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Response Biases (response + biase)
Selected AbstractsA Method for Simulating Signal Evolution Using Real AnimalsETHOLOGY, Issue 10 2000Björn Forkman We studied response biases to visual stimulation using a new experimental technique. The subjects (hens, Gallus gallus domesticus) were confronted with several rewarding and non-rewarding patterns on a computer screen. In contrast with standard discrimination tasks the rewarding patterns were not identical and varied in a dimension differentiating them from the non-rewarding patterns. The rewarding patterns changed in response to hens' biases in selection of patterns. The aim of the study was to examine the possibility of receivers being a driving force in signal evolution. In one of the experiments a clear-cut result was obtained. During the course of the experiment the rewarding patterns became gradually more different from the non-rewarding one, a result expected from theoretical studies of the effect of response bias in signal evolution. A second similar experiment was less conclusive, with ceiling and floor effects influencing the results. [source] Approach and Avoidance Temperament as Basic Dimensions of PersonalityJOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 3 2010Andrew J. Elliot ABSTRACT This research comprises 6 studies designed to examine approach and avoidance temperament as basic dimensions of personality. In Study 1, we developed direct measures of approach and avoidance temperament. In Study 2, we demonstrated that the approach and avoidance temperament variables are not epiphenomena of response biases. In Study 3, we documented the test-retest stability of the temperament variables. In Study 4, we documented that approach and avoidance temperament are separate from other like-valenced variables and may be construed as the core of these variables. In Study 5, we documented that approach and avoidance temperament are separate from chronic promotion and prevention foci. In Study 6, we distinguished the temperament variables from achievement goal variables and documented the temperament variables as antecedents of achievement goals and achievement goals as proximal predictors of performance. Approach and avoidance temperament are discussed as an ideal foundation for a strong, enduring structure of personality. [source] Investigating the use of sampling for maximising the efficiency of student-generated faculty teaching evaluationsMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 2 2005Clarence D Kreiter Purpose, Surveys of medical students are widely used to evaluate course content and faculty teaching within the medical school. Gathering information that accurately reflects student perceptions requires that students buy into the evaluation process and be willing to provide thoughtful responses to the teaching evaluation. To maintain student commitment, it is important that medical students are not overburdened with poorly planned evaluations. Sampling might decrease the number of evaluations required of students and might also reduce the proportion of non-responses and other forms of inattentive response biases. Methods, A sampling technique employed within a large medical lecture is described and evaluated. A generalisability study of the teacher evaluations is conducted. Results, A high response rate and high levels of reliability were obtained by sampling a small proportion of the total class. The largest source of error was related to rater and utilising sufficient numbers of student-raters is critical to achieving reliable results. Conclusion, Sampling can reduce evaluation demands placed on students, and preserve reliability and increase the validity of mean evaluation scores. With computer presentation, efficient sampling techniques become practical and should be part of software packages used to present teacher evaluations. [source] LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF DISPOSITIONAL INFLUENCES AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT: EFFECTS ON JOB AND PSYCHOLOGICAL OUTCOMESPERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2000LIBERTY J. MUNSON Research consistently demonstrates that sexual harassment is related to a variety of negative outcomes. Negative outcomes, however, may be influenced by respondents' dispositions or response biases rather than by their sexual harassment experiences alone. This study investigates relationships between negative outcomes and sexual harassment over time in an attempt to assess this possibility. Further, little empirical research on sexual harassment has explored the impact of various coping strategies on experiences of harassment over time. Sexual harassment experiences, job-related and psychological outcomes, and coping responses were obtained from 216 female faculty and staff members at a midwestern university at 2 times, 24 months apart. Patterns of results suggests that sexual harassment has important effects on job-related and psychological outcomes that operate independently of dispositional influences or response biases. Results also indicate that sexual harassment at Time 1 is a better predictor of harassment at Time 2 than are coping strategies. [source] | ||||||||||