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Risk Factors Present (risk + factor_present)
Selected AbstractsClustering of cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prognostic significance and trackingDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 1 2001J. Kaukua Summary Aim Little attention has been paid to the prognostic significance and tracking effect of risk factor clusters characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We studied the clustering of eight cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, high body mass index, elevated systolic blood pressure, high serum, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high serum LDL triglycerides, low serum, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high fasting blood glucose and high plasma insulin concentration) and their effect on the prognosis and the tracking effect. Methods This study is a population-based prospective follow-up of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects (n = 133, aged 45,64 years) in Eastern Finland. The following end points were used: all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and incidences of first myocardial infarction and first stroke. Furthermore, we studied the ,tracking effect' of the risk factor clusters during the 10-year follow-up period. Results When the clustering of risk factors typical of type 2 diabetes mellitus was taken into account, all-cause mortality increased from 28.6% to 50.0% (p <,0.05) and cardiovascular disease mortality increased from 14.3% to 50.0% (p <,0.01) depending on the number of risk factors present. The incidence of first myocardial infarction increased from 0% to 40.0% (p <,0.05) as the number of risk factors increased from 0 to 5. In survivors, the proportion of individuals with no risk factors decreased and the proportion on individuals with three to four risk factors increased during the 10-year follow-up period despite the high mortality among the group with many risk factors. Conclusions The risk factor clusters among type 2 diabetic subjects are of great predictive value and when not aggressively treated, show a relentless increase despite selective mortality. [source] Growing old with epilepsy: the neglected issue of cognitive and brain health in aging and elder persons with chronic epilepsyEPILEPSIA, Issue 5 2008Bruce Hermann Summary The purpose of this review is to examine what is known about cognitive and brain aging in elders with chronic epilepsy. We contend that much remains to be learned about the ultimate course of cognition and brain structure in persons with chronic epilepsy and concern appears warranted. Individuals with chronic epilepsy are exposed to many risk factors demonstrated to be associated with abnormal cognitive and brain aging in the general population, with many of these risk factors present in persons with chronic epilepsy as early as midlife. We suggest that a research agenda be developed to systematically identify and treat known modifiable risk factors in order to protect and promote cognitive and brain health in aging and elder persons with chronic epilepsy. [source] Effect of P6 acustimulation on post-operative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing a laparoscopic cholecystectomyACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 10 2009U. H. FREY Background Non-pharmacologic techniques such as electrical acustimulation may mitigate post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV). The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acustimulation on attenuating PONV. Moreover, we tested whether a pre- or a post-induction application of acustimulation results in differences in PONV reduction. Methods In this prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, we studied 200 patients undergoing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy during propofol (induction) fentanyl/isoflurane/atracurium (maintenance) anaesthesia. In the acustimulation group (n=101), subdivided into groups with pre-induction (n=57) and post-induction (n=44) acustimulation, an active ReliefBand® device was placed at the P6 acupoint. In the sham group (n=99), also subdivided into pre-induction (n=55) or post-induction (n=44) groups, an inactive device was applied instead. The ReliefBand® remained in place for 24 h after surgery. Nausea and vomiting/retching were recorded at 2, 6, and 24 h post-operatively. Results The incidence of early nausea (up to 2 h) was significantly lower in the acustimulation than in the sham group (29% vs. 42%; P=0.043). No significant effect could be detected for retching/vomiting. Moreover, acustimulation showed no effect on PONV after 6 and 24 h. Risk factor analysis (female gender, non-smoker, history of PONV/motion sickness, and post-operative morphine usage) revealed a relative reduction in risk of 40% for nausea (P=0.021) and 55% for retching/vomiting (P=0.048) in patients with three or four risk factors present. The timing of (pre- vs. post-induction) acustimulation had no significant effect on PONV reduction. Conclusion Acustimulation at the P6 acupoint reduces early nausea, but not vomiting, after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, irrespective of its pre- or post-induction application. [source] Promoting adolescent sense of coherence: Testing models of risk, protection, and resiliencyJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010William Paul Evans Abstract Sense of coherence (SOC) is a dispositional trait that has been linked to well-being in a broad range of populations and contexts. Little is known, however, about the factors associated with SOC development and maintenance across the lifespan. Conceptualized as a condition of resiliency, SOC in adolescents was explored via measures of risk and protection as reported on by 8th and 10th grade students (N,=,1619). Employing cumulative indexes of protection and risk, analyses focused on testing four models of resiliency. Further, the relative and cumulative effects of protection and risk were explored across ecological domains. Analyses revealed support for the compensatory model of resiliency for males and females, while the challenge model also was supported for females. Analyses also revealed that protection and risk influencing SOC emerge at multiple domains for males and females. In addition, protective factors present at multiple domains were related to higher SOC while risk factors present at multiple domains were related to lower SOC regardless of gender. Results suggest a resiliency framework that considers multiple ecological domains is useful for understanding SOC in adolescents. Implications for additional research are presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Identification of Cardiovascular Risk: Use of a Cardiovascular-Specific GenogramPUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, Issue 3 2000Frances B Wimbush Ph.D. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects nearly 50 million Americans of all ages, races, and educational levels. Many of the risk factors for CVD are modifiable and public health nurses (PHNs) are in unique position to impact this major health problem because of their access to individuals, families, and groups. Addressing this major health problem requires early identification of those at risk for CVD. This article describes the implementation of a cardiovascular-specific genogram (CVSG) which can be used to identify persons at risk for CVD. Rationale for the development of this disease-specific tool and suggestions for its clinical application are discussed. The genogram was distributed to the parents of 100 6th grade students. All of the respondents reported cardiovascular risk factors present in at least one of three generations examined. The risk factors in the two younger generations were at the primary and secondary levels of prevention and were modifiable with intervention. Only the older generation in this sample had tertiary level risk factors. The CVSG can easily be incorporated into all aspects of public health nursing practice, from assessment for case finding to planning and implementing disease management strategies. The CVSG can identify individuals, families, and groups at risk for CVD allowing the nurse to focus attention on those most at risk, and to implement proactive assessment, screening, and educational programs. [source] | ||||||||||