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Rising Incidence (rising + incidence)
Selected AbstractsRising incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease in Asia: Is it apparent or real?JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Govind K Makharia [source] Rising incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in kidney transplant recipientsBRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 10 2001Mr G. Libertiny Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) has been increasing in renal transplant recipients in this centre. Methods: Prospectively gathered data were analysed to establish trends in the epidemiology of PTLD in 1537 patients. Results: Overall, PTLD occurred in 2·3 per cent of renal transplant recipients. An increase in its incidence coincided with the introduction of cyclosporin in the 1980s. However, there was a further increase in the incidence of PTLD in the 1990s when the only change in immunosuppressive policy was the abandonment of pretransplantation blood transfusion. The latter increase was particularly pronounced in patients with early-onset PTLD in whom it presented within 600 days after transplantation. Conclusion: The incidence of PTLD has been increasing in renal transplant recipients. The recent increase appears to be independent of cyclosporin and may reflect the reduction in pretransplant blood transfusion. Changes in the incidence of PTLD may also mirror changes in the epidemiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the general population. © 2001 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd [source] Diabetes care in childhood and adolescenceDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 2002P. R. Betts Abstract The presentation of diabetes in young people has changed significantly over recent years. Not only has there been a rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes, especially in young children, but also there is an increasing recognition of Type 2 diabetes. Young people are also increasingly being diagnosed with genetic defects of B-cell function and with diabetes in association with cystic fibrosis and other chronic diseases. There have also been significant changes in the pattern of paediatric diabetes care. This is increasingly being provided by a specialized paediatric multidisciplinary team in each health district working to agreed national standards. Despite improvements, diabetes control is still suboptimal with a high incidence of complications being reported in young adults. The challenge over the next few years is the provision of a uniform, equitable and first class paediatric service throughout the UK together with the introduction of new approaches to care, aiming to improve individual diabetic control and reduce long-term complications. Increased collaboration with adult colleagues is needed to enable the transition of care in adolescence to a service that young adults perceive to meet their needs, encourage their attendance and improve their diabetes control and quality of life. A national paediatric diabetes register together with regular audit will encourage these objectives. [source] Original article: The prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the US: estimates from a simulation model confirmed by SEER dataDISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 6 2010T. J. Hayeck SUMMARY Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the precursor and the biggest risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), the solid cancer with the fastest rising incidence in the US and western world. Current strategies to decrease morbidity and mortality from EAC have focused on identifying and surveying patients with BE using upper endoscopy. An accurate estimate of the number of patients with BE in the population is important to inform public health policy and to prioritize resources for potential screening and management programs. However, the true prevalence of BE is difficult to ascertain because the condition frequently is symptomatically silent, and the numerous clinical studies that have analyzed BE prevalence have produced a wide range of estimates. The aim of this study was to use a computer simulation disease model of EAC to determine the estimates for BE prevalence that best align with US Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registry data. A previously developed mathematical model of EAC was modified to perform this analysis. The model consists of six health states: normal, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), BE, undetected cancer, detected cancer, and death. Published literature regarding the transition rates between these states were used to provide boundaries. During the one million computer simulations that were performed, these transition rates were systematically varied, producing differing prevalences for the numerous health states. Two filters were sequentially applied to select out superior simulations that were most consistent with clinical data. First, among these million simulations, the 1000 that best reproduced SEER cancer incidence data were selected. Next, of those 1000 best simulations, the 100 with an overall calculated BE to Detected Cancer rates closest to published estimates were selected. Finally, the prevalence of BE in the final set of best 100 simulations was analyzed. We present histogram data depicting BE prevalences for all one million simulations, the 1000 simulations that best approximate SEER data, and the final set of 100 simulations. Using the best 100 simulations, we estimate the prevalence of BE to be 5.6% (5.49,5.70%). Using our model, an estimated prevalence for BE in the general population of 5.6% (5.49,5.70%) accurately predicts incidence rates for EAC reported to the US SEER cancer registry. Future clinical studies are needed to confirm our estimate. [source] Epidemiology and carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinomaHPB, Issue 1 2005TRISHE Y.-M. Abstract The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) shows marked variation worldwide but the magnitude of this tumor is reflected by the occurrence of at least 1 million new cases annually and the uniformly dismal outlook with median survivals of <25 months after resection and <6 months with symptomatic treatment. The strikingly uneven distribution of this tumor parallels the prevalence of hepatitis B infection with rising incidence in western countries attributed to hepatitis C infection. Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis constitute the major preneoplastic conditions in the majority of HCCs and may be related to other etiologic agents such as environmental chemical carcinogens including nitrites, hydrocarbons, solvents, organochlorine pesticides, and the chemicals in processed foods, cleaning agents, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, as well as plant toxins such as aflatoxins produced by fungi that cause spoilage of grain and food in the tropics. Genetic diseases such as genetic hematochromatosis, Wilson's disease, ,-1-antitrypsin deficiency, and the inborn errors of metabolism including hereditary tyrosinemia and hepatic porphyria, are known to be associated with HCC. Numerous genetic alterations and the modulation of DNA methylation are recognized in HCC and it is likely that these genetic and epigenetic changes combine with factors involved in chronic hepatocyte destruction and regeneration to result in neoplastic growth and multiple molecular pathways may be involved in the production of subsets of hepatocellular tumors. [source] Parabens, oestrogenicity, underarm cosmetics and breast cancer: a perspective on a hypothesisJOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, Issue 5 2003Philip W. Harvey Abstract A recent review by Darbre (2003) published in this journal (J. Appi. Toxicol. 23: 89,95) has attracted public and scienti,c interest that requires perspective, particularly on the use of esters of p -hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) as preservatives in underarm cosmetics. Although parabens are generally regarded as safe, recent reports suggest that they are oestrogenic in a variety of in vitro (including MCF7 and ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell lines) and in vivo tests for oestrogenicity (uterotrophic assays in both rat and mouse). There are also recent reports of adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes in rodent toxicity studies. Of interest is the lack of activity by the oral route but clear activity by the subcutaneous and topical routes, which is of some relevance to the use of underarm cosmetics. There would seem to be a case now to supplement these emerging toxicity data with longer term regulatory standard tests examining other oestrogenic endpoints and at least to consider these ,ndings in more up-to-date risk assessments speci,c for cosmetic use. Further, there are few data on the use of underarm cosmetics and the risk of breast cancer, and although one recent retrospective interview-based study found no association there is a need for more thorough investigation taking into account the type of chemicals used. Darbre has forwarded a hypothesis and called for further work to establish whether or not the use of underarm cosmetics (particularly containing oestrogenic formulants) contributes to the rising incidence of breast cancer. It would seem prudent to conduct this work because the current database is sparse and the effects of long-term low-level exposures to weakly oestrogenic chemicals on human health, particularly their application to the underarm and the risks of breast cancer, are unknown. The role of oestrogens in breast cancer, however, is undisputed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Radiological manifestations of malignant pleural mesotheliomaJOURNAL OF MEDICAL IMAGING AND RADIATION ONCOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Virginia WK Au Summary Malignant pleural mesothelioma has had a rising incidence in Australia over the past 40 years. This pictorial essay gives a brief account of the condition, summarizes the various radiological manifestations and aims at increasing the awareness of a disease that is expected to reach its peak incidence in the early decades of the twenty-first century. [source] Why Girls Smoke: A Proposed Community-Based Prevention ProgramJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 5 2001Mary Ann Faucher CNM Objectives: To review the literature on reasons teenage girls start smoking and to identify the role and opportunities for nurses to have an impact on this public health problem. In addition, a proposed smoking prevention program targeted to teenage girls is presented. Data Sources: Information was gathered from professional journals and texts and from MEDLINE and PROQUEST. Keywords used in the searches were smoking prevention, tobacco use, smoking and adolescents, teenage girls and smoking, health education and smoking, and smoking prevention programs. Data Synthesis and Conclusions: Smoking initiation in teenage girls is a problem with ramifications for individual health as well as for public health. Although the literature demonstrates the rising incidence of smoking in teenage girls and evidence suggests the reasons girls start smoking differ from those of their male counterparts, a dearth of information on smoking prevention programs exists for this population. It is reasonable to assume that the best practices for adolescent smoking prevention can be applied to programs specifically for girls, along with efforts to address social influences, self-image, and self-esteem, which may be particularly important to teenage girls. The theory of reasoned action provides a framework for prevention strategies that target the behavioral beliefs and attitudes that influence teenage girls to smoke. Nurses can educate themselves about contributing factors that lead teenage girls to start smoking. Implementing this knowledge into nursing practice in a variety of settings could help meet the Healthy People 2010 goals of reducing teenage smoking to 16%. [source] Sun Protection is Fun!JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 10 2000A Skin Cancer Prevention Program for Preschools ABSTRACT: Children and their caregivers are prime candidates for intervention to curb the rising incidence of skin cancer in the United States. Preschools provide a unique opportunity to influence the sun protection practices of parents and teachers on behalf of young children. Sun Protection is Fun!, a comprehensive skin cancer prevention program developed by The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in collaboration with The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center School of Public Health, was introduced to preschools in the greater Houston area. The program's intervention methods are grounded in Social Cognitive Theory and emphasize symbolic modeling, vicarious learning, enactive mastery experiences, and persuasion. Program components include a curriculum and teacher's guide, videos, newsletters, handbooks, staff development, group meetings designed to encourage schoolwide changes to support the program, and sunscreen. The intervention map, including objectives for program development, implementation, and evaluation, is discussed. [source] The impact of immigration on the increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United StatesALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 4 2004K. Kulkarni Summary Aims :,To assess if the rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States can be accounted for by immigration and an ageing population, or is a true increase among the USA-born residents. Methods :,Design, A retrospective chart review. Setting, Urban, multiethnic hospital and specialty clinics in a large indigent health system in Houston, Texas. Subjects, Approximately 23 000 admissions and 143 000 out-patient clinic visits each year from 1992 through 2001 were assessed. A total of 494 patient records were selected and reviewed because of suspicion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Analysis, Hepatocellular carcinoma was confirmed by histopathology, , -fetoprotein level >400 ng/mL, and suggestive imaging studies. The age-adjusted incidence was determined and causative factors were identified. Results :,About 111 cases of confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma were found. The age-adjusted incidence rose from 3.44 per 100 000 hospital admissions during 1992,1996 (95% confidence interval: 2.86,4.02) to 5.19 during 1997,2001 (95% confidence interval: 4.41,5.97). The proportion of patients of non-USA place of birth decreased between 1992,1996 and 1997,2001 (46,24%, respectively, P = 0.03). Fifty-two per cent and 68% were hepatitis C virus-positive respectively; 37% and 34% were hepatitis B surface antigen-positive respectively; 46% and 59% had a history of alcohol abuse; and 22% and 11% had no identifiable risk factors. Conclusions :,The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma within the greater Houston area has increased during the past decade, rising by 51% from 1992,1996 to 1997,2001. This increase is not from immigration or population ageing but represents a true rise among the native born population. Hepatitis C and alcoholic cirrhosis are associated with a majority of cases, particularly in the latter half of the decade. [source] Cancer curriculum in the Asia,Pacific: Opportunities and challenges in the age of globalizationASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 4 2005Bogda KOCZWARA Abstract With the rising incidence and prevalence of cancer in Asia,Pacific, the need for adequate cancer education of medical graduates in the region has become particularly urgent. There are 769 medical schools across the Asia,Pacific region in 33 countries serving over 60% of the world population in very diverse socioeconomic environments. This paper discusses some of the challenges for medical education in the Asia,Pacific in light of increasing globalization of health care, including the need to develop global standards in the area of diverse resources and health care priorities. It also points out emerging opportunities including online learning, telemedicine and collaborative educational initiatives across the region. [source] Metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma with an unknown primary tumour presenting as lichenoid dermatitisAUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Kenneth Kien Siang Wong ABSTRACT Metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma uncommonly presents with an unidentified primary tumour. We report a patient who first presented with lichenoid dermatitis and was found to have Merkel cell carcinoma involving lymph nodes with an unknown primary site. With the rising incidence of Merkel cell carcinoma, it is important to recognize unusual manifestations of this disease as they may become more common in the future. [source] Electromagnetic fields alter the expression of estrogen receptor cofactors in breast cancer cellsBIOELECTROMAGNETICS, Issue 3 2008Rainer Girgert Abstract Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women in Western societies. The increasing exposure to electromagnetic fields has been suspected to contribute to the rising incidence of breast cancer in industrialized countries. The majority of breast tumors is treated with the partial antiestrogen tamoxifen. Most tumors become resistant to tamoxifen in the course of treatment resulting in treatment failure. Electromagnetic fields reduce the efficacy of tamoxifen similar to tamoxifen resistance. In this study we investigated the mechanism by which electromagnetic fields influence the sensitivity to tamoxifen. In cells exposed to 1.2 µT of a 50 Hz electromagnetic field gene expression of cofactors of the estrogen receptors was compared to sham exposed cells. Using a gene array technology several cofactors were found to be differentially expressed. The expression of the coactivators, SRC-1 and AIB1, and of two corepressors, N-Cor and SMRT, was quantified by RT-PCR. Both coactivators were expressed more strongly in the exposed cells while the expression of two corepressors decreased. The RNA analysis was confirmed by Western blots. The contradirectional changes in gene expression of coactivators and corepressors by electromagnetic fields results in a lower sensitivity to tamoxifen. Electromagnetic fields may contribute to the induction of tamoxifen resistance in vivo. Bioelectromagnetics 29:169,176, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Leptin leads hypothalamic feeding circuits in a new directionBIOESSAYS, Issue 10 2004Joanne A. Harrold A decade ago, leptin (from the greek lepto meaning ,thin') was identified as the product of the ob gene.1 This adipocyte-derived hormone was found to suppress feeding and stimulate thermogenesis, and was thus proposed as a mediator in a negative feedback loop that controls body adiposity. This discovery led to a rapid revolution in the understanding of neurobiological mechanisms regulating obesity. However, while leptin's first life was as an adipostat, it is now known to have a wide range of additional neuroendocrine, metabolic and behavioural functions in the CNS and periphery. Remarkably, the pleiotropic nature of the hormone continues to be extended with the recent publication of two papers that expand on leptin's neurobiological actions in the CNS.2,3 They indicate novel regulatory roles for the hormone in both synaptic plasticity and axon guidance. Crucially, in light of the rising incidence of obesity in modern society, both of the studies reveal leptin-mediated links between nutrition and neurodevelopment, findings that have further implications for leptin's role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. BioEssays 26:1043,1045, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||