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Kinds of Rinse Selected AbstractsChanges in mitogen-activated protein kinase activity occur in the maize pulvinus in response to gravistimulation and are important for the bending responsePLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 7 2003A. M. CLORE ABSTRACT The maize (Zea mays L.) pulvinus was used as a model system to study the signalling events that lead to differential growth in response to gravistimulation in plants. The pulvinus functions to return tipped plants to vertical via differential elongation of the cells on its lower side. By performing immunokinase assays using total soluble protein extracts and an antibody against mammalian ERK1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-like activity was assayed in pulvini halves harvested at various time points after tipping. We detected a reproducible alternation of higher levels of activity occurring between the upper and lower halves of the pulvinus between 75 and 180 min after tipping, with a sustained increase in the upper half occurring at the end of the time-course. This timing roughly corresponds to the presentation time for maize (i.e. the amount of time that the plant needs to be tipped before it is committed to bend), which occurs between 2 and 4 h. Treatment of maize stem explants with an inhibitor of MAPK activation, U0126, led to a reduction in the activity of this kinase, as well as an almost 65% reduction in bending as measured at 20 h. Rinsing out of the inhibitor resulted in recovery of both bending and kinase activity. It is possible that changes in MAPK activity in the gravistimulated pulvinus are part of a signalling cascade that may help to distinguish between minor perturbations in plant orientation and more significant and long-term changes, and may also help to determine the direction of bending. [source] FS04.6 Dose/unit area and time , key factors influencing the elicitation capacity of MCI/MICONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2004Claus Zachariae The objective of the study was to investigate, using the Repeated Open Application Test (ROAT), two key parameters of exposure , allergen concentration (dose/unit area) and time in terms of the elicitation capacity of methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) in MCI/MI-sensitised individuals and to explore the inter-relationship between these two key factors. The study was designed as a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response ROAT preceded by a Diagnostic Patch Test (DPT). 79 patients with a known MCI/M allergy were contacted, 29 were diagnostically patch tested and 25 had their allergy confirmed. 25 MCI/M-allergic subjects and 10 healthy non-allergic control subjects were challenged with 2 ppm of MCI/MI/unit area of skin for 4 weeks. After a wash out period of at least 4 weeks the subjects were challenged with 7.5 ppm of MCI/MI/unit area of skin for 4 weeks. A ROAT with 2 drops of solution twice a day was conducted on the volar aspect of the left and right forearms on a 3 × 3 cm area resulting in dose/unit area of MCI/MI of 0.025 mg/cm2 and 0.095 mg/cm2 for 2 ppm and 7,5 ppm MCI/MI respectively. The elicitation capacity of MCI/MI in MCI/MI sensitive patients is dependent on the exposure dose/unit area and time The results of this study will be a useful addition to the risk assessment information available for MCI/MI. The risk assessment for the use of MCI/MI in rinse off consumer products is unaffected by the results of this study. [source] Efficient and sensitive method of DNA silver staining in polyacrylamide gelsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 1 2005Lujiang Qu Abstract DNA silver staining is widely used to detect DNA fragment in polyacrylamide gel with high sensitivity. Conventional procedures of the silver staining involve several steps, which take about 40 min to 2 h in total. To improve the efficiency of DNA silver staining, a more efficient protocol is developed in this study. The procedure comprises only four steps including impregnating, rinsing, developing, and stopping, and could be completed within 20 min. Nitric acid and ethanol in the silver-impregnation step of the new procedure eliminates the need for prior treatment of gels with a fixing solution and following rinse prior to impregnation with silver. The procedure has high sensitivity and long storage lifetime. The minimum detectable mass of DNA is 0.44 and 3.5 ng in denaturing and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel, respectively. [source] Benzydamine for prophylaxis of radiation-induced oral mucositis in head and neck cancers: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trialEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER CARE, Issue 2 2009A. KAZEMIAN md, assistant professor We evaluated the efficacy of benzydamine oral rinse for prevention of radiation-induced mucositis. Patients with head and neck cancers, who were referred in 2004,2005, received an oral rinse of either benzydamine or placebo. One hundred patients were randomized in this trial. At the end of the study, 19 patients were excluded from the analysis because they did not use the medication for the assigned period. In the benzydamine group, the frequency of mucositis grade ,3 was 43.6% in contrast to 78.6% in other group (P = 0.001). Grade ,3 mucositis was 2.6 times more frequent in the placebo group. Intensity of mucositis increased up to fourth week of treatment in both groups to grade 2. In the treated group the grade of mucositis was approximately constant to the end of therapy; but in the control group it raised to grade 3 (P < 0.001). The highest grade of mucositis during the treatment time was significantly different between two groups (P = 0.049). The median interval to observation of grade ,2 mucositis was 24 days in the placebo group and 28 days in the benzydamine group (P = 0.12). Benzydamine oral rinse seems to be effective, safe, and well tolerated for prophylactic treatment of radiation-induced oral mucositis in head and neck tumours. [source] SEM evaluation of root canal debridement with Sonicare CanalBrush irrigationINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 5 2010M. I. Salman Salman MI, Baumann MA, Hellmich M, Roggendorf MJ, Termaat S. SEM evaluation of root canal debridement with Sonicare CanalBrush irrigation. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 363,369, 2010. Abstract Aim, To determine the efficacy of Sonicare CanalBrush irrigation for root canal cleaning. Methodology, Fifty human molar root canals were shaped with sequential NiTi rotary instruments up to size F3 (size 30, 0.09 taper; ProTaper system) and then enlarged apically with a Profile size 40, 0.04 taper. Five different irrigation protocols were tested (n = 10 canals per group) with 2 mL of distilled water (control, group I) or 2.5% NaOCl (control group II and test groups III, IV and V) between instrument size changes. Group III,IV received a final rinse with 17% EDTA for one min. This was extended by 30 s in group IV, whereas group V received this additional 30 s of 17% EDTA sonically dispersed with a Sonicare CanalBrush. For cleanliness evaluations, roots were split longitudinally, examined with scanning electron microscopy and scored according to Hülsmann et al. (1997) for debris and smear layer on the surface of the root canal wall. Walls were assessed at the coronal, middle and apical thirds. Data were analysed with the Kruskal,Wallis and Mann,Whitney tests. Results, Irrigation with 17% EDTA significantly reduced debris and smear layer scores (P < 0.05) compared to controls. The coronal and middle thirds had lower debris and smear layer scores than the apical third (P < 0.05). In all thirds, sonic agitation of the irrigant with a CanalBrush (group V) resulted in significantly cleaner canal walls compared to all other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions, Irrigation by agitation with the Sonicare CanalBrush improved root canal debridement in the coronal, middle and particularly the apical thirds of the root canal. [source] Polaprezinc prevents oral mucositis associated with radiochemotherapy in patients with head and neck cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 8 2010Tomoko Watanabe Abstract Oral mucositis is frequent but serious adverse event associated with radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy in head and neck cancer severely impairs health-related quality of life, leading to poor prognosis due to discontinuation of the therapy. Although a number of compounds have been tested for prophylaxis of oral mucositis, few of them are satisfactory. We investigated the effect of polaprezinc (zinc L -carnosine), a gastric mucosal protective drug, on radiochemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, pain, xerostomia and taste disturbance in patients with head and neck cancer. Patients were randomly assigned to receive polaprezinc (n = 16) or azulene oral rinse as the control (n = 15). The incidence rates of mucositis, pain, xerostomia and taste disturbance were all markedly lower in polaprezinc group than in control. Moreover, the use of analgesics was significantly (p = 0.003) less frequent and the amount of food intake was significantly (p = 0.002) higher in polaprezinc group than in control. On the other hand, tumor response rate in patients with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy was not significantly affected by polaprezinc, in which the response rate (complete plus partial response) was 88% for polaprezinc and 92% for control (p = 1.000). Therefore, it is highly assumable that polaprezinc is potentially useful for prevention of oral mucositis and improvement of quality of life without reducing the tumor response. [source] Bone formation at rhBMP-2-coated titanium implants in the rat ectopic modelJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2007Jan Hall Abstract Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate local bone formation at titanium porous oxide (TPO) implant surfaces adsorbed with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). Methods: In vitro studies were used to estimate the kinetics of I125 -labeled rhBMP-2 released from TPO surfaces with narrow (N) or open (O) pores. Machined/turned titanium (MT) surfaces served as control. The rat ectopic model was used to assess local bone formation. Briefly, TPO-N, TPO-O, and MT disc implants adsorbed with 5, 10, or 20 ,g rhBMP-2, respectively, were implanted subcutaneously into the ventral thoracic region in 5-week-old male Long Evans rats. The animals were euthanized at day 14 postsurgery when implants with surrounding tissues were removed, radiographed, and gross observations recorded. The specimens were processed for histologic evaluation using conventional cut-and-grind techniques. TPO implants without rhBMP-2 included in a preliminary evaluation revealed no evidence of bone formation, tissue encapsulation, or vascularity, thus such controls were not further used. Results: TPO and MT implant surfaces adsorbed with 5 ,g rhBMP-2 retained 2.3,5.4% rhBMP-2 following immersion and rinse in buffer, and 1.1,2.2% rhBMP-2 following repeated immersions and rinses over 27 days. TPO implants retained the most rhBMP-2 and MT implants retained the least. Explants revealed increased hard tissue formation, tissue encapsulation, and vascularity at TPO compared with MT implants. Radiographic observations were consistent with the explant observations. The histologic analysis showed greater amounts of bone formation, osteoblastic cells, osteoid, marrow, tissue encapsulation, vascularity, and bone voids for implants adsorbed with 10 and 20 ,g rhBMP-2, and for TPO implants at the 5- ,g rhBMP-2 dose. The histometric analysis revealed significantly greater bone formation at TPO-O than at MT implants at the 5- ,g rhBMP-2 dose. All surfaces showed significant bone formation at the 10- and 20- ,g dose. Conclusions: rhBMP-2 adsorbed onto TPO implant surfaces executes an osteoinductive effect including bone contacting the implant surface. This effect is surface- and dose-dependent; the TPO-O surface yielding the most bone at the low discriminating rhBMP-2 dose. [source] A review of the effects of stannous fluoride on gingivitisJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 1 2006S. Paraskevas Abstract Aim: To review the literature on the effects of stannous fluoride on gingivitis. Material and Methods: The Medline and cochrane central register of controlled trials were searched up to August 2005 to identify appropriate studies. The primary outcome measure was gingivitis. Results: Independent screening of titles and abstracts of 542 papers resulted in 36 publications (inter-reviewer ê score of 0.76), out of which 15 papers finally fulfilled the criteria of eligibility. For SnF2dentifrices, a statistically significant reduction in gingivitis was noted in comparison with control (weighted mean difference (WMD) of 0.15 (gingival index) and 0.21 (gingivitis severity index) (test for heterogeneity p<0.00001, I2=91.1% and p=0.03, I2=80.1%, respectively)). With regard to plaque reduction inconsistent results existed. On using the plaque index no differences were found, whereas meta-analysis of the Turesky index provided a WMD of 0.31 (p=0.01, test for heterogeneity p<0.0001, I2=91.7%). Because of insufficient data, a meta-analysis for SnF2mouth rinse and dentifrice/mouthrinse formulations was not performed. Conclusions: The use of SnF2 dentifrices results in gingivitis and plaque reduction when compared with a conventional dentifrice. The precise magnitude of this effect was difficult to assess because of a high level of heterogeneity in study outcomes. [source] A method to study sustained antimicrobial activity of rinse and dentifrice components on biofilm viability in vivoJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 1 2006H. C. Van Der Mei Abstract Aim: To develop an improved method for quantitative assessment of antimicrobial efficacy and substantivity of mouth rinses and dentifrices on in vivo treated plaque. Material and Methods: Nine- and 72-h-old plaques were formed in volunteers carrying out standardized hygiene using NaF-containing dentifrice. Plaques were collected before (baseline) in vivo treatment with dentifrices or chlorhexidine mouth rinse, immediately post-treatment and after 1 or 6 h, dispersed in demineralized water and stained with live/dead stain after which bacteria were enumerated. Dispersed baseline plaques were treated with dentifrices or chlorhexidine to determine antimicrobial efficacy against planktonic bacteria. Results: Baseline plaques revealed 56,41% viable organisms in 9- and 72-h-old plaques, respectively. Treatment of planktonic (dispersed baseline plaque) bacteria resulted in 1,4% viable organisms. Chlorhexidine mouth rinse and dentifrices produced strong immediate antimicrobial effects, but after 1 or 6 h, the proportion of viable organisms in 9-h-old plaques rebounded significantly with only chlorhexidine mouth rinse retaining significant efficacy. Seventy-two-hour-old plaques were less susceptible to antimicrobials, although dentifrices appeared more effective after 6 h than initially, whereas efficacy of chlorhexidine rinse continued to drop with time post-treatment. Conclusions: The proposed method holds promise for assessment of both immediate and retained antimicrobial actions of oral treatments against dental plaque in vivo. [source] A study into the plaque-inhibitory activity of experimental toothpaste formulations containing antimicrobial agentsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 8 2005J. Moran Abstract Background/Aims: The use of specific antimicrobial agents in toothpastes may help reduce plaque and gingivitis. There would also appear to be some value in formulating products that contain combinations of such agents that may potentiate any activity present. The aims of this exploratory and pragmatic study were twofold:- (1) exploratory: to compare the effects on plaque re-growth of two zinc citrate/triclosan formulations, one of which contained bromochlorophene and hence demonstrate any additional beneficial effects produced by the addition of the phenol. (2) pragmatic: to assess whether both pastes were significantly better than a benchmark control, proprietary fluoride toothpaste at inhibiting plaque formation. Methods: Following an initial prophylaxis to remove all plaque and calculus, toothpaste slurry rinses were used over a 96 h period by 24 volunteers, while omitting all other oral hygiene procedures. After 24, 48 and 96 h, plaque was measured by plaque area and by plaque index. For comparative purposes, a conventional commercial fluoride toothpaste rinse was also used as a benchmark control in this triple cross-over double-blind study. Results: With one exception, comparisons between the three pastes failed to show any significant differences in plaque accumulation at 96 h whether assessed by plaque index or area. At this time period, significantly more plaque was seen with the zinc citrate paste without bromochlorophene, compared with that of the control paste. Conclusions: The findings from this study failed to demonstrate a plaque-inhibitory action from the two novel formulations beyond that of a conventional benchmark toothpaste, although overall levels of plaque formed by the volunteers, especially on the control paste were generally lower than in previous studies. Nevertheless, it remains to be determined whether the test formulations could exert a direct anti-inflammatory action against gingivitis by way of the triclosan delivery system. Neither test formulation was subsequently marketed. [source] The effect of a dentifrice and mouth rinse combination containing amine fluoride/stannous fluoride on plaque and gingivitis: a 6-month field studyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 7 2005S. Paraskevas Abstract Aim: To examine the effect of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2)-containing dentifrice and mouth rinse on plaque formation and gingivitis as compared with habitual oral hygiene procedures with a regular sodium fluoride (NaF) dentifrice. Material and Methods: In total, 22 general practices participated in this research project. The participants (N=281) were randomly assigned into two groups: the test group received an AmF/SnF2 dentifrice,mouth rinse combination and the control group received a NaF-containing dentifrice. The patients were requested to brush twice daily for approximately 2 min. The subjects of the test group had to rinse additionally in the evening for 30 s with 10 ml of the mouth rinse. Results: Both groups started with comparable scores of plaque, bleeding and staining. At 6 months, the plaque scores were 0.95 for the AmF/SnF2 group and 0.99 for the NaF group (decrease of 16% and 10%, respectively). Bleeding scores, although significantly different from baseline, did not show differences between the two regimes. At the end of the experimental period, the overall staining was more pronounced in the AmF/SnF2 group (41%) than the NaF group (26%). Both plaque reduction and increase in staining seemed to be correlated to the amount of mouth rinse used in the test group. Conclusion: In instruction-resistant patients recruited from dental practices, the combined use of AmF/SnF2 did not decrease gingivitis at a significant level in comparison with the regular regime of two times daily brushing with an NaF-containing dentifrice. However, the above-mentioned combination resulted in greater plaque reduction than that observed with the use of the conventional dentifrice. When used according to the manufacturer's instructions, this effect on plaque scores was more pronounced. [source] In vivo antimicrobial effectiveness of an essential oil-containing mouth rinse 12 h after a single use and 14 days' useJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 4 2005D. H. Fine Abstract Objectives: Two studies were conducted to determine the antimicrobial effect of rinsing with an essential oil-containing mouth rinse 12 h after a single rinse and 12 h after 2 weeks of twice daily rinsing, during the daytime and overnight. Materials and Methods: These studies utilized a randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover design. Following baseline sampling of bacteria from supragingival plaque and the dorsum of the tongue, subjects began twice-daily rinsing with either an essential oil mouth rinse containing 0.09% zinc chloride (Tartar Control Listerine® Antiseptic) or a negative control rinse. Bacterial sampling was repeated 12 h after the first rinse, and again 12 h after the final rinse 14 days later. The sampling schedule was adjusted according to whether the study was investigating daytime or overnight activity. Samples were plated on Schaedlers medium (total anaerobes), Schaedlers Nalidixic/Vancomycin medium (Gram-negative anaerobes), and OOPS medium (volatile sulphur compound (VSC)-producing organisms). Inter-group log10 transformed colony-forming units /ml counts from samples of supragingival plaque and tongue swabs on each of the three media were compared by analysis of covariance. Results: The mean bacterial counts in subjects using the essential oil mouth rinse were significantly lower (p0.005) than mean counts in subjects using the control rinse in all the comparisons, i.e., tongue and supragingival plaque samples on each of three media at two sampling periods in the daytime and overnight study, respectively. Mean bacterial count percent reductions for plaque samples ranged from 56.3 to 95.3; percent reductions for tongue samples ranged from 61.1 to 96.1. There was a trend to higher reductions after 14 days' rinsing than after the initial rinse. Conclusion: Rinsing with the essential oil mouth rinse can have long-lasting effects in reducing anaerobic bacteria overall as well as Gram-negative anaerobes and VSC-producing bacteria. The significant reductions in numbers of these bacteria produced by the essential oil mouth rinse, both in plaque and on the dorsum of the tongue, can play a key role in explaining the essential oil mouth rinse's effectiveness in reducing supragingival plaque and gingivitis as well as its effectiveness in controlling intrinsic oral malodor over prolonged periods. [source] Efficacy of Listerine® Antiseptic in reducing viral contamination of salivaJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 4 2005Timothy F. Meiller Abstract Aim: The anti-viral efficacy of oral antimicrobial rinses has not been adequately studied in terms of potential clinical significance. As a follow-up to an in vitro study on the effect of oral antiseptics on Herpes simplex virus, Type 1, this study was undertaken to evaluate the in vivo effect of an essential oil containing oral antiseptic on the reduction of viral titer in saliva during active viral infection. Method: Patients were recruited and evaluated in a single visit protocol at the onset of a perioral outbreak, consistent historically and clinically with recurrent Herpes labialis. Direct immunofluorescence of cytological smears of the lesions/oral fluids was used to confirm Herpes simplex virus types I or II. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: (1) active ingredient and (2) sterile water control. The viral lesion was evaluated as to clinical stage according to standard protocol. Salivary fluid samples were taken: (1) at baseline; (2) immediately following a 30 s rinse; (3) 30 min. after the 30 s rinse; and (4) on the repeat trial, also at 60 min. after the 30 s rinse. All samples were evaluated for viral titer and results compared. Results: In Trial 1, the sample population consisted of 19 males and 21 females with an average age of 29.2 and in Trial 2, 21 males, 19 females with an average age of 28. In both Trials 1 and 2, recoverable infectious virions were reduced to zero after a 30 s experimental rinse; whereas, the control rinse resulted in a non-significant (p>0.05) reduction. The experimental group also demonstrated a continued significant (p<0.05) reduction 30 min. post rinse when compared with baseline while the control group returned to baseline levels. In Trial 2, the 60 min. post rinse follow-up demonstrated a 1,2 log residual reduction from baseline in the experimental group; however, this was not significant. Conclusions: There is clinical efficacy in utilizing an oral rinse with the antimicrobial agent Listerine® Antiseptic in reducing the presence of viral contamination in oral fluids for at least 30 min. after oral rinse. The risk of viral cross contamination generated from these oral fluids in person to person contact or during dental treatment may be reduced. [source] Influence of a SLS-containing dentifrice on the anti-plaque efficacy of a chlorhexidine mouthrinseJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2004D. A. C. Van Strydonck Abstract Background: Chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), the most widely used detergent in dentifrice, may counteract. Consequently, studies about this interaction suggested that care is required when combining both these compounds, even when they are introduced separately into the oral cavity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of toothbrushing with a SLS-containing dentifrice in one jaw, on the plaque inhibition of a CHX mouthrinse in the opposite jaw during a 4-day study period. Methods: The study was an examiner-blind, randomised two-cell, crossover design. It used a 4-day plaque accumulation model to compare two different oral hygiene regimens with a washout period of 17 days. Sixteen healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study and received a thorough dental prophylaxis at the beginning of each 4-day test period. One jaw (upper or lower) was randomly assigned as the "study" jaw. The opposite jaw was assigned as the "dentifrice" jaw and served only to introduce the effect of brushing with a dentifrice in the study model. Two oral hygiene regimens were evaluated. During one randomly assigned test period, the "dentifrice" jaw was treated by toothbrushing with a 1.5% SLS-containing dentifrice and rinsed together with the "study" jaw with 0.2% CHX, thus forming regimen 1. As a control during the other test period, both the "dentifrice" jaw and "study" jaw were only rinsed with 0.2% CHX, forming regimen 2. No other oral hygiene methods were allowed. After 4 days of undisturbed plaque accumulation, the amount of plaque was evaluated (Silness & Löe 1964). The "study" jaw was used to study the effect of the two regimens on the level of plaque accumulation at the end of the 4-day period. Results: The overall plaque index was 0.36 for regimen 1 and 0.34 for regimen 2. There was no significant difference in plaque accumulation between the two regimens. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study design, it can be concluded that ordinary brushing with a 1.5% SLS-containing dentifrice (Colgate Bi-Fluor), followed by rinsing with water does not appear to reduce the level of plaque inhibition offered by a post-brushing CHX rinse. [source] Development of methods to enhance extrinsic tooth discoloration for comparison of toothpastesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 1 20042. Two-product clinical study Abstract Background: Extrinsic staining of teeth is considered to be unsightly and a number of ,whitening' toothpastes have been formulated to inhibit or remove such tooth discoloration. The aim of this study was to compare the stain prevention of two toothpastes. Method: The study was a single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover design, balanced for residual effects involving 24 healthy dentate volunteers. The treatments were as follows: (1) a whitening toothpaste product, (2) an experimental toothpaste formulation and (3) water. For each 4-day rinse period, subjects were rendered stain free on the teeth and tongue. Approximately on the hour from 09:00 to 16:00 hours, subjects rinsed with chlorhexidine mouth rinse for 1 min followed by warm black tea for 1 min. The treatment interventions were at 09:00 and 16:00 hours and before the chlorhexidine rinse. The toothpastes were rinsed as 3 g/10 ml water slurries and water as a 10 ml rinse each for 2 min. On day 5, subjects were scored for tooth and tongue stain intensity and area, and the product of these was calculated. The washout period was at least 9 days. Results: Treatment differences for the teeth were highly significant but not for the tongue. Paired contrasts for tooth stain intensity, area and product were mostly all significantly in favour of reduced staining by the experimental formulation compared with water and the whitening product. There were no significant differences between water and the whitening product. Conclusions: Using a forced dietary staining method, the data support a tooth stain-inhibitory/-removal action for the experimental formulation, but not the whitening product. [source] Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in saliva of patients with different periodontal conditionsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 8 2003Ricardo de Toledo Cesco Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in saliva measured by ReflotronÔ System of Diagnosis and periodontal condition indicated by Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Material and methods: Fifteen patients were assigned to one of four groups C0, C1, C3 and C4, based on their largest CPITN code among the examined sites, totaling 60 participants. About 1.0 ml of non-stimulated saliva was collected from the individuals after a mouth rinse with water. Biochemical analyses of saliva samples were carried out using the proposed system in order to quantify their AST concentration. Results: There were no significant differences between levels (U/ml) of AST (median; interquartile range) from groups C0 (30.9; 14.7,41.7), C1 (30.3; 19.5,39.4) and C3 (35.1; 27.0,63.5). However, group C4 (106.2; 84.4,129.7) differed statistically from the others (p<0.001) and presented AST levels as high as 284.2 U/ml. Gingival bleeding and suppuration were observed in three individuals with concentrations higher than 125.0 U/ml. Conclusion: Levels of AST in saliva from patients presenting CPITN code 4 were higher than from patients coded lower and could be detected by the evaluated diagnostic system. Periodontal destruction such as periodontal pockets, gingival bleeding and suppuration seems to be related to higher AST levels in saliva. Zusammenfassung Ziele: Der Zweck der Studie war die Evaluation der Beziehung zwischen den Levels von Aspartataminotransferase (AST) im Speichel, die mit dem ReflotronÔ System gemessen wurden, und den parodontalen Bedingungen, die mit dem CPITN erfasst wurden. Material und Methoden: 15 Patienten wurden für eine der vier Gruppen C0, C1, C3 und C4 ausgesucht, was aufgrund ihres höchsten CPITN-Wertes unter den überprüften Flächen bei total 60 Teilnehmern geschah. Ungefähr 1.0 ml von nicht stimuliertem Speichel wurde von den Personen nach einer Mundspülung mit Wasser gesammelt. Die biochemischen Analysen der Speichelproben wurden unter Nutzung des vorgeschlagenen Systems durchgeführt, um die AST Konzentration zu bestimmen. Ergebnisse: Es gab keine signifikanten Differenzen zwischen den Levels (U/ml) von AST (Median, Streuung) bei den Gruppen C0 (30.9; 14.7,41.7), C1 (30.3; 19.5,39.4) und C3 (35.1; 27.0,63.5). Jedoch unterschied sich die Gruppe C4 (106.2; 84.4,129.7) signifikant von den anderen (p<0.001) und zeigte AST Level höher als 284.2 U/ml. Gingivale Blutung und Suppuration wurden bei drei Personen beobachtet mit Konzentrationen höher als 125.0 U/ml. Schlussfolgerung: Die Level von AST im Speichel von Patienten mit einem CPITN von 4 waren höher als bei den Patienten, deren CPITN niedriger war. Sie konnten mit dem evaluierten Diagnostiksystem entdeckt werden. Parodontale Destruktion wie parodontale Taschen, gingivale Blutung und Suppuration scheinen zu höheren AST Level im Speichel in Beziehung zu stehen. Résumé Objectifs: Cette étude se propose d'évaluer la relation entre les niveaux d'aspartate aminotransferase (AST) dans la salive, mesuré par le ReflotronÔ System of Diagnosis et la condition parodontale déterminée par le CPITN. Matériel & méthodes: 15 patients (60 au total) furent répartis dans un des 4 groupes C0, C1, C3 et C4, sur la base de leur plus grand code CPITN parmi les sites examinés. Environ 1.0 ml de salive non stimulée fut prélevé après rinçage à l'eau. Des analyses biochimiques des échantillons salivaires furent réalisées avec le système proposé afin de quantifier la concentration en AST. Résultats: Il n'y avait pas de différences significatives entre les niveaux (U/ml) d'AST (median; interquartile range) entre les groupes C0 (30.9; 14.7,41.7), C1 (30.3; 19.5,39.4) et C3 (35.1; 27.0,63.5). Cependant, le groupe C4 (106.2; 84.4,129.7) présentait une différence significative par rapport aux autres (p<0.001) avec des niveaux d'AST allant jusqu'à 284.2 U/ml. Le saignement gingival et la suppuration s'observaient chez trois individus avec des concentrations au dessus de 125.0 U/ml. Conclusion: Les niveaux d'AST dans la salive de patients au CPITN code 4 étaient plus importants que ceux des patients au code CPITN inférieur et pouvaient être détectés par le système de diagnostique évalué. Des destructions parodontales comme des poches parodontales, des saignements gingivaux et des suppurations semblent en relation avec des niveaux plus grands d'AST dans la salive. [source] Antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness of a hexetidine mouthwashJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 7 2003N. C. Sharma Abstract Objective: To assess the antiplaque/antigingivitis efficacy of a hexetidine-containing mouthwash. Methods: This examiner-blind, parallel group, controlled clinical study examined the effectiveness of a hexetidine (0.1%) mouthwash both in inhibiting the development of supragingival plaque and in reducing gingivitis. One hundred and thirty-four adult subjects completed the 2-week experimental gingivitis model study. Following baseline examinations, which included plaque index, modified gingival index and gingival bleeding index, subjects received a full dental prophylaxis. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three mouthwashes (hexetidine 0.1%, chlorhexidine 0.12% (positive control) or a 5% hydroalcohol negative control) and commenced three times daily supervised rinsing as their sole method of oral hygiene. All indices were rescored after 2 weeks. Results: Compared to the negative control group, the hexetidine group demonstrated a statistically significant inhibition and reduction of supragingival plaque and gingival inflammation with reductions of 6.3%, 33.5% and 56% for gingivitis, plaque and gingival bleeding, respectively. The results of the chlorhexidine group were used to validate the study. Conclusion: The study confirms the efficacy of a hexetidine rinse in reducing supragingival plaque and gingival inflammation. Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung: Untersuchung der Antiplaque- und Antigingivitiseffektivität einer Hexetidin-Mundspüllösung. Methoden: Diese kontrollierte klinische Studie mit verblindetem Untersucher im Parallelarm-Design untersuchte die Effektivität einer Hexitidin-Mundspüllösung (0,1%) sowohl für die Hemmung supragingivaler Plaquebildung als auch zur Reduktion der Gingivitis. 134 erwachsene Probanden beendeten die 2 Wochen dauernde Studie mit experimenteller Gingivitis. Nach der Erstuntersuchung, die die Erhebung des Plaque Index, des Modifizierten Gingival Index und des Gingivalen Blutungs Index umfasste, erhielten die Probanden eine professionelle Zahnreinigung. Den Probanden wurden randomisiert 3 Spüllösungen zugewiesen (Hexitidin 0,1%, Chlorhexidin 0,12% [positive Kontrolle] oder ein 5%iger Hydroalkohol [negative Kontrolle]) und begannen damit als alleinige Mundhygienemaßnahme 3 mal täglich unter Aufsicht zu spülen. Nach 2 Wochen wurden die Indizes erneut erhoben. Ergebnisse: Im Vergleich zur negativen Kontrolle zeigte die Hexitidin-Gruppe eine statistisch signifikante Hemmung und Reduktion der supragingivalen Plaque und gingivalen Entzündung mit Reduktionen von 6,3%, 33,5% bzw. 56% für Gingivitis, Plaque bzw. gingivale Blutung. Die Ergebnisse der Chlorhexidin-Gruppe dienten zur Validierung der Studie. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Studie bestätigt die Wirksamkeit von Hexitidin zur Reduktion supragingivaler Plaque und gingivaler Entzündung. Résumé Cette étude clinique contrôlée par groupe parallèle avec examinateur aveugle a estimé l'efficacité d'un bain de bouche à 0,1% d'héxatidine tant à inhiber le développement de la plaque sus-gingivale qu'à réduire la gingivite. Cent trente-quatre adultes ont achevé un gingivite expérimentale de deux semaines. A la suite de l'examen de base comprenant l'indice de plaque, l'indice gingival modifié et l'indice de saignement gingival, les sujets ont reçu une prophylaxie dentaire complète. Ils ont ensuite été répartis de manière randomisée pour utiliser un des trois bains de bouche suivants : héxatidine 0,1%, chlorhexidine 0,12% (contrôle positif) ou l'hydroalcool 5% (contrôle négatif), et ont commencé a effectuer un rinçage supervisé trois fois par jour comme unique méthode d'hygiène buccale. Tous les indices ont été relevés après deux semaines. Comparé au groupe négatif le groupe héxatidine montrait une inhibition et une réduction significatives de la plaque sus-gingivale et de l'inflammation gingivale avec des réductions respectives de 6,3, 33,5 et 56% pour la gingivite, la plaque dentaire et le saignement gingival. Les résultats du groupe chlorhexidine ont été utilisés pour valider cette étude. Celle-ci confirme l'efficacité de l'héxatidine à réduire la plaque dentaire sus-gingivale et l'inflammation gingivale. [source] Effect of toothpaste on the plaque inhibitory properties of a cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinseJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2003S. Sheen Abstract Background and aims: Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouth rinses have moderate plaque inhibitory activity when used alone but rarely have shown adjunctive benefits to tooth brushing with toothpaste. Several explanations for this apparent anomaly can be proferred, including loss of antiseptic activity due to interactions with toothpaste ingredients. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of toothpaste on the plaque inhibitory properties of a CPC mouth rinse using paired rinses of CPC, toothpaste slurry (TP) and water (W). Methods: The study was a single blind, randomised, seven-treatment, cross over design balanced for residual effects, involving 21 healthy, dentate subjects. The paired rinses were: W-CPC, CPC-W, TP-CPC, CPC-TP, W-TP, TP-W and W-W. Rinsing with solutions or slurries was done for 60 s twice per day. On day 1, subjects were rendered plaque free, suspended tooth cleaning and commenced the allocated rinse regimen. On day 5, plaque was scored by index. A 2½ day wash out of normal oral hygiene was allowed between each regimen. Results: The order from lowest to highest plaque scores was as follows: W-CPC = CPC-W < CPC-TP < TP-CPC , W-TP < TP-W < W-W. Several differences in pairs of treatments were statistically significant, the most relevant of which were significantly less plaque with W-CPC compared to TP-CPC, TP-W and W-TP, and significantly more plaque with W-W compared to all other regimens except TP-W. Conclusions: Toothpaste, whilst possessing some plaque inhibitory activity, when used immediately before a CPC mouth rinse adversely affected the plaque inhibitory action of this antiseptic. This in part may explain the reported lack of adjunctive benefits of CPC rinses to normal oral hygiene practices and supports the suggestion, made for chlorhexidine rinses, that their use should follow toothpaste by at least 60 min. Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Zahnpasta auf die plaquehemmenden Eigenschaften einer Mundspüllösung mit Cetylpyridinium-Chlorid Grundlagen und Ziel: Cetylpyridinium-Chlorid (CPC) Mundspüllösung haben, wenn sie alleine verwendet werden, eine moderate plaquehemmende Aktivität. Es wurde jedoch selten gezeigt, dass sie zusätzlich zum Zähneputzen Vorteile haben. Mehrere Erklärungen für diese offensichtliche Anomalie können angeboten werden, einschließlich des Verlusts der antiseptischen Aktivität wegen einer Interaktion mit Inhaltstoffen der Zahnpasta. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Wirkung der Zahnpasta auf die plaquehemmenden Eigenschaften einer CPC-Mundspüllösung zumessen. Es wurde CPC zusammen mit Zahnpasta-Lösung (TP) oder zusammen mit Wasser (W) verwendet. Methoden: Die randomisierte, einfach-blinde-Studie hatte ein 7-Behandlungs- Crossover-Design und war ausgeglichen hinsichtlich der Resteffekte. Einundzwanzig gesunde und bezahnte Personen wurden aufgenommen. Die paarweisen Spülungen waren: W-CPC, CPC-W, TP-CPC, CPC-TP, W-TP, TP-W und W-W. Die Spülungen wurden zweimal pro Tag für 60 Sekunden durchgeführt. An Tag-1 wurde bei der Teilnehmern Plaquefreiheit hergestellt, sie enthielten sich der Mundhygiene und begannen die zugewiesenen Spülungen. An Tag-5 wurde die Plaque mittels Index beurteilt. Zwischen den Spülmaßnahmen war eine 2,5-tägige Auswaschperiode mit normaler Mundhygiene erlaubt. Ergebnisse: Die Reihenfolge vom niedrigsten zum höchsten Plaquewert war W-CPC = CPC-W < CPC-TP < TP-CPC [source] Effect of an essential oilcontaining antiseptic mouthrinse on plaque and salivary Streptococcus mutans levelsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2000D. H. Fine Abstract Background: Clinical studies in which antimicrobial mouthrinses were shown to have significant antiplaque activity most frequently have used gingivitis as the clinically relevant endpoint. However, there is evidence to suggest that mouthrinses containing active agents effective against Streptococcus mutans, such as chlorhexidine, may also have a rôle in inhibiting dental caries. This clinical study was conducted to determine the effect of 2×-daily rinsing with an essential oilcontaining antiseptic mouthrinse (Listerine® Antiseptic) on levels of recoverable S. mutans and total streptococci in supragingival interproximal plaque and in saliva. Additionally, a follow-up in vitro study is reported which determined whether a differential susceptibility to the antiseptic mouthrinse exists among different strains of streptococci. Method: Following baseline saliva and plaque sampling for quantification of recoverable S. mutans and total streptococci, 29 qualifying subjects were randomly assigned either the essential oil mouthrinse or a sterile water control. They rinsed with 20 ml for 30 s 2×daily for 11 days and once on the 12th day, in addition to their usual oral hygiene procedures. On day 12, saliva and plaque samples were again collected and microbiological quantification performed. The procedures were repeated with the alternate rinse after a 1-week washout period. Results: The essential oil mouthrinse produced respective reductions of 69.9% and 75.4% in total recoverable streptococci and in S. mutans in plaque, and corresponding reductions of 50.8% and 39.2% in saliva. The in vitro study revealed that streptococci from the mutans group were more susceptible to the bactericidal activity of the essential oil mouthrinse than streptococci from the mitis group. Conclusions: As antimicrobial mouthrinses are most frequently recommended to patients whose mechanical oral hygiene procedures are not adequate for the control of supragingival plaque and gingivitis, this study provides an additional rationale for the inclusion of the essential-oil mouthrinse as an adjunct to daily oral hygiene procedures. [source] OPTIONS FOR DENTIN/ENAMEL BONDING: PART IIIJOURNAL OF ESTHETIC AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, Issue 3 2010Associate Editor Edward J. Swift Jr. DMD, Author Four categories of resin-based dentin/enamel adhesives are currently available. These include the three-step etch-&-rinse, "one-bottle" etch-&-rinse, two-step self-etch primer systems, and "all-in-one" self-etch adhesives. In consecutive issues of the Journal, the Critical Appraisal series is presenting salient publications on research in each of the categories. The first two installments focused on the etch-&-rinse systems. The series continues with this review of papers on the two-step self-etch primer systems. [source] COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHELL SWAB AND SHELL CRUSH METHODS FOR THE RECOVERY OF SALMONELLA FROM SHELL EGGSJOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY, Issue 4 2008T. KAWASAKI ABSTRACT Swabbing is the standard methodology for the recovery of resident microorganism from shell eggs in Japan. A comparative study of shell swab (SW) and shell crush (CR) techniques was performed to recover the laboratory-inoculated Salmonella from shell eggs. It was found that the recovery of Salmonella by CR methods was significantly higher (4.5,7.5 log cfu/egg) than that of SW methods (3.1,6.3 log cfu/egg). However, analyses with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (invA as a target gene), fluorescent microscopic and quantitative analyses with a Live/Dead BacLight bacterial viability kit revealed that not all of the inoculated Salmonella spp. populations were recovered as intact cells by either method. The chemiluminescent bacterial viability assay showed that chemiluminescence intensity (CI) began to increase after 30 min in CR samples; on the other hand, SW samples did not show any increase in CI for 2 h. These results suggest that SW might cause more damage and lethality to cells than CR. In addition, to determine the most appropriate method for recovering resident aerobic bacteria, coliforms and Salmonella spp from shell eggs, 4,000 commercial eggs were collected and sampled by shell rinse (SR) and CR techniques using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) warmed to different temperatures. PBS at 37C was found to be the best recovery solution and temperature, respectively, for recovering aerobic microorganisms from shell eggs by both methods and the CR methods recovered a higher population than did the SR methods (4.9 versus 5.8 log cfu/egg for SR and CR methods, respectively; n = 500 eggs/method). Therefore, the CR method along with recovery buffer (PBS) at 37C could be an effective technique for the recovery of microorganisms from post-processed shell eggs. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There is a need to develop a rapid and highly sensitive method for the recovery of microorganisms from shell eggs. Such recovery methods are also useful for evaluating the efficacy of newly developed shell egg disinfection techniques. Many methods involving rinsing, swabbing, and crushing of shell eggs have been reported; however, we performed a comparative study of the method used to recover the Salmonella from shell eggs. We found that the shell crush method (CR) was superior to the shell swab method (SW) for the recovery of Salmonella spp., and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37C was found to be the best recovery solution and temperature, respectively, for recovering microorganisms from shell eggs by both methods. Therefore, the CR method along with recovery buffer (PBS) at 37C could be an effective technique for the recovery of microorganisms from post-processed shells. Use of this method could be recommended for the microbial evaluation of post-processed shell eggs in industries. [source] Factors Limiting the Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide Washes for Decontamination of Apples Containing Escherichia coliJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2000G.M. Sapers ABSTRACT: Factors limiting efficacy of H2O2 washes and alternative decontamination strategies were investigated with Golden Delicious apples, inoculated with nonpathogenic Escherichia coli. Post-treatment rinsing decreased efficacy by eliminating residual H2O2. A 2-stage wash incorporating a rinse to remove surfactant residues prior to H2O2 application was developed. Rapid attachment of E. coli to apples prevented effective removal by washing with water. Surviving E. coli following a 5% H2O2 wash were concentrated in stem and calyx areas. Survival was independent of the time interval between inoculation and washing. E. coli inoculation of punctured apple surfaces resulted in growth at 20 °C and greater survival after washing with 5% H2O2. Improved decontamination methods are needed. [source] Effects of date extract on adhesion of Candida species to human buccal epithelial cells in vitroJOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 5 2000Khaled H. Abu-Elteen Abstract: The adherence of three Candida species to human buccal epithelial cells (BEC) following treatment with different concentrations of date extract was investigated in vitro, as well as the effect of a mouth rinse with date extract on the adhesion of yeast to BEC. Adhesion of C.albicans, C.tropicalis and C.kefyr to BEC was significantly reduced after both short- and long-term periods of yeast exposure to various concentrations of date extract (reduction between 25% and 52% of the control value). A similar inhibition of adherence was observed upon pre-incubation of BEC with date extract. There was a significant reduction (P<0.001) in the adherence of yeast to BEC collected immediately or 5,20 min after an oral rinse with 10% date extract. No statistically significant difference was observed in the adhesion of BEC collected 30 min after an oral rinse with date extract and control BEC. In addition, pre-treatment of either Candida or BEC, or both, with date extract resulted in reduced adherence, the magnitude of which was largest when both types of cells were pre-treated. Date extract also inhibited germ-tube formation of C. albicans (56,85% inhibition), which might contribute to the effects on adherence. [source] Safety and effectiveness of topical dry mouth products containing olive oil, betaine, and xylitol in reducing xerostomia for polypharmacy-induced dry mouthJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 10 2007J. A. SHIP summary, Polypharmacy is a common cause of salivary hypofunction, producing symptoms of dry mouth or xerostomia, especially among older populations. As the number of older people continues to increase, polypharmacy-induced salivary hypofunction is becoming an increasing problem. Many over-the-counter products are available for relieving symptoms of dry mouth, but few have been tested in controlled clinical investigations. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a group of topical dry mouth products (toothpaste, mouth rinse, mouth spray and gel) containing olive oil, betaine and xylitol. Forty adults were entered into this single-blinded, open-label, cross-over clinical study and 39 completed all the visits. Subjects were randomly assigned at baseline to using the novel topical dry mouth products daily for 1 week, or to maintain their normal dry mouth routine care. After 1 week, they were crossed over to the other dry mouth regimen. The results demonstrated that the use of the novel topical dry mouth products increased significantly unstimulated whole salivary flow rates, reduced complaints of xerostomia and improved xerostomia-associated quality of life. No clinically significant adverse events were observed. These data suggest that the daily use of topical dry mouth products containing olive oil, betaine and xylitol is safe and effective in relieving symptoms of dry mouth in a population with polypharmacy-induced xerostomia. [source] Caregiver Acceptability and Preferences for Early Childhood Caries Preventive Treatments for Hispanic ChildrenJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 4 2009Sally H. Adams RN Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to determine caregiver treatment acceptability and preferences for five preventive dental treatments for early childhood caries in young Hispanic children. Methods: We interviewed 211 parents/caregivers of Hispanic children attending Head Start programs regarding their acceptability of, and preferences for, five standard preventive dental treatments for young children. Treatments assessed were toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish, and xylitol in food for children, and xylitol gum and chlorhexidine rinse for mothers. The interview assessment included presentation of illustrated cards with verbal description of treatment, photograph/video clip, and treatment samples. Parents rated the acceptability of each treatment (1-5 scale) and treatment preferences within each of 10 possible pairs. Individual treatment preferences were summed to create overall preference scores (range 0-4). Results: All treatments were rated as highly acceptable, however, there were differences (range 4.6-4.9; Friedman chi-square = 23.4, P < 0.001). Chlorhexidine, toothbrushing, and varnish were most acceptable, not different from each other, but more acceptable than xylitol in food (P < 0.05). Summed treatment preferences revealed greater variability (means ranged 1.4-2.6; Friedman chi-square = 128.2, P < 0.001). Fluoride varnish (2.6) and toothbrushing (2.5) were most highly preferred, and differences between preferences for xylitol in food (1.4), xylitol gum (1.5), and chlorhexidine (2.1) were all significant (P < 0.001). Preferences for chlorhexidine were also significantly greater than those for the xylitol products (P < 0.001). Conclusions: All five treatments were highly acceptable, however, when choosing among treatments overall, fluoride varnish and toothbrushing were favored over other treatments. [source] A review of the background, operating parameters and applications of microemulsion liquid chromatography (MELC)JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 15 2005A. Marsh Abstract Microemulsions are dispersions of nanometre-sized droplets of an immiscible liquid within another liquid. Droplet formation is facilitated by the addition of surfactants and often also cosurfactants. Microemulsions are classified as either oil-in-water (O/W) (oil droplets such as octane dispersed throughout aqueous buffer) or water-in-oil (W/O) (aqueous droplets in oil such as hexane). Both microemulsion types have been used as mobile phases for separation in microemulsion HPLC (MELC). There has been a recent increase of interest in this area with new applications and developments such as gradient elution and optimisation of methods using experimental design. O/W microemulsions have been employed as eluents for RP-HPLC while W/O microemulsions have been used for normal phase chromatography. Separations can have superior speed and efficiency to conventional HPLC modes while offering a unique selectivity with excellent resolution. The capability for quantitative and stability-indicating analysis has also been demonstrated. Specific advantages include the ability to operate at low UV wavelengths and elimination of the need for an equilibration rinse between gradients. Operational issues associated with the use of MELC have been identified including the need to add salt to the gradient eluent, relatively high back-pressures and increased need for equipment cleaning compared to conventional RP eluent. This report details the different microemulsion types and compositions used and their reported applications. The use of gradient and isocratic elution is described. The effects on separations of varying operating parameters such as temperature, oil type and concentration, surfactant type and concentration, sample solvent, column type, and organic solvent addition will be discussed and illustrated. [source] Sjögren's syndrome sufferers have increased oral yeast levels despite regular dental careORAL DISEASES, Issue 2 2008KCM Leung Aim:, To investigate the prevalence and quantity of oral yeasts and their association with oral candidiasis in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients receiving regular dental care. Materials and methods:, Yeasts in oral rinse and full-mouth supra-gingival plaque samples from 25 primary SS, 27 secondary SS and 29 control subjects were selectively cultured. All yeasts except single-species isolates were genotyped using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results:, Ten (19%) SS sufferers had symptomless candidiasis. SS subjects had a higher prevalence (73%vs 7%) and quantity of yeasts than controls in both oral rinse and plaque samples (P < 0.05). The prevalence of yeasts in plaque was associated with candidiasis regardless of denture wearing (P , 0.04). Candida albicans was the predominant yeast isolated. PFGE showed 20 (66% of total) C. albicans isolate pairs, i.e. C. albicans species isolated from plaque and oral rinse samples of the same individual, were of closely related genetic clonal types (P < 0.01). Conclusions:, Despite effective oral hygiene, more SS subjects than controls had detectable levels of oral yeasts and their presence in supra-gingival plaque was associated with candidiasis. Candida albicans colonized supra-gingival biofilm even in well-maintained SS individuals, posing a challenge to the control of oral candidiasis. [source] Effect of chlorhexidine mouth rinse on Streptococci counts of tooth-tissue-borne palatal expander biofilmORTHODONTICS & CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2008IT Maruo Structured Abstract Authors,,, Maruo IT, Rosa EAR, Maruo H, Tanaka O, Guariza Filho O, Ignácio SA, Camargo ES Objectives,,, To assess total Streptococci (TS) counts and biofilm mass over tooth-tissue-borne palatal expander (TTBPE), as well as the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouth rinse on these variables. Design,,, A cross-sectional study design employed clinical procedures and laboratorial techniques. Setting and Sample Population,,, Patients who had TTBPE removal indicated were divided into two groups: a CHX group (n = 26) in which three times a day of 0.2% CHX digluconate mouth rinses were prescribed 7 days before TTBPE removal; and a control (CON) group (n = 25) in which no antimicrobial treatment was applied. Experimental Variable,,, ,Gender', ,Age', and ,TTBPE wear time' were recorded. After TTBPE removal, biofilm mass was determined by the difference between (TTBPE + biofilm) and (TTBPE only) masses. TS counts were determined by biofilm suspension followed by progressive dilutions and culture on Mitis Salivarius agar with incubation at 37°C for 72 h. Outcome Measure,,, Biofilm mass (mg) and Colony Forming Units of TS,/,mg of biofilm (CFU-TS,/,mg) were calculated. Results,,, Total Streptococci mean values in CHX (6.77 × 106CFU-TS,/,mg) were statistically lower (p < 0.01) than those in CON (3.82 × 107CFU-TS,/,mg), but there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between CHX (168.88 mg) and CON (182.04 mg) masses nor statistical correlation (p > 0.05) between biofilm mass and CFU-TS,/,mg in the two groups. Conclusion,,, Chlorhexidine reduces the TS counts in TTBPE, but has no effect on biofilm mass. [source] New saliva DNA collection method compared to buccal cell collection techniques for epidemiological studiesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Nikki L. Rogers Epidemiological studies may require noninvasive methods for off-site DNA collection. We compared the DNA yield and quality obtained using a whole-saliva collection device (OrageneÔ DNA collection kit) to those from three established noninvasive methods (cytobrush, foam swab, and oral rinse). Each method was tested on 17 adult volunteers from our center, using a random crossover collection design and analyzed using repeated-measures statistics. DNA yield and quality were assessed via gel electrophoresis, spectophotometry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification rate. The whole-saliva method provided a significantly greater DNA yield (mean ± SD = 154.9 ± 103.05 ,g, median = 181.88) than the other methods (oral rinse = 54.74 ± 41.72 ,g, 36.56; swab = 11.44 ± 7.39 ,g, 10.72; cytobrush = 12.66 ± 6.19, 13.22 ,g) (all pairwise P < 0.05). Oral-rinse and whole-saliva samples provided the best DNA quality, whereas cytobrush and swab samples provided poorer quality DNA, as shown by lower OD260/OD280 and OD260/OD230 ratios. We conclude that both a 10-ml oral-rinse sample and 2-ml whole-saliva sample provide sufficient DNA quantity and better quality DNA for genetic epidemiological studies than do the commonly used buccal swab and brush techniques.Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:319,326, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Adsorption of Cationic Surfactants onto Photoresist Surfaces,A Way to Reduce Pattern Collapse in High Aspect Ratio PatterningTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2006A. Drechsler Abstract The collapse of photoresist patterns in the production process is a problem stringently limiting the miniaturizing of microchips. Recently, it has been found that a cationic surfactant rinse has a positive effect on the pattern collapse. The present study investigates the adsorption of cationic surfactants onto photoresist surfaces. It has been found that the surfactant adsorbs both on unexposed and exposed photoresist. On exposed resist that is more hydrophilic and negatively charged than unexposed resist, a stronger adsorption was observed. Only on exposed resist the surfactant adsorption leads to a hydrophobizing that most probably accounts for the pattern collapse reduction. La rupture des profils photorésistants dans le procédé de production est un problème qui limite sévèrement la miniaturisation des micropuces. On a trouvé dernièrement qu'un tensioactif cationique avait un effet positif sur la rupture des profils. La présente étude examine l'adsorption de surfactants cationiques sur les surfaces photorésistantes. On a trouvé que le tensioactif adsorbait autant sur des photorésistances non exposées qu'exposées. Sur une résistance exposée qui est plus hydrophile et chargée négativement qu'une résistance non exposée, on observe une plus forte adsorption. C'est seulement sur une résistance exposée que l'adsorption du tensioactif entraîne une hydrophobisation qui le plus probablement explique la baisse de rupture de profil. [source] | ||||||||||||||||