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Revision
Kinds of Revision Terms modified by Revision Selected AbstractsA TAXONOMIC REVISION OF BIARUMCURTIS'S BOTANICAL MAGAZINE, Issue 1 2008Araceae Summary This paper contains a revision of the genus Biarum Schott. 21 species and 6 subspecies are recognised. All the taxa (except B. mendax Boyce) are illustrated by line drawings, and most of them are shown as paintings or as photographs in habitat or in cultivation. Distribution maps of all the species are given and a key to all taxa is provided. [source] THE COMMONPLACES OF "REVISION" AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR HISTORIOGRAPHICAL UNDERSTANDINGHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2007JONATHAN GORMAN ABSTRACT Recognizing the contingent entanglement between historiography's social and political roles and the conception of the discipline as purely factual, this essay provides a detailed analysis of "revision" and its connection to "revisionism." This analysis uses a philosophical approach that begins with the commonplaces of our understanding as expressed in dictionaries, which are compared and contrasted to display relevant confusions. The essay then turns to examining the questions posed by History and Theory's Call for Papers announcing its Theme Issue on Revision in History, and, where philosophically relevant, answers them. The issue of paradigm change proved to be quite significant and required particular attention. A "paradigm" is analyzed in terms of Quine's "web of belief," and that web is itself explained as an ongoing process of revision, in analogy with Rawls's concept of pure procedural justice. Adopting this approach helps clarify the entanglement between politics and historiographical revision. [source] VISION AS REVISION: RANKE AND THE BEGINNING OF MODERN HISTORYHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2007J. D. BRAW ABSTRACT It is widely agreed that a new conception of history was developed in the early nineteenth century: the past came to be seen in a new light, as did the way of studying the past. This article discusses the nature of this collective revision, focusing on one of its first and most important manifestations: Ranke's 1824 Geschichten der romanischen und germanischen Völker. It argues that, in Ranke's case, the driving force of the revision was religious, and that, subsequently, an understanding of the nature of Ranke's religious attitude is vital to any interpretation of his historical revision. Being aesthetic-experiential rather than conceptual or "positive," this religious element is reflected throughout Ranke's enterprise, in source criticism and in historical representation no less than in the conception of cause and effect in the historical process. These three levels or aspects of the historical enterprise correspond to the experience of the past, and are connected by the essence of the experience: visual perception. The highly individual character of the enterprise, its foundation in sentiments and experiences of little persuasive force that only with difficulty can be brought into language at all, explains the paradoxical nature of the Rankean heritage. On the one hand, Ranke had a great and lasting impact; on the other hand, his approach was never re-utilized as a whole, only in its constituent parts,which, when not in the relationship Ranke had envisioned, took on a new and different character. This also suggests the difference between Ranke's revision and a new paradigm: whereas the latter is an exemplary solution providing binding regulations, the former is unrepeatable. [source] THE "INS" AND "OUTS" OF HISTORY: REVISION AS NON-PLACEHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2007MARNIE HUGHES-WARRINGTON ABSTRACT Revision in history is conventionally characterized as a linear sequence of changes over time. Drawing together the contributions of those engaged in historiographical debates that are often associated with the term "revision," however, we find our attention directed to the spaces rather than the sequences of history. Contributions to historical debates are characterized by the marked use of spatial imagery and spatialized language. These used to suggest both the demarcation of the "space of history" and the erasure of existing historiographies from that space. Bearing these features in mind, the essay argues that traditional, temporally oriented explanations for revision in history, such as Thomas S. Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions, miss the mark, and that a more promising line of explanation arises from the combined use of Michel Foucault's idea of "heterotopias" and Marc Augé's idea of "non-places." Revision in history is to be found where writers use imagery to move readers away from rival historiographies and to control their movement in the space of history toward their desired vision. Revision is thus associated more with control than with liberation. [source] ALL IN THE FAMILY: A BELATED RESPONSE TO KNUDSON-MARTIN'S FEMINIST REVISION OF BOWEN THEORYJOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 1 2002K. Blake Horne The first formal attempt at revising Bowen theory within the mariage and family therapy literature is represented in the work of Knudson-Martin (1994). Claiming that several of the theory's concepts are defined at odds with female development, Knudson-Martin (1994) reconceptualizes and expands Bowen theory to rectify these perceived shortcomings. In turn, we address several fundamental concerns with knudson-Martin's critique and revision of Bowen theory. An alternative representation of Bowen Theory, as well as its relationship to feminist thought, is put forth, Suggestions for the fields's future relationship to Bowen theory are also discussed. [source] BASAL CAMBRIAN MICROFOSSILS FROM THE YURTUS AND XISHANBLAQ FORMATIONS (TARIM, NORTH-WEST CHINA): SYSTEMATIC REVISION AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION OF MICRHYSTRIDIUM -LIKE ACRITARCHSPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 4 2005JINXIAN YAO Abstract:,Micrhystridium -like acritarchs are widely distributed in basal Cambrian cherts and phosphorites in South China. This paper describes similar acritarchs from the basal Cambrian Yurtus and Xishanblaq formations in Tarim, north-west China. The taxonomy of these acritarchs is revised. The basal Cambrian acritarch assemblage in Tarim and South China is characterized by three genera: Asteridium Moczyd,owska, Heliosphaeridium Moczyd,owska and Comasphaeridium Staplin, Jansonius and Pocock. This assemblage is named the Asteridium - Heliosphaeridium - Comasphaeridium (AHC) acritarch assemblage. In both South China and Tarim, the AHC acritarch assemblage is associated with the tubular microfossil Megathrix longus Yin L. and the small shelly fossil Kaiyangites novilis Qian and Yin G. This assemblage also occurs in the Lower Tal Formation in the Lesser Himalaya. Correlation with small shelly fossil (SSF) assemblages indicates that the AHC assemblage is restricted to the Meishucunian Stage, and possibly to the lower Meishucunian (Anabarites trisulcatus - Protohertzina anabarica and Siphogonuchites triangularis - Paragloborilus subglobosus SSF assemblages). The AHC assemblage is broadly similar to the Asteridium tornatum - Comasphaeridium velvetum (acritarch) Zone in the East European Platform, which is considered to be Nemakit-Daldynian (and possibly Tommotian) in age. [source] SYSTEMATICS OF THE CAMBRIAN TRILOBITE FAMILY NEPEIDAE, WITH REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN SPECIESPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2005JOHN R. PATERSON Abstract:, Taxonomy of the Cambrian trilobite family Nepeidae is revised. Morphometric analyses of the genera Nepea and Penarosa demonstrate that use of proportions of linear dimensions of the cranidium to differentiate species is invalid, and that infrageneric variation is continuous. The taxonomy and biostratigraphy of all Australian species of Nepeidae is revised. Species considered valid herein include: Nepea narinosa (type species), N. tonsillata, N. nans, Penarosa retifera (type species), P. elaticeps, P. rhinodelphis, P. netenta, Loxonepea loxophrys (type species) and Ferenepea hispida (type species). Folliceps is considered to be a junior subjective synonym of Nepea, Trinepea is regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Penarosa, and Ascionepea is considered to be a junior subjective synonym of Ferenepea. [source] BT04 LAPAROSCOPIC REVISION OF GASTRIC BAND SURGERYANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 2009S. Bardsley Aim: , To identify the outcome of laparoscopic revision of gastric band surgery with respect to percentage of excess weight lost (%EWL). Methods: , Analysis of a prospective database was performed and %EWL was plotted with respect to time from initial procedure and also time from revision procedure. Results: , All revision operations were performed laparoscopically. There were no patient deaths, but two serious complications. Percentage Excess Weight Loss after replacement of the band because of prosthetic failure or dysphagia was 57% at an average follow up of 19 months. For repositioning of the band due to slippage, the %EWL was 72% at an average of 15 months follow up for those who had the existing band repositioned, and 42% at an average of 23 months follow up for those who had a new band repositioned. Conclusion: , Revision laparoscopic gastric band surgery is a safe option for patients, and results in good %EWL at an average follow up period of 19 months. [source] Anemia and Cost in Medicare Patients With Congestive Heart FailureCONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, Issue 6 2006Craig A. Solid MS The objective of this study was to examine the total cost to Medicare associated with the presence of anemia in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes were used to identify anemia, CHF, and comorbid conditions in 2002, and total Medicare costs were calculated for 2003. The mean patient age was 77.8 years. Anemia, present in 32% of CHF patients, was associated with older age, female sex, non-white race, and increasing burden of comorbidity. The total per-member-per-month cost in 2003 was $1781.01 among CHF patients with anemia in the preceding year compared with $1142.38 for CHF patients without anemia, a ratio of 1.56 (95% confidence interval, 1.5589,1.5592). When adjustment was made for baseline demographic factors and comorbid conditions, the corresponding ratio was 1.25 (95% confidence interval, 1.2546,1.2548). Anemia, a common association of CHF in elderly patients, is an antecedent association of increased societal medical expenditure. [source] Laser Scar Revision: A ReviewDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2 2007TINA ALSTER MD First page of article [source] Demographic Factors and Their Association with Outcomes in Pediatric Submersion InjuryACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 3 2006Lois K. Lee MD Objectives: To describe the epidemiology and outcomes of serious pediatric submersion injuries and to identify factors associated with an increased risk of death or chronic disability. Methods: A retrospective database review of 1994,2000 Massachusetts death and hospital discharge data characterized demographic factors; International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), or ICD-10 injury codes; and outcomes for state residents 0,19 years of age identified with unintentional submersion injuries. The authors performed logistic regression analysis to correlate outcomes with risk and demographic factors. Results: The database included 267 cases of serious submersion injury, defined as those requiring hospitalization or leading to death. Of these 267 patients, 125 (47%) drowned, 118 (44%) were discharged home, 13 (5%) were discharged home with intravenous therapy or with availability of a home health aide, and 11 (4%) were discharged to an intermediate care/chronic care facility. The authors observed a trend of improved outcome in successively younger age groups (p < 0.0001). The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed an increased likelihood of poor outcome for males compared with females (odds ratio [OR]: 2.52; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.31 to 4.84) and for African Americans compared with whites (OR: 3.47; 95% CI = 1.24 to 9.75), and a decreased likelihood of poor outcome for Hispanics compared with whites (OR: 0.056; 95% CI = 0.013 to 0.24). Conclusions: After serious pediatric submersion injuries, the overall outcome appears largely bimodal, with children primarily discharged home or dying. The observations that better outcomes occurred among younger age groups, females, and Hispanic children, with worse outcomes in African American children, suggest that injury prevention for submersion injuries should consider differences in age, gender, and race/ethnicity. [source] Delinquent Pedigrees: Revision, Lineage, and Spatial Rhetoric in The Duchess of MalfiENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE, Issue 3 2009Michelle M. Dowd Locating John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi within a cluster of early seventeenth-century concerns about legitimacy and hereditary succession, this essay traces the ways in which Webster strategically alters his primary narrative source, William Painter's The Palace of Pleasure, so as to expose rather than to suppress the indeterminacy of patrilineality. Webster's tragedy focuses specifically on a remarrying widow and her children, a particular social problem that makes visible the contradictions inherent to the early modern system of patrilineal inheritance. The action of the play thus stages the tensions between the dominant legal form of patrilineality and the material practices shaping and changing it. Drawing in part on the theories of Michel de Certeau, this essay takes a fresh critical approach to the play by placing particular emphasis on the distinctively spatialized aspects of Webster's dramaturgical rendering of his source material and noting the ways in which he uses the ideological and physical spaces of the stage to highlight the inscrutability of the succession. In addition, in its focus on Webster's revisions of Painter, the essay considers how drama as a genre can spatially reimagine the social relationships and possibilities for agency that are produced through patterns of hereditary succession. As such, The Duchess of Malfi serves as a useful case study for theorizing the narrative and dramaturgical methods by which patriarchy is constructed, contested, and reformulated in early modern English culture (M.M.D.). [source] The Politics of Revision in Samuel Daniel's The Civil WarsENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE, Issue 3 2008Gillian Wright Samuel Daniel's historical poem The Civil Wars has traditionally been regarded as a conservative text, committed in presentation and in practice to upholding the principle of hereditary right in monarchy. Such a view overlooks Daniel's many complex revisions to the poem between its first appearance in print in 1595 and the final,though still unfinished,version published in 1609. Comparative analysis of the different printed editions of the poem shows that between 1595 and 1609 Daniel's political priorities changed significantly, especially on the question of the role and legitimacy of kingship. Whereas the 1595 Civil Wars does indeed adopt a broadly conservative attitude to the rights of hereditary monarchs, the 1609 text of the poem no longer automatically endorses kingly authority but instead consistently privileges the monarch's commitment to the "publique good" and the just execution of the laws. This subtle but radical pattern of change culminates in Daniel's vignette of Elizabeth Grey and Edward IV (1609, Book VIII), which departs from the poet's sources in representing Grey's resistance to Edward's attempted seduction in explicitly politicized terms. This observable shift in Daniel's political values also foreshadows later aspects of his historiography in the prose Collection of the Historie of England (1618). (G.W.) [source] A Taxonomic Revision of Illiberis Walker (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae) in KoreaENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2004Sung-Soo KIM ABSTRACT The Korean species of Illiberis Walker are revised. A total of 10 species are recognized, including four species new to Korea: I. rotundata Jordan, I. psychina (OberthÜr), I. consimilis Leech, and I. hyalina (Staudinger). The identities of I. cybele Leech and I. assimilis Jordan, the two ambiguously defined Korean species, are reconfirmed with the examination of type specimens and additional materials. Photos of the adults and type materials are provided, and male and female genitalia of each species are illustrated. Biology and distribution for each species are briefly discussed with the larval host records from Korea. [source] Revision of the genus Stichillus Enderlein of Japan (Diptera: Phoridae)ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2004Hiroto NAKAYAMA Abstract The genus Stichillus in Japan is revised. Three species are recognized: S. japonicus (Matsumura), S. spinosus Liu and Chou and S. cylindratus sp. nov. Stichillus brunneicornis Beyer is excluded from the Japanese fauna. These Japanese species are described and keyed. The male genitalia and the female terminalia are illustrated. Some unique characters of the male genitalia in the genus are reported, and morphology of the male genitalia and the female terminalia is discussed. [source] The development of a research agenda for substance use disorders diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V)ADDICTION, Issue 2006John B. Saunders ABSTRACT Aims This paper describes the background to the establishment of the Substance Use Disorders Workgroup, which was charged with developing the research agenda for the development of the next edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It summarizes 18 articles that were commissioned to inform that process. Methods A preliminary list of research topics, developed at the DSM-V Launch Conference in 2004, led to the identification of subjects that were subject to formal presentations and detailed discussion at the Substance Use Disorders Conference in February 2005. Results The 18 articles presented in this supplement examine: (1) categorical versus dimensional diagnoses; (2) the neurobiological basis of substance use disorders; (3) social and cultural perspectives; (4) the crosswalk between DSM-IV and the International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision (ICD-10); (5) comorbidity of substance use disorders and mental health disorders; (6) subtypes of disorders; (7) issues in adolescence; (8) substance-specific criteria; (9) the place of non-substance addictive disorders; and (10) the available research resources. Conclusions In the final paper a broadly based research agenda for the development of diagnostic concepts and criteria for substance use disorders is presented. [source] Prevalence of epilepsy and seizures in the Navajo Nation 1998,2002EPILEPSIA, Issue 10 2009Karen Parko Summary Purpose:, To determine the prevalence of epilepsy and seizures in the Navajo. Methods:, We studied 226,496 Navajo residing in the Navajo Reservation who had at least one medical encounter between October 1, 1998 and September 30, 2002. We ascertained and confirmed cases in two phases. First, we identified patients with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes signifying epilepsy or seizures using Indian Health Service (IHS) administrative data. Second, we reviewed medical charts of a geographic subpopulation of identified patients to confirm diagnoses and assess the positive predictive value of the ICD-9-CM codes in identifying patients with active epilepsy. Results:, Two percent of Navajo receiving IHS care were found to have an ICD-9-CM code consistent with epilepsy or seizures. Based on confirmed cases, the crude prevalence for the occurrence of any seizure (including febrile seizures and recurrent seizures that may have been provoked) in the geographic subpopulation was 13.5 per 1,000 and the crude prevalence of active epilepsy was 9.2 per 1,000. Prevalence was higher among males, children under 5 years of age, and older adults. Discussion:, The estimated prevalence of active epilepsy in the Navajo Nation is above the upper limit of the range of reported estimates from other comparable studies of U.S. communities. [source] PM 7/40(2): Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallidaEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 3 2009Article first published online: 27 NOV 200 Specific scope This standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida1. Specific approval and amendment This Standard was developed under the EU DIAGPRO Project (SMT 4-CT98-2252) by partnership of contractor laboratories and intercomparison laboratories in European countries. Approved as an EPPO Standard in 2003,09. Revision approved in 2009,09. [source] Short and Stereoselective Total Synthesis of ,-11,13-Didehydroguaianes and -guaianolides: Synthesis of (±)-Achalensolide and (±)-Pechueloic Acid; Revision of the Structure of (+)-Rupestonic Acid,EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 22 2009Thomas Sainte-Luce Banchelin Abstract (±)-Pechueloic acid (1), (±)-rupestonic acid (3), and (±)-achalensolide (5) (guaian-8,12-olide class) were prepared stereoselectively in only nine steps from the commercially available tropylium cation via central intermediate 6, which is used as a general and efficient precursor to bicyclo[5.3.0]decane sesquiterpenes. The method does not require function protection. It is highly regio- and stereoselective thanks to an efficient C-1 epimerization, a selective C-8,9 hydrogenation, and a stereocontrolled 1,6 conjugate addition of an acrylate equivalent. These ,-11,13-didehydroguaianes and-guaianolides are good Michael acceptors and hence biologically active. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009) [source] Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of (+)-Pseudodeflectusin: Structural Revision of Aspergione BEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 21 2006Fumiyo Saito Abstract We report herein the total synthesis and determination of the absolute configuration of (+)-pseudodeflectusin. The total synthesis of (+)-pseudodeflectusin starting from o -anisic aid was achieved in 11 total steps with an overall yield of 2.0,%. The 1H- and 13C NMR spectroscopic data of our synthetic pseudodeflectusin was identical to that of the natural compound. The absolute configuration of (+)-pseudodeflectusin was determined by chiral HPLC and X-ray crystallographic analyses. We also synthesized the proposed structure of aspergione B, whose 1H- and 13C NMR spectroscopic data is identical to that of pseudodeflectusin. The 1H- and 13C NMR spectra of our synthetic aspergione B were different from those of the natural compound reported by Proksch et al. Our results confirm that aspergione B and pseudodeflectusin are, in fact, the same compound.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] Enantioselective Synthesis of the Originally Proposed Usneoidone Structure: Evidence for a Structural RevisionEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2004Michèle Danet Abstract The enantioselective synthesis of the initially proposed structure of usneoidone has been completed according to a convergent strategy in which the key steps were an enantioselective Michael addition involving chiral imines to set up the C12 quaternary center, and the final assembly of the chiral pyran moiety with the aromatic subunit through a cyanohydrin anion alkylation step. The obtained product displays spectroscopic data that significantly differ from the reported values. A putative revised structure in which the pyran ring is opened is proposed for usneoidones. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source] Revision of the subgenus Wichuraea (M.Roemer) Baker of BomareaMirbel (Alstroemeriaceae)FEDDES REPERTORIUM, Issue 3-4 2003A. Hofreiter The subgenus Wichuraea of Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) was last revised by Baker (1888) as part of his revision of the genus Bomarea. Since then the number of validly published names has increased from seven to recently 50, indicating an urgent need for further revision. Extensive field studies in Peru (A. Hofreiter) and depth investigation of herbarium material have led to new insights into the subgenus. As a result a number of Bomarea species formerly placed under Wichuraea are relocated to another subgenus, a large number of names are placed into synonymy and one species, Bomarea vargasiiHofreiter sp. nova, and one subspecies, Bomareaandimarcana subsp. andimarcanaHofreiter comb. nov. und B. andimarcana subsp. densifoliaHofreiter comb. nov., are newly described. A key to the 16 species is given. Field studies revealed that even taxonomically valuable characters can be remarkably variable, even within a single population. This has demonstrably resulted in a high degree of taxa instability in the group. The typical habit and its variability, preferred habitats and the geographical distribution of each species is presented. Revision der Untergattung Wichuraea (M.Roemer) Baker der Gattung BomareaMirbel (Alstroemeriaceae) Die Untergattung Wichuraea wurde zuletzt von Baker (1888) als Teil der Revision von Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) revidiert. Seit dieser Zeit hat die Zahl gültig veröffentlichter Namen von sieben auf 50 zugenommen. Eine Revision erscheint deshalb dringend erforderlich. Die Grundlage für diese Arbeit wurde bei ausführlichen Feldstudien in Peru (A. Hofreiter) und umfangreichen Analysen von Herbarmaterial gelegt. Durch die vorliegende Revision wird die Anzahl der Arten auf 16 reduziert. Ein Teil der bisher zu Wichuraea gestellten Arten gehört zu einer anderen Untergattung, ein weiterer Teil der Namen muss in die Synonymie verwiesen werden. Eine Art, Bomarea vargasiiHofreiter sp. nova, und eine Unterart, Bomarea andimarcana subsp. andimarcanaHofreiter comb. nov. und B. andimarcana subsp. densifoliaHofreiter comb. nov., werden neu beschrieben. Feldstudien ergaben eine hohe Variabilität der Merkmale, selbst innerhalb einer Population. Dies hat z. B. allein bei Bomarea dulcis zu 14 Synonymen geführt. Für jede Art werden die typische Wuchsform und deren Variabilität, die bevorzugten Standorte und die geographische Verbreitung dargestellt. [source] The Absolute Configuration of (+)-Ethyl cis -1-Benzyl-3-hydroxypiperidine-4-carboxylate and (+)-4-Ethyl 1-Methyl cis -3-Hydroxypiperidine-1,4-dicarboxylate; a RevisionHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 12 2006Piergiorgio Abstract Discrepancies between chiroptical data from the literature and our determination of the structure of the title compounds (+)- 5 and (+)- 9a were resolved by an unambiguous assignment of their absolute configuration. Accordingly, the dextrorotatory cis -3-hydroxy esters have (3R,4R)- and the laevorotatory enantiomers (3S,4S)-configuration. The final evidences were demonstrated on both enantiomers (+)- and (,)- 5 by biological reduction of 4 by bakers' yeast and stereoselective [RuII(binap)]-catalyzed hydrogenations of 4 (Scheme,2), by the application of the NMR Mosher method on (+)- and (,)- 5 (Scheme,3), as well as by the transformation of (+)- 5 into a common derivative and chiroptical correlation (Scheme,4). [source] THE COMMONPLACES OF "REVISION" AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR HISTORIOGRAPHICAL UNDERSTANDINGHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2007JONATHAN GORMAN ABSTRACT Recognizing the contingent entanglement between historiography's social and political roles and the conception of the discipline as purely factual, this essay provides a detailed analysis of "revision" and its connection to "revisionism." This analysis uses a philosophical approach that begins with the commonplaces of our understanding as expressed in dictionaries, which are compared and contrasted to display relevant confusions. The essay then turns to examining the questions posed by History and Theory's Call for Papers announcing its Theme Issue on Revision in History, and, where philosophically relevant, answers them. The issue of paradigm change proved to be quite significant and required particular attention. A "paradigm" is analyzed in terms of Quine's "web of belief," and that web is itself explained as an ongoing process of revision, in analogy with Rawls's concept of pure procedural justice. Adopting this approach helps clarify the entanglement between politics and historiographical revision. [source] THE "INS" AND "OUTS" OF HISTORY: REVISION AS NON-PLACEHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2007MARNIE HUGHES-WARRINGTON ABSTRACT Revision in history is conventionally characterized as a linear sequence of changes over time. Drawing together the contributions of those engaged in historiographical debates that are often associated with the term "revision," however, we find our attention directed to the spaces rather than the sequences of history. Contributions to historical debates are characterized by the marked use of spatial imagery and spatialized language. These used to suggest both the demarcation of the "space of history" and the erasure of existing historiographies from that space. Bearing these features in mind, the essay argues that traditional, temporally oriented explanations for revision in history, such as Thomas S. Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions, miss the mark, and that a more promising line of explanation arises from the combined use of Michel Foucault's idea of "heterotopias" and Marc Augé's idea of "non-places." Revision in history is to be found where writers use imagery to move readers away from rival historiographies and to control their movement in the space of history toward their desired vision. Revision is thus associated more with control than with liberation. [source] Hospitalization risk following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapyHIV MEDICINE, Issue 5 2010SA Berry Objectives While highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) decreases long-term morbidity and mortality, its short-term effect on hospitalization rates is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to determine hospitalization rates over time in the year after HAART initiation for virological responders and nonresponders. Methods Hospitalizations among 1327 HAART-naïve subjects in an urban HIV clinic in 1997,2007 were examined before and after HAART initiation. Hospitalization rates were stratified by virological responders (,1 log10 decrease in HIV-1 RNA within 6 months after HAART initiation) and nonresponders. Causes were determined through International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes and chart review. Multivariate negative binomial regression was used to assess factors associated with hospitalization. Results During the first 45 days after HAART initiation, the hospitalization rate of responders was similar to their pre-HAART baseline rate [75.1 vs. 78.8/100 person-years (PY)] and to the hospitalization rate of nonresponders during the first 45 days (79.4/100 PY). The hospitalization rate of responders fell significantly between 45 and 90 days after HAART initiation and reached a plateau at approximately 45/100 PY from 91 to 365 days after HAART initiation. Significant decreases were seen in hospitalizations for opportunistic and nonopportunistic infections. Conclusions The first substantial clinical benefit from HAART may be realized by 90 days after HAART initiation; providers should keep close vigilance at least until this time. [source] Emergency Department Lactate Is Associated with Mortality in Older Adults Admitted With and Without InfectionsACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 3 2010Daniel A. Del Portal MD Abstract Objectives:, Serum lactate values in the emergency department (ED) have been associated with mortality in diverse populations of critically ill patients. This study investigates whether serum lactate values measured in the ED are associated with mortality in older patients admitted to the hospital, both with and without infections. Methods:, This is a retrospective cohort study performed at two urban teaching hospitals. The study population includes 1,655 older ED patients (age , 65 years) over a 3-year period (2004,2006) who had serum lactate measured prior to admission. The presence or absence of infection was determined by review of International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision (ICD-9) admission diagnosis codes. Mortality during hospitalization was determined by review of inpatient records. Mortality at 30 and at 60 days was determined using a state death registry. Results:, In patients with infections, increasing serum lactate values of ,2.0 mmol/L were linearly associated with relative risk (RR) of mortality during hospitalization (RR = 1.9 to 3.6 with increasing lactate), at 30 days (RR = 1.7 to 2.6), and at 60 days (RR = 1.4 to 2.3) when compared to patients with serum lactate levels of <2.0 mmol/L. In patients without infections, a similar association was observed (RR = 1.1 to 3.9 during hospitalization, RR = 1.2 to 2.6 at 30 days, RR = 1.1 to 2.4 at 60 days). In both groups of patients, serum lactate had a greater magnitude of association with mortality than either of two other commonly ordered laboratory tests, leukocyte count and serum creatinine. Conclusions:, Higher ED lactate values are associated with greater mortality in a broad cohort of admitted patients over age 65 years, regardless of the presence or absence of infection. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:260,268 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine [source] Dynamics and Countervailing Pressures of Visa, Asylum and Immigration Policy Treaty Revision: Explaining Change and Stagnation from the Amsterdam IGC to the IGC of 2003,04*JCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 3 2008ARNE NIEMANN The objective of this article is to account for the varying, and sometimes puzzling, outcomes of the past three Treaty revisions of EU/EC visa, asylum and immigration policy. The article focuses on decision rules and the institutional set-up of these policies, subjecting the results of the Intergovernmental Conference negotiations leading to the Treaties of Amsterdam and Nice and the Constitutional Treaty to causal analysis. The article maintains that four factors can explain the various Treaty outcomes: (i) functional pressures; (ii) the role of supranational institutions; (iii) socialization, deliberation and learning processes; and (iv) countervailing forces. [source] European Integration, the Problem of Complexity and the Revision of TheoryJCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 1 2003Robert Geyer Recently, European integration (EI) and international relations (IR) debates have been locked into two camps: rationalists, modelling themselves on the natural sciences, and reflectivists, opposing themselves to the natural sciences. The division is based on an out-of-date view of the orderly nature of the natural sciences. Since the middle of the twentieth century a new complexity framework in the natural sciences has developed. This framework provides a new and intriguing ontological and epistemological foundation for addressing the problem of complexity and helps to explain and overcome the separation between the two poles of debate in European integration and international relations. [source] Treatment of Dementia in Community-Dwelling and Institutionalized Medicare BeneficiariesJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 10 2007Ann L. Gruber-Baldini PhD OBJECTIVES: To establish nationally representative estimates of the use of agents to treat Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs) and related behavioral symptoms in Medicare beneficiaries and to describe medication use according to residential status and other patient characteristics. DESIGN: Cross-sectional prevalence study. SETTING: Community and various long-term care (LTC) settings. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve thousand six hundred ninety-seven beneficiaries from the 2002 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS), of whom 11,593 were community dwelling and 1,104 resided in various LTC settings. MEASUREMENTS: ADRDs were identified according to International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes in Medicare claims and self- and proxy reports. Medication use was derived from self-reports (community) and extracts of facility medication administration records (LTC). RESULTS: In 2002, an estimated 3.4 million Medicare beneficiaries were diagnosed with ADRDs (8.1%), of whom 58.9% resided in the community (prevalence rate=5.1%) and 41.1% resided in LTC facilities (prevalence rate=57.2%). Use of antidementia drugs was similar across settings, with 24.7% of subjects with dementia in the community and 26.3% of those in LTC receiving prescriptions for donepezil, galantamine, or rivastigmine. Use of haloperidol was comparable (and low) in both settings. Use of atypical antipsychotics, especially risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine, was much higher in LTC residents (21.0%, 11.9%, and 7.1%, respectively) than in the community (5.1%, 4.0%, and 2.3%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ADRDs in LTC settings is much larger than in the community, but there is little difference in the proportions receiving antidementia drugs, although LTC residents are more likely to be treated with atypical antipsychotics (risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine), presumably for behavioral symptoms. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||