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Retinal Veins (retinal + vein)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences100%

Kinds of Retinal Veins

  • central retinal vein
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    Terms modified by Retinal Veins

  • retinal vein occlusion
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    Selected Abstracts

    Effects of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin®) therapy on retrobulbar blood flow parameters in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 2 2010
    Ahmet Mete MD
    Abstract Background. To investigate the effects of intravitreal bevacizumab on retrobulbar circulation in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Method. Thirty patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration were assessed prospectively by both color Doppler imaging and fundus fluorescein angiography. Spectral Doppler analysis allowed the measurement of the maximum velocity (Vmax) and minimum velocity (Vmin) of the central retinal vein (CRV), and peak systolic (PSV), end-diastolic (EDV) velocities of blood flows, and pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) values in the central retinal artery (CRA), nasal and temporal posterior ciliary arteries (NPCA, TPCA), and ophthalmic artery (OA). The t test for paired samples was used to compare retrobulbar blood flow values before and after intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Result. PSV and EDV of the NPCA and PSV of the TPCA were significantly decreased after intravitreal bevacizumab injection (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the other parameters. Conclusion. Our results suggest that intravitreal bevacizumab therapy has a measurable effect on retrobulbar blood flow. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2010 [source]

    Observer experience improves reproducibility of color doppler sonography of orbital blood vessels

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 6 2002
    János Németh MD
    Abstract Purpose. The study investigated the reproducibility of orbital blood flow measurements with color Doppler imaging (CDI) at different stages of observer experience. Methods. The subjects were 31 healthy volunteers and 2 sequential groups of 25 glaucoma patients each. Repeated blood flow measurements (usually 3 sets) in orbital vessels (ophthalmic artery, short posterior ciliary arteries, central retinal artery, and central retinal vein) were performed by the same observer in a single session in each subject. Results. The parameters with the best reproducibility were the resistance index (mean coefficient of variation [COV], 3.3,8.8%), the peak systolic velocity (mean COV, 6.9,13.7%), the time-averaged velocity (mean COV, 7.2,16.0%), and the systolic acceleration time (mean COV, 8.8,12.3%). The mean COV was greater (9.9,20.3%) for the other arterial flow parameters (end-diastolic velocity and systolic acceleration) and for the venous flow velocities (maximum and minimum). The COVs of the parameters were improved by 20,40% as the observer became more experienced in ophthalmic CDI. Conclusions. We confirm the general reliability of CDI measurements in orbital vessels and show that observer experience improves reproducibility. It appears, however, that observer performance in these measurements is vessel specific. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:332,335, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10079 [source]

    Colour Doppler examination of early and late orbital haemodynamic changes in eyes with eyelid oedema due to blunt trauma

    ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2 2006
    Mehmet Numan Alp
    Abstract. Purpose:,To evaluate the early and late alterations in orbital blood flow parameters in eyes with severe eyelid swelling due to blunt trauma by using colour Doppler ultrasonography (CDU). Methods:,Blood flow parameters in the ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA), short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCAs) and central retinal vein (CRV) were examined by CDU in 62 eyes of 31 patients with unilateral blunt trauma and in 32 eyes of 32 normal subjects. Patients were examined within the first 5 days and at least 1 month after trauma. The traumatized eyes of patients were designated ,trauma eyes', non-traumatized fellow eyes were designated ,fellow eyes', and randomly chosen eyes of control subjects ,control eyes'. Results:,In the early phase, peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) in the OA in trauma eyes were statistically significantly higher than in both fellow eyes and control eyes: the p-values for the differences in PSV and EDV between trauma eyes and fellow eyes were p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively, while the p-values for the differences in PSV and EDV between trauma eyes and control eyes were p = 0.002 and p = 0.019, respectively). No other blood flow parameters obtained at the first examination in all groups were statistically different. In the late phase, PSV in the OA in trauma eyes was found to be higher than that in both fellow eyes and control eyes, but the difference was significant only between trauma eyes and fellow eyes (p = 0.028). End diastolic velocity in the CRA was statistically significantly lower in fellow eyes than in control eyes (p = 0.046). No other blood flow parameters in any vessels examined in fellow eyes and control eyes were statistically significantly different during the study period. Conclusion:,Blood flow velocities detected by CDU are increased in the OA in eyes with eyelid oedema due to blunt trauma and some of these changes may persist for up to 1 month. This effect seems to be a consequence of trauma-induced hyperaemia in the orbital soft tissues rather than an expression of traumatic choroidal vasculopathy. [source]

    Assessment of the spontaneous pulsations of the central retinal vein in daily ophthalmic practice

    CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, Issue 9 2007
    Ulrich Legler MD
    Abstract The purpose of this study is to assess the frequency of eyes with a spontaneous pulsation of the central retinal vein in the setting of a busy daily ophthalmic practice. The clinical observational case-series study included 690 eyes (345 subjects). The optic disc was ophthalmoscopically assessed using a non-contact ophthalmoscopic lens at the slit lamp. Out of the study population, 526 eyes (76.2%) of 265 (76.8%) subjects showed a detected spontaneous pulsation of the central retinal vein (prevalence rate: 76.2 ± 1.6% [mean ± standard error] per eye, and 76.8 ± 2.3% per subject). In univariate analysis, the presence of a detected spontaneous central retinal vein pulsations was statistically associated with systolic systemic blood pressure (P = 0.04) and with the ocular perfusion pressure (P = 0.03). The results suggest that as examined in the setting of a busy daily ophthalmic practice, the central retinal vein was found to show a spontaneous pulsation in about 80% of the subjects. [source]

    1263: Symptoms and signs of posterior uveitis

    ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010
    M KHAIRALLAH
    Purpose Posterior uveitis (PU) is an important anatomic form of uveitis in which the primary site of inflammation is the choroid or retina, with or without subsequent vitreous involvement. Methods Review of symptoms and signs of PU. Results The onset of PU can be sudden or less frequently insidious. Most common ocular symptoms include blurred vision, loss of vision, and floaters. Some patients with PU may have no symptoms, especially if inflammatory process is asymmetric. PU is usually associated with vitritis that can vary from mild to severe. Vitritis should be graded according to standardized grading systems. Other vitreous changes may include vitreous strands, vitreous hemorrhage, vitreous traction, and posterior vitreous detachment. Retinal and/or choroidal inflammation can be focal, multifocal, or more diffuse. It is important to distinguish between active and inactive chorioretinal disease. Retinal vasculitis can occur in the setting of several PU entities. It can involve retinal veins or arteries. It appears as focal, multifocal, or diffuse vascular cuffing or sheathing. Other retinal vasculitic changes include retinal hemorrhages, retinal vascular occlusion, retinal/optic disc neovascularization, and aneurysms. Maculopathy is common patients with PU. It may result from direct inflammatory infiltration, macular edema, serous retinal detachment, retinal ischemia, epiretinal membrane, or macular hole. Optic nerve involvement that can occur in association with PU include optic disc hyperemia/edema, optic neuritis, neuroretinitis, optic disc exudate, and optic disc granuloma. Conclusion Clinical examination is a key step in the diagnostic approach to PU. Clinician should be aware of the array of ocular symptoms of signs and their importance in orienting the differential diagnosis. [source]

    2322: Reproducibility of retinal vessel hemoglobin oxygenation saturation in healthy subjects

    ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010
    M LASTA
    Purpose Only recently systems for the measurement of hemoglobin oxygenation saturation in retinal vessels became commercially available. In the present study a fundus camera equipped with a dual wavelength transmission filter and a CCD camera was used (Imedos, Jena, Germany). Two monochromatic fundus images at 548 and 610 nm were recorded simultaneously and the oxygen saturation (SaO2) was calculated based on the optical density ratio. Methods A study on test/retest, short-term and day-to-day reproducibility of the technique was done in 14 healthy subjects. To assess test/retest variability fundus images were taken at each measurement cycle. To assess short-term reproducibility 2 such cycles of 3 fundus images were done within 15 minutes. Finally, this cycle of measurements was done on the next day to assess day-to-day reproducibility. Data were evaluated separately for retinal branch arteries and branch veins. The reproducibility was calculated using the standard deviation (SD) of the measurements. Results In retinal branch veins the SaO2 was 49±9% (range 32-69%, 38 vessels) and in retinal branch arteries 91±8% (range 77-112%, 40 vessels). The test/retest SD was 5.4±3.7% in retinal veins and 3.0±2.3% in retinal arteries. The short term SD was 4.7±3.7% in retinal veins and 2.9±2.1% in retinal arteries. The day-to-day SD was 6.2±4.1% in retinal veins and 4.0±2.8% in retinal arteries. Conclusion Our data indicate that the test/retest, short-term and day-to-day reproducibility of the technique is acceptable. Hence, the system may be adequate to follow oxygen saturation during disease processes. The data obtained in retinal branch arteries indicates, however, that the validity of measurements requires further studies. [source]

    Long-term study of vascular perfusion effects following arteriovenous sheathotomy for branch retinal vein occlusion

    ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 3 2010
    Mahiul M. K. Muqit
    Abstract. Purpose:, To evaluate the perfusion effects and long-term visual outcome of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with arteriovenous sheathotomy (AVS) with or without triamcinolone for nonischaemic branch retinal vein occlusion (NI-BRVO). Methods:, Prospective, interventional case series of eight patients with NI-BRVO and haemorrhagic macular oedema. Patients underwent PPV and AVS (n = 5), or PPV, AVS and intravitreal triamcinolone (IVT, n = 3). A masked grading technique assessed fundus photographs and fluorescein angiography (FFA) following surgery. Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy/optical coherence tomography (SLO/OCT) evaluated macular oedema and outer retinal architecture. Main outcomes examined included visual acuity (VA), retinal reperfusion, collateral vessel regression, vascular dilatation, cystoid macular oedema (CMO), and ocular neovascularization. Results:, Seven of eight patients underwent uncomplicated surgery, with increased intraretinal perfusion and reduced engorgement of distal retinal veins. The mean pre-logMAR VA was 0.8 (SD 0.17) and did not improve significantly after surgery (post-logMAR 0.6, SD 0.38; p = 0.11, paired t -test). SLO/OCT showed persistent CMO in four patients, and subfoveal thinning of the photoreceptor layer. Collateral vessels disappeared at the blockage site post-AVS in 7/8 eyes, and this was associated with improved retinal perfusion. Six of eight patients developed epiretinal membrane. No patients developed ocular neovascularization. The average follow-up was 34.5 months. Conclusions:, PPV with AVS is a safe procedure, and adjunctive IVT had no additional effects on vascular perfusion. Successful decompressive surgery was followed by disappearance of collateral vessels at the BRVO blockage site and was a clinical marker for intravascular reperfusion. Long-term epiretinal gliosis and subfoveal photoreceptor atrophy limited functional and visual recovery. [source]

    Twelve-hour reproducibility of retinal and optic nerve blood flow parameters in healthy individuals

    ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 8 2009
    Alexandra Luksch
    Abstract. Purpose:, The aim of the present study was to investigate the reproducibility and potential diurnal variation of optic nerve head and retinal blood flow parameters in healthy individuals over a period of 12 hr. Methods:, We measured optic nerve head and retinal blood flow parameters in 16 healthy male non-smoking individuals at five time-points during the day (08:00, 11:00, 14:00, 17:00 and 20:00 hr). Outcome parameters were perimacular white blood cell flux (as assessed with the blue field entoptic technique), blood velocities in retinal veins (as assessed with bi-directional laser Doppler velocimetry), retinal arterial and venous diameters (as assessed with the retinal vessel analyser), optic nerve head blood flow, volume and velocity (as assessed with single point and scanning laser Doppler flowmetry) and blood velocities in the central retinal artery (as assessed with colour Doppler imaging). The coefficient of variation and the maximum change from baseline in an individual were calculated for each outcome parameter. Results:, No diurnal variation in optic nerve head or retinal blood flow was observed with any of the techniques employed. Coefficients of variation were between 1.6% and 18.5% for all outcome parameters. The maximum change from baseline in an individual was much higher, ranging from 3.7% to 78.2%. Conclusion:, Our data indicate that in healthy individuals the selected techniques provide adequate reproducibility to be used in clinical studies. However, in patients with eye diseases and reduced vision the reproducibility may be considerably worse. [source]

    Effect of systemic moxaverine on ocular blood flow in humans

    ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 7 2009
    Hemma Resch
    Abstract. Purpose:, A number of common eye diseases are associated with ocular perfusion abnormalities. The present study aimed to investigate whether systemically administered moxaverine improves ocular blood flow. Methods:, Sixteen healthy volunteers were studied in this randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover study. Moxaverine in a dose of 150 mg was administered i.v. Ocular haemodynamic parameters were measured before and after drug administration. Retinal arterial and venous diameters were measured with a retinal vessel analyser. Retinal blood velocity was assessed using laser Doppler velocimetry and choroidal and optic nerve head blood flow was measured with laser Doppler flowmetry. Results:, Moxaverine increased choroidal blood flow (22.6 ± 27.9%), an effect which was significant versus placebo (p = 0.015). Red blood cell velocity in retinal veins tended to increase by 13.6 ± 13.3% after infusion of moxaverine, but this effect was not significant compared with placebo (p = 0.25). In the optic nerve head moxaverine also tended to increase blood flow (11.8 ± 12.7%), but, again, this effect was not significant versus placebo (p = 0.12). Neither moxaverine nor placebo had an effect on retinal arterial diameters. In retinal veins moxaverine tended to induce vasodilation (2.6 ± 2.8%) and to increase blood flow (19.6 ± 16.5%), but these effects were not significant (both p = 0.12). Conclusions:, The present study indicates an increase in choroidal blood flow after systemic infusion of a single dose of moxaverine in healthy subjects. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether these effects are also seen after longterm treatment in patients with ocular vascular disease. [source]

    Does internal longitudinal microstructure of retinal veins change with age in medically healthy persons?

    ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2009
    KE KOTLIAR
    Purpose We demonstrated previously that roughness of the retinal arterial blood column measured along the vessel axis, termed longitudinal arterial profile (LAP) increases significantly in anamnesticly healthy volunteers with increasing age. Recently we have demonstrated age related changes in LAP of medically healthy persons. Whether longitudinal retinal venous profiles (LVP) are altered with age in this group is investigated. Methods 83 medically healthy volunteers were examined by Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (IMEDOS, Jena, Germany) using stimulation with flickering light. 3 age groups were formed: young (N=28, 30,2±4,3 years), middle age (N=28, 42,3±3,3 years) and seniors (N=27, 64,0±5,0 years). Included in the analysis were volunteers without medical vascular risk factors defined as: blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg, HDL > 35 mg/dl, LDL < 190 mg/dl and glucose levels < 110 mg/dl. Retinal venous diameters were measured along 1 mm vessel segments to obtain LVP. Differences were analyzed using Fourier transformation. Results In all age groups power spectra of LVP do not change during all stages of the venous response to the stimulation. There were no significant differences in LVP between the age groups. Venous diameters in middle-age group were reduced in comparison to the young group at all stages of vessel reaction (p<0,05). Conclusion Our results indicate that in contrast to retinal arteries retinal veins of validated healthy volunteers do not undergo age related microstructural changes. Hence previously reported age related decrease of retinal venous diameter might have physiologic origin due to reduced blood flow in retinal microcirculation with age, not because of structural changes of venous wall. [source]

    Effect of breathing a mixture of 92% O2 + 8% CO2 on flicker induced vasodilatation

    ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2009
    M LASTA
    Purpose It has been shown that increased neural activity evoked by stimulation with diffuse luminance flicker increases retinal and optic nerve head blood flow. Beside others, an increased oxygen demand has been attributed to evoke the flicker response. This study seeks to investigate whether the flicker light induced increase in retinal vessel diameters is different in subjects breathing 92% O2 + 8% CO2 compared to breathing room air. Methods 24 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Diameters of retinal vessels were recorded continuously with a Retinal Vessel Analyzer. During this measurement flicker stimulation was applied at a frequency of 8 Hz. Subjects were breathing a combination of 92% O2 + 8% CO2 and room air in a randomized, two way cross over design. Flicker responses were assessed during the two breathing periods. Blood gas values were determined from capillary blood samples. Results Under room air conditions flicker stimulation significantly increased retinal venous diameters (p<0.05). Breathing of 92% O2 + 8% CO2 increased pO2 from 88±18 mmHg to 277±71 mmHg (p<0.05) and pCO2 from 37±3 mmHg to 46±6 mmHg (p<0.05). Breathing a combination of 92% O2 + 8% CO2 significantly increased flicker induced vasodilatation in retinal veins compared to room air (p<0.05). Conclusion Breathing of a combination of 92% O2 + 8% CO2 increases the response of retinal venous diameters to stimulation with flicker light. The reason for this effect has, however, yet to be clarified. [source]

    Retinal manifestations of ophthalmic artery hypoperfusion

    CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, Issue 4 2002
    Terrence J Ong MBBS
    Abstract Ophthalmic artery hypoperfusion is a relatively uncommon clinical entity. This study illustrates the posterior segment findings of ophthalmic artery hypoperfusion in a series of nine patients. Colour photographs and relevant fluorescein angiograms highlighting the findings are shown. The retinal manifestations of ophthalmic artery hypoperfusion in this series of patients include midperipheral haemorrhages, dilated retinal veins, optic disk collaterals, optic disk neo­vascularization, cotton wool spots, grey intraretinal lesions, fundus pallor, optic disk swelling and choroidal infarcts. Recognition of the ophthalmic changes in this condition may lead to detection of carotid artery disease, the surgical and medical treatment of which has important bearing on patient management. [source]