue 3 2010
    An exploratory study
    Abstract We explored potential predictors of fall status in 70 community-dwelling persons ,50 years of age with fibromyalgia (FM). Over 40% of the sample reported one or more falls in the year prior to the study. A logistic regression model using 10 variables known to predict falls in middle aged and older persons predicted 45% of the variance in fall status. Three variables offered significant independent contributions to the overall model predicting fall status: perception of postural instability, balance performance, and executive function processing speed. The results support prior work in both nonclinical and clinical populations of middle aged and older adults indicating that falls are associated with multiple risk factors. Prospective designs with larger samples are needed to (a) validate and extend these findings, and (b) identify risk factors related to fall status that are unique to persons with FM. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 33:192,206, 2010 [source]


    Risk factors of mortality in non-trauma exsanguinating patients that require damage control laparotomy

    ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 4 2010
    Wen-bo Zhang
    Abstract Background:, Since introduction of damage control (DC) approach to non-trauma setting is relatively late, the risk factors associated with this procedure remain undefined. This study was aimed at identifying factors responsible for the mortality. Methods:, Over a 5-year period (from February 2002 to February 2007), consecutive non-trauma patients who required DC laparotomy (DCL) with gauze packing for control of indomitable abdominal haemorrhage in our institute were included. Clinical, laboratorial and operative factors influencing in-hospital or 30-day mortality were analysed. Results:, A total of 26 patients underwent DCL with packing in an attempt to control severe abdominal haemorrhage. There were seven (26.9%) deaths in hospital or within 30 days of DCL. Increase in age, higher initial physiological score and operative severity score assessed by the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity scoring system, lower initial body temperature, lower initial platelet (PLT) counts, greater intra-operative blood loss, presence of perioperative multiple organ dysfunction syndrome were all associated with increased risk of mortality on univariate analysis (P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, only decrease in PLT counts (P= 0.042, OR = 0.969, 95% CI = 0.940,0.999) and increase in age (P= 0.035, OR = 1.152, 95% CI = 1.010,1.313) were significant independent factors affecting mortality. Conclusions:, Decrease in PLT counts and increase in age are the independent risk factors related to death in non-trauma series that require DCL with packing. DCL should be performed early as for patients with these risk factors. [source]


    Causes of death classified by risk and condition, New Zealand 1997

    AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 1 2005
    Martin Tobias
    Objective: To classify causes of death in New Zealand by risk factor (in addition to condition) as a planning tool for health promotion. Method: Deaths occurring in New Zealand in 1997 were classified by 20 prevalent risk factors using a combination of categorical attribution (rule-based) and counterfactual modelling (population-attributable risk-based) approaches. Results: Approximately 30% of deaths were attributed to the joint effect of dietary factors. Tobacco consumption was responsible for 18% of deaths and insufficient physical activity for almost 10%. Less important behavioural risk factors included alcohol consumption (3%), illicit drug use (0.5%) and unsafe sex (0.5%). Among biological risk factors, higher than optimal total blood cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and body mass index accounted for 17%, 15% and 12% of deaths respectively. Deprivation contributed to 17% of deaths, and adverse in-hospital events to 6%. Among environmental exposures, microbes accounted for 6.5% of deaths, air pollution 3.5% and occupational diseases and injuries 0.5%. Among injury hazards, risk factors related to road traffic were responsible for 2% of deaths, while violence accounted for 2.5% of deaths, mostly through suicide. Cross-classifying deaths by both condition and risk factor, 90% of ischaemic heart disease and 80% of stroke, but only 30% of cancer deaths, could be attributed to specific risk factors. Conclusions: This is the first comprehensive ranking of causes of death at the level of risk factors available for New Zealand and should prove useful as a planning tool, especially for disease prevention and health promotion. [source]


    An epidemic of parvovirus B19 in a population of 3596 pregnant women: a study of sociodemographic and medical risk factors

    BJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 5 2000
    Inge Panum Jensen Consultant
    Objectives To estimate the incidence of human parvovirus B19 among pregnant women before and during an epidemic, to elucidate possible sociodemographic and medical risk factors during pregnancy and to estimate the association between parvovirus B19 infection and negative pregnancy outcome. Design Prospective study among pregnant women followed from their first antenatal visit before 24 full weeks of gestation until delivery. Setting Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, November 1992 to February 1994. Methods 3596 pregnant women were invited to participate. The women were examined at first antenatal visit in the period from November 1992 to February 1994 and at delivery. The last delivery was in August 1994 and samples were thus collected before and during a large parvovirus B19 epidemic in Denmark January to September 1994. A blood sample for parvovirus B19 serology was taken at enrolment and from the umbilical cord at delivery. Three questionnaires were completed during 2nd and 3rd trimesters and a registration form at delivery. In total, 3174 (87.6%) were enrolled and 79.5% completed the study. Results The prevalence of B19 IgG seropositivity at the first antenatal visit before 24 full weeks of gestation was 66%. The cumulative prevalence proportion of acute parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy among IgG negative women was found to be 10.3% (IgM seropositivity and/or IgG sero-conversion). The IgG seroconversion incidence increased significantly from 1.0% to 13.5% among 932 seronegative pregnant women before and during the epidemic, respectively (P < 0.001). Independent risk factors related to increased risk of B19 infection during pregnancy, adjusted for other sociodemographic and medical factors, were: children at home (adjusted OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3,3.2); serious medical disease (adjusted OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.0,8.5); and a stressful job (adjusted OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0,3.3). Parvovirus B19 IgM seropositivity was associated with events of late spontaneous abortions and stillbirths (crude OR 9.9; 95% CI 3.3,29.4). Conclusion Before and during an epidemic of acute B19 infection incidences were measured among pregnant women to be 1.0% and 13.5%, respectively. Three factors, significantly increasing the risk of acute B19, were identified as: having children at home; suffering from serious medical diseases; and having a stressful job. IgM positivity for parvovirus B19 was associated with negative outcome of pregnancy. [source]


    Association between serum lipoprotein (a) level and progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes

    ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 5 2009
    Hideharu Funatsu
    Abstract. Purpose:, To investigate independent risk factors related to the progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) for Japanese Type 2 diabetic patients. Methods:, One hundred and six patients with NPDR were followed up for 2 years. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was determined by colour fundus photography. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess variables independently associated with the progression of NPDR. Serum concentrations of novel risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease, including lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] and fibrinogen, were measured. Results:, Thirty-three patients (31%) had progressed by two scale steps or more in 2 years. The progression of NPDR was significantly associated with HbA1c [odds ratio (OR) 2.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14,4.87], systolic blood pressure (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.14,2.91), Lp(a) (OR 2.70; 95% CI 1.09,5.12) and fibrinogen (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.03,3.08). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HbA1c (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.12,3.21) and Lp(a) level (OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.06,4.33) were significant and independent predictors of the progression of NPDR. Conclusion:, These data suggest that serum Lp(a) level is an independent risk factor for the progression of NPDR in Type 2 diabetes patients. We recommend that further prospective validation of our findings be undertaken to confirm these observations. [source]


    Microbiological factors associated with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: protective effect of early antibiotic treatment

    ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 10 2003
    TG Krediet
    Aim: The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) strongly increased in an neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in 1997 and 1998 compared with previous years, which coincided with increased incidence of nosocomial sepsis. Specific risk factors related to this NICU and a possible relationship between NEC and nosocomial sepsis were studied retrospectively, including all patients with NEC since 1990 and matched controls. Methods: Clinical and bacteriological data from the period before the development of NEC and a similar period for the controls were collected retrospectively and corrected for birthweight and gestational age. Statistical analysis was performed by a stepwise regression model. Results: Data of 104 neonates with NEC and matched controls were analysed. The median day of onset of NEC was 12 d (range 1,63 d). Significant risk factors for NEC were: insertion of a peripheral artery catheter [odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3-3.9] and a central venous catheter (OR 5.6, 95% CI 3.1-10.1), colonization with Klebsiella sp. (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.5-7.5) and Escherichia coli (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.CM1.5), and the occurrence of sepsis, in particular due to coagulase-negative staphylococci (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-5.1). The risk for NEC was decreased after the early use (<48h after birth) of amoxicillin-clavulanate and gentamicin (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.6). Conclusion: Insertion of central venous and peripheral arterial catheters is positively associated with NEC, as is colonization with the Gram-negative bacilli Klebsiella and E. coli and the occurrence of sepsis, particularly due to coagulase-negative staphylococci. Early treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanate and gentamicin is negatively associated with NEC and may be protective against NEC. [source]