CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 4 2001
MARÍA B. VÉLEZ
This study introduces public social control into multilevel victimization research by investigating its impact on household and personal victimization risk for residents across 60 urban neighborhoods. Public social control refers to the ability of neighborhoods to secure external resources necessary for the reduction of crime and victimization. I find that living in neighborhoods with high levels of public social control reduces an individual's likelihood of victimization, especially in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Given the important role that residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods can play in securing public social control, this contingent finding suggests that disadvantaged neighborhoods can be politically viable contexts. [source]

PUTTING VIOLENCE IN ITS PLACE: THE INFLUENCE OF RACE, ETHNICITY, GENDER, AND PLACE ON THE RISK FOR VIOLENCE,

CRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 1 2001
JANET L. LAURITSEN
Research Summary: This research shows that non-Latino black, non-Latino white, and Latino males and females in the U.S. experience significantly different levels of stranger and non-stranger violence, and that these forms of non-lethal violence are especially pronounced in areas with high levels of socioeconomic disadvantage. Many of the differences between these groups are eliminated once community and other individual characteristics are taken into account. Policy Implications: The results suggest that victimization resources should be geographically targeted at places with high levels of poverty and single-parent families, and that the most stable institutions within these communities be drawn upon to deliver information about victimization prevention and services. [source]

SUICIDE, RISK, AND INVESTMENT IN THE HEART OF THE AFRICAN MIRACLE

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2009
JULIE LIVINGSTON
ABSTRACT This essay considers new forms of investment, risk, and self-determination, among Botswana's middle and aspirant classes, as well as the loneliness and rage that are at stake when they fail. In it, I use specific instances and more widespread talk of suicides and murder,suicides contemplated, attempted, and accomplished as a vehicle for pondering the social dimensions of investment, and the perils of secrecy and the loneliness that shadow it. Amid a new regime of risk, investment, and self-determination brought by discontinuities of economic boom and widespread AIDS death over the past decade, Batswana are facing new questions about how to invest in relationships, selves, and futures. The essay concludes with a radically different context, a cancer ward, where Batswana seek to exile suicide and nihilism from the beds, minds, and hearts of patients through processes of socialization and paternalism that deny self-determination, while at the same time questing for and demanding investment in high-tech biomedicine. [source]

REDUCING THE RISK OF PERISTOMAL INFECTION AFTER PEG PLACEMENT

DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 4 2005
Iruru Maetani
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) was first described in 1980 as an effective means of enteral nutrition where oral intake is not possible. PEG placement is safe and has now replaced the nasogastric tube in patients who need long-term feeding. Although it is relatively safe with a very low associated mortality, minor complications, especially local and systemic infection, remain a problem. Of these, peristomal wound infections are the most common complication of PEG. In patients indicated for this procedure who are aged and/or frail, this complication may pose a critical problem. In the commonly used pull or push methods for PEG placement, the PEG tube is readily colonized by oropharyngeal bacteria. Infection of the PEG site is considered to be associated with contamination of the PEG catheter. There are important measures that should be taken to prevent peristomal infection. A number of rigorous studies have shown that prophylactic antibiotics are effective in reducing the risk of peristomal infection. As methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or other resistant organisms are emerging as a major pathogen in peristomal infection, however, currently recommended antibiotic prophylaxis regimens might be inappropriate. Alternative regimens and other approaches to prevent contamination of the PEG tube during the procedure are required. [source]

POLITICAL AND SYSTEMIC BARRIERS INCREASING RISK OF HIV FOR INJECTING DRUG USERS IN EAST AFRICA

ADDICTION, Issue 10 2010
DANIEL WOLFE
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

[Commentary] LOW-RISK DRINKING LIMITS: ABSOLUTE VERSUS RELATIVE RISK

ADDICTION, Issue 8 2009
DEBORAH A. DAWSON
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION ADDRESSES THE NATIONAL PROBLEM OF YOUTH AT RISK

FAMILY COURT REVIEW, Issue 3 2007
Karen J. Mathis
During the 2006,2007 American Bar Association (ABA) year, a special ABA Presidential Youth at Risk Initiative has addressed several important topics: addressing the needs of juvenile status offenders and their families; foster children aging out of the foster care system; increases in girls, especially girls of color, in the juvenile justice system; the need to better hear the voices of youth in court proceedings affecting them; and improving how laws can better address youth crossing over between juvenile justice and child welfare systems. Lawyers are encouraged to use their skills to improve the systems addressing at-risk youth and their families and to help facilitate coordination of youth-related community efforts. Learning how to effectively communicate with youth is an important skill attorneys must learn. Through the Youth at Risk Initiative, the ABA has held continuing legal education programs, hosted community roundtables among youth-serving stakeholders, and developed projects on: juvenile status offenders; lawyer assistance to youth transitioning from foster care; educating young girls on violence prevention, conflict resolution, and careers in law and justice; and provision of useful information to youth awaiting juvenile court hearings. New ABA policy has addressed services and programs to at-risk youth, assuring licensing, regulation, and monitoring of residential facilities serving at-risk youth, enhanced support for sexual minority foster and homeless youth, juvenile status offenders, and improving laws and policies related to youth exiting the foster care system. [source]

POSTPRANDIAL HYPERGLYCEMIA IS AN INDEPENDENT RISK FOR RETINOPATHY IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, ESPECIALLY IN THOSE WITH NEAR-NORMAL GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 7 2010
Toru Aizawa PhD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

ALL PATIENT REFINED DIAGNOSIS RELATED GROUPS: A NEW ADMINISTRATIVE TOOL FOR IDENTIFYING ELDERLY PATIENTS AT RISK OF HIGH RESOURCE CONSUMPTION

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 1 2005
Alberto Pilotto PhD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

MEASURING RISK IN ENVIRONMENTAL FINANCE

JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 5 2007
Suhejla Hoti
Abstract Environmental sustainability indices, such as the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes and the Ethibel Sustainability Index, quantify the development and promotion of sustainable social, ethical and environmental values in the community. Moreover, such indices provide a benchmark for managing sustainability portfolios, and developing financial products and services that are linked to sustainable economic, environmental, social and ethical criteria. This paper reviews the existing data and risk indices in environmental finance. The main purpose of the paper is to analyse existing sustainability and ethical indices in environmental finance, and evaluate empirical environmental risk by estimating conditional volatility clustering that is inherent in these indices. Financial volatility models are estimated to analyse the underlying conditional volatility or time-varying risk that is inherent in alternative environmental sustainability indices. Volatility clustering is observed for most series, but some extreme observations are also evident. The log- and second-moment conditions suggest that valid inferences can be drawn for purposes of sensible empirical analysis. [source]

THE RISK OF THE METAL-FREE PRACTICE!

JOURNAL OF ESTHETIC AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, Issue 2 2009
Frank M. Spear DDS
[source]

CLINICAL NEED FOR OTOTOPICAL FLUOROQUINOLONES OUTWEIGHS MINISCULE RISK OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 4 2006
Sophie Couzos Dr
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

INVESTMENT RISK AND THE TRANSITION INTO HOMEOWNERSHIP,

JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2007
Tracy M. Turner
R0; D12; D84 ABSTRACT This paper investigates the extent to which house,price uncertainty affects the transition of renter households into homeownership. Using a 14-year household panel from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics during the years 1984,1997 and measures of the time-varying risk and return to owner-occupied housing, we estimate a Cox proportional hazard model of the effect of house,price volatility on the transition into homeownership. Results indicate that house,price uncertainty has a negative and dramatic impact on transitions into homeownership. In addition, we find that the low-wealth renters are particularly sensitive to house,price risk. [source]

NEEDLE-STICK INJURY: A NOVEL INTERVENTION TO REDUCE THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RISK IN THE HAEMODIALYSIS SETTING

JOURNAL OF RENAL CARE, Issue 3 2009
BAppSci, Grad Dip Edu, Josephine Chow MBA
SUMMARY Needle-stick injury (NSI) is a major occupational health and safety issue facing healthcare professionals. The administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) in haemodialysis patients represents a major cause for injections. The purpose of this initiative was to familiarise nursing staff with needle-free administration of an ESA in haemodialysis patients to reduce the risk of NSI. Epoetin beta comes in a commercial presentation with a detached needle. Epoetin beta was administered to 10 haemodialysis patients via the venous bubble trap short line of the haemodialysis circuit. An audit was conducted that included a retrospective assessment of NSI for the previous six months; and a prospective assessment for eight weeks to assess whether there is a nursing staff preference for needle-free administration of ESA. There were no reports of NSI in the needle-free group. Haemoglobin levels were maintained. Ninety-one percent of the nursing staff preferred needle-free administration of ESA. In conclusion, the commercial presentation of epoetin beta with the detached needle presents an opportunity to reduce the potential risk of NSI in haemodialysis units. [source]

HAUL-OUT SELECTION BY PACIFIC HARBOR SEALS (PHOCA VITULINA RICHARDII): ISOLATION AND PERCEIVED PREDATION RISK

MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2002
Chad A. Nordstrom
Abstract The potential for non-aquatic predators to influence habitat use by harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in a nearshore marine environment was studied by examining haul-out site use and through an experimental approach. Distance from shore, distance to possible foraging depths, peripheral water depth, and haul-out areas were quantified for each haul-out. There was a positive relationship between the number of seals hauled out and the distance from shore for eight known haul-out sites. The hypothesis that harbor seals increasingly hauled out farther offshore to reduce predation risk was tested experimentally by measuring their response to a model of a potential terrestrial predator in comparison to a control object, and to disturbance by a human at one of the study sites. Harbor seals abandoned the haul-out in the presence of the predator model, but showed little response to the controls, suggesting they possess a threat image for terrestrial predators and avoid hauling out when it is perceived. These results support the hypothesis that harbor seals select isolated sites to reduce exposure to terrestrial carnivores. [source]

RISK-REWARD OPTIMIZATION WITH DISCRETE-TIME COHERENT RISK

MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, Issue 4 2010
Alexander S. Cherny
We solve the risk-reward optimization problem in the discrete-time setting, the reward being measured as the expected Profit and Loss and the risk being measured by a dynamic coherent risk measure. [source]

CAPITAL ALLOCATION AND RISK CONTRIBUTION WITH DISCRETE-TIME COHERENT RISK

MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, Issue 1 2009
Alexander S. Cherny
We define the capital allocation and the risk contribution for discrete-time coherent risk measures and provide several equivalent representations of these objects. The formulations and the proofs are based on two instruments introduced in the paper: a probabilistic notion of the extreme system and a geometric notion of the generator. These notions are also of interest on their own and are important for other applications of coherent risk measures. All the concepts and results are illustrated by JP Morgan's Risk Metrics model. [source]

DEFAULTABLE OPTIONS IN A MARKOVIAN INTENSITY MODEL OF CREDIT RISK

MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, Issue 4 2008
Tomasz R. Bielecki
This paper is a follow-up to "Valuation and Hedging of Defaultable Game Options in a Hazard Process Model" by the same authors. In the present paper we give user friendly assumptions ensuring that the general conditions in the previous paper are satisfied. We also give a systematic procedure to construct suitable intensity models of credit risk, and, in the Markovian case, we provide a variational inequality approach to the pre-default pricing problem. We finally illustrate our results on a study of defaultable convertible bonds. [source]

LARGE DEVIATIONS IN MULTIFACTOR PORTFOLIO CREDIT RISK

MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, Issue 3 2007
Paul Glasserman
The measurement of portfolio credit risk focuses on rare but significant large-loss events. This paper investigates rare event asymptotics for the loss distribution in the widely used Gaussian copula model of portfolio credit risk. We establish logarithmic limits for the tail of the loss distribution in two limiting regimes. The first limit examines the tail of the loss distribution at increasingly high loss thresholds; the second limiting regime is based on letting the individual loss probabilities decrease toward zero. Both limits are also based on letting the size of the portfolio increase. Our analysis reveals a qualitative distinction between the two cases: in the rare-default regime, the tail of the loss distribution decreases exponentially, but in the large-threshold regime the decay is consistent with a power law. This indicates that the dependence between defaults imposed by the Gaussian copula is qualitatively different for portfolios of high-quality and lower-quality credits. [source]

EXCHANGE RATE RISK AND EXPORT REVENUE IN TAIWAN

PACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2004
Wen Shwo Fang
Depreciation is found to stimulate export revenue in domestic currency, but the quantitative impact is small and any associated increase in exchange risk has a negative impact. Implications for economic policy are discussed. [source]

LEXICAL PRIORITY AND THE PROBLEM OF RISK

PACIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2010
MICHAEL HUEMER
Some theories of practical reasons incorporate a lexical priority structure, according to which some practical reasons have infinitely greater weight than others. This includes absolute deontological theories and axiological theories that take some goods to be categorically superior to others. These theories face problems involving cases in which there is a non-extreme probability that a given reason applies. In view of such cases, lexical-priority theories are in danger of becoming irrelevant to decision-making, becoming absurdly demanding, or generating paradoxical cases in which each of a pair of actions is permissible yet the pair is impermissible. [source]

DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT IN INDIA: THE ROLE OF RETURN, RISK, AND INFLATION

THE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 4 2004
Kulwant RAI
The present study examines the determinants of foreign institutional investments (FII) in India, which by January 2003 almost exceeded U.S. $12 billion. Given the huge volume of these flows and their impact on the other domestic financial markets, understanding the behavior of the flows becomes very important, especially at a time of liberalizing the capital account. By using monthly data, we found that FII inflow depends on stock market returns, inflation rates (both domestic and foreign), and ex-ante risk. In terms of magnitude, the impact of stock market returns and the ex-ante risk turned out to be the major determinants of FII inflow. Unlike some of the other investigations of this topic, our study has not found any causative link running from FII inflow to stock returns. Stabilizing stock market volatility and minimizing the ex-ante risk would help to attract more FII, an inflow of which has a positive impact on the real economy. [source]

EXPONENTIAL DURATION: A MORE ACCURATE ESTIMATION OF INTEREST RATE RISK

THE JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2005
Miles Livingston
Abstract We develop a new method to estimate the interest rate risk of an asset. This method is based on modified duration and is always more accurate than traditional estimation with modified duration. The estimates by this method are close to estimates using traditional duration plus convexity when interest rates decrease. If interest rates rise, investors will suffer larger value declines than predicted by traditional duration plus convexity estimate. The new method avoids this undesirable value overestimation and provides an estimate slightly below the true value. For risk-averse investors, overestimation of value declines is more desirable and conservative. [source]

PROJECT CHOICE AND RISK IN R&D*

THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2005
Heiko A. Gerlach
We introduce stochastic R&D in the Hotelling model and show that if the technical risk is sufficiently high, all firms focus on the most valuable market segment. We then endogenize technical risk by allowing firms to choose between a safe and a risky R&D technology. Firms either both target the most attractive market with at least one firm using the risky technology or they choose different niche projects and both apply the safe technology. R&D spillovers lead to more differentiated R&D projects and patent protection to less. Project coordination within an RJV implies more differentiation, and may be welfare-improving. [source]

RELEVANT RISK FOR WOMEN WITH BRCA1 AND BRCA2 MUTATIONS

ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 5 2007
Colin Furnival PhD, FRACS
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

RISK, PERSISTENCE and FOCUS: A LIFE CYCLE OF THE ENTREPRENEUR

AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2005
Ian Hunter
Business lifecycle; business failure; entrepreneurship; New Zealand; colonisation Adapting a life cycle model from managerial literature, conclusions are drawn about the nature of colonial entrepreneurship from a case analysis of 133 New Zealand entrepreneurs, active between 1880 and 1910. Five stages in the life cycle of the entrepreneur are investigated: preparation, embarkation, exploration, expansion and transformation. Characteristic behaviours observed include the prevalence of entrepreneurial partnerships; a propensity for commencing multiple business ventures; and persistence in the face of business failure. Strategically, the colonial entrepreneur leveraged personal skills and abilities as a modus operandi for business expansion, often relying on family ownership and family management structures. [source]

THE SYSTEMATIC RISK OF DEBT: AUSTRALIAN EVIDENCE,

AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 1 2005
KEVIN DAVISArticle first published online: 21 FEB 200
This paper examines systematic risk (betas) of Australian government debt securities for the period 1979,2004 and makes three contributions to academic research and practical debate. First, the empirical work provides direct evidence on the systematic risk of government debt, and provides a benchmark for estimating the systematic risk of corporate debt which is relevant for cost of capital estimation and for optimal portfolio selection by asset managers such as superannuation funds. Second, analysis of reasons for non-zero (and time varying) betas for fixed income securities aids understanding of the primary sources of systematic risk. Third, the results cast light on the appropriate choice of maturity of risk free interest rate for use in the Capital Asset Pricing Model and have implications for the current applicability of historical estimates of the market risk premium. Debt betas are found to be, on average, significantly positive and (as expected) closely related, cross sectionally, to duration. They are, however, subject to significant time series variation, and over the past few years the pre-existing positive correlation between bond and stock returns appears to have vanished. [source]

PREVENTING FRACTURES IN LARGE RURAL CENTRES: SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC SUB-GROUPS AT RISK OF OSTEOPOROSIS FROM THEIR LIFESTYLE

AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 6 2000
Hedley G. Peach
ABSTRACT: Middle-aged people living in non-metropolitan Victoria have higher hospitalisation rates from osteoporotic fractures than those in metropolitan areas. This may reflect a higher prevalence of lifestyle risk factors for osteoporosis. One-fifth of Victoria's non-metropolitan population live in ,large rural centres'. The aim of the present study was to identify the sociodemographic sub-groups in a ,large rural centre' at risk of osteoporosis because of their lifestyle. Adults on Ballarat's electoral rolls were invited to complete a questionnaire and have their height and weight measured. A total of 335 eligible people participated in the present study (67% response). The sub-groups at risk of osteoporosis were identified using logistic regression analyses. Among women, being single/separated/divorced/ widowed was associated with being underweight and having low dietary calcium. A lack of exercise was associated with not completing high school and smoking with being aged 25,44 years. Among men, low dietary calcium was associated with not completing high school and smoking was associated with being employed in a non-professional/ non-managerial occupation. These sub-groups must be considered when planning preventative strategies for people in ,large rural centres'. [source]

INDUCTIVE RISK AND JUSTICE IN KIDNEY ALLOCATION

BIOETHICS, Issue 8 2010
ANDREA SCARANTINO
ABSTRACT How should UNOS deal with the presence of scientific controversies on the risk factors for organ rejection when designing its allocation policies? The answer I defend in this paper is that the more undesirable the consequences of making a mistake in accepting a scientific hypothesis, the higher the degree of confirmation required for its acceptance. I argue that the application of this principle should lead to the rejection of the hypothesis that ,less than perfect' Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) matches are an important determinant of kidney graft survival. The scientific community has been divided all along on the significance of partial antigen matches. Yet reliance on partial matches has emerged as one of the primary factors leading blacks to spend a much longer time than whites on the waiting list for kidneys, thereby potentially impacting the justice of the kidney allocation policy. My case study illustrates one of the legitimate roles non-epistemic values can play in science and calls into question the ideal of a value-free science. [source]

THE NUMBER OF NEGATIVE PELVIC LYMPH NODES REMOVED DOES NOT AFFECT THE RISK OF BIOCHEMICAL FAILURE AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY

BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 10 2010
Christopher Eden
No abstract is available for this article. [source]