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Response
Kinds of Response Terms modified by Response Selected AbstractsFROM SEDUCTION TO PASSION: A RESPONSE TO SAMPSON AND LAUB,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 4 2005DANIEL S. NAGIN [source] THE NEED FOR A MULTI-FACETED RESPONSE TO INTIMATE PARTNER ABUSE PERPETRATED BY AFRICAN-AMERICANSCRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 2 2007HILLARY POTTER First page of article [source] A RESPONSE TO PEKARIKCURATOR THE MUSEUM JOURNAL, Issue 3 2001JANET A. KAMIEN No abstract is available for this article. [source] RESPONSE TO COMMENTARIES ,CONTINUITIES AND CHANGES IN SELF-CHANGE RESEARCH'ADDICTION, Issue 9 2010HARALD KLINGEMANN No abstract is available for this article. [source] RESPONSE TO COMMENTARIES: MOVING TOWARDS AN EVIDENCE-BASED POLICY AROUND CANNABIS USEADDICTION, Issue 8 2010JOHN MACLEOD No abstract is available for this article. [source] RESPONSE TO COMMENTARIES ON ,WHAT NEUROBIOLOGY CANNOT TELL US ABOUT ADDICTION'ADDICTION, Issue 5 2010HAROLD KALANT No abstract is available for this article. [source] RESPONSE TO FILLMORE & CHIKRITZHS (2010)ADDICTION, Issue 4 2010ANNIE BRITTON No abstract is available for this article. [source] POLICY OPTIONS FOR ALCOHOL PRICE REGULATION: RESPONSE TO THE COMMENTARIESADDICTION, Issue 3 2010PETRA SYLVIA MEIER No abstract is available for this article. [source] DISORDER WITH LAW: A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF VIOLENCE IN RESPONSE TO WATER RIGHTS VIOLATION IN COLONIAL NEW SOUTH WALESECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 2 2008EDWYNA HARRIS Scholars argue that violence will not occur in the presence of efficient property rights institutions. Empirical evidence from the Riverina district in New South Wales between 1855 and 1870 contradicts this claim. This paper provides a preliminary analysis of evidence to explain this apparent inconsistency. Violence was directed at upstream users who dammed rivers, preventing flow to downstream users. Evidence suggests violence was a form of social control referred to as self-help employed to enforce conventions of fairness. Dams were perceived as unfair because they reduced the distributive equity embodied in the common law of riparian rights that established water-use rules to allocate water between competing users. Violence in the form of dam destruction occurred primarily during drought years and was the preferred over common law remedies because of the lag time between seeking court intervention and obtaining a remedy. Coasean bargaining was not possible because of high transaction costs. The findings suggest that violence may occur in the presence of efficient property rights institutions if actors violate conventions of fairness. Violence may be more likely if property rights themselves embody these conventions. [source] BEHAVIOURAL INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT WEIGHT GAIN ON SMOKING CESSATION: A RESPONSEADDICTION, Issue 12 2009AMANDA PARSONS No abstract is available for this article. [source] RAISING THE STANDARD: A RESPONSE TO THE COMMENTATORSADDICTION, Issue 11 2009THOMAS F. BABOR No abstract is available for this article. [source] ENGAGING THE VALUES-BASED ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN HARM MINIMIZATION: A RESPONSE TO WEATHERBURNADDICTION, Issue 5 2009CRAIG L. FRY No abstract is available for this article. [source] DILEMMAS IN HARM MINIMIZATION: A RESPONSE TO FRY & IRWINADDICTION, Issue 5 2009DON WEATHERBURN No abstract is available for this article. [source] DILEMMAS IN HARM MINIMIZATION: A RESPONSE TO MY CRITICSADDICTION, Issue 3 2009DON J. WEATHERBURN No abstract is available for this article. [source] BEYOND WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS: RESPONSE TO DIFRANZAADDICTION, Issue 3 2008SHU-HONG ZHU No abstract is available for this article. [source] THE ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE SYNDROME, 30 YEARS LATER,A RESPONSE TO THE COMMENTARIESADDICTION, Issue 10 2007TING-KAI LI No abstract is available for this article. [source] THE CORE MESSAGE IN THE PREVENTION PARADOX: RESPONSE TO COMMENTSADDICTION, Issue 2 2006INGEBORG ROSSOW No abstract is available for this article. [source] IMPROVING UNDERSTANDING OF SIBLING EFFECTS ON ADOLESCENT SMOKING: RESPONSE TO THE COMMENTARIESADDICTION, Issue 4 2005RICHARD RENDE No abstract is available for this article. [source] RELATIVE ROLE OF GENETIC DETERMINATION AND PLASTIC RESPONSE DURING ONTOGENY FOR SHELL-SHAPE TRAITS SUBJECTED TO DIVERSIFYING SELECTIONEVOLUTION, Issue 5 2009Paula Conde-Padín We studied the relative role of genetic determination versus plastic response for traits involved in ecological adaptation of two ecotypes of Littorina saxatilis living at different shore levels. To investigate the magnitude of the plastic response across ontogeny, we compared morphological data from individuals grown in the laboratory and taken from the wild at three developmental stages: shelled embryos, juveniles, and adults. The results indicate that most shell shape variation (72,99%) in adaptive traits (globosity and aperture of the shell) is explained by the ecotype irrespective of the growth environment, suggesting that direct genetic determination is the main factor responsible for the process of adaptation in the wild. There was a tendency for the contribution of plasticity to increase over ontogeny but, in general, the direction of the plastic response did not suggest that this was adaptive. [source] EVOLUTIONARY REDUCTION IN TESTES SIZE AND COMPETITIVE FERTILIZATION SUCCESS IN RESPONSE TO THE EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL OF SEXUAL SELECTION IN DUNG BEETLESEVOLUTION, Issue 10 2008Leigh W. Simmons Sexual selection is thought to favor the evolution of secondary sexual traits in males that contribute to mating success. In species where females mate with more than one male, sexual selection also continues after copulation in the form of sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Theory suggests that sperm competition should favor traits such as testes size and sperm production that increase a male's competitive fertilization success. Studies of experimental evolution offer a powerful approach for assessing evolutionary responses to variation in sexual selection pressures. Here we removed sexual selection by enforcing monogamy on replicate lines of a naturally polygamous horned beetle, Onthophagus taurus, and monitoring male investment in their testes for 21 generations. Testes size decreased in monogamous lines relative to lines in which sexual selection was allowed to continue. Differences in testes size were dependent on selection history and not breeding regime. Males from polygamous lines also had a competitive fertilization advantage when in sperm competition with males from monogamous lines. Females from polygamous lines produced sons in better condition, and those from monogamous lines increased their sons condition by mating polygamously. Rather than being costly for females, multiple mating appears to provide females with direct and/or indirect benefits. Neither body size nor horn size diverged between our monogamous and polygamous lines. Our data show that sperm competition does drive the evolution of testes size in onthophagine beetles, and provide general support for sperm competition theory. [source] EJACULATE DEPLETION PATTERNS EVOLVE IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION OF SEX RATIO IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTEREVOLUTION, Issue 8 2007Jon R. Linklater We assessed the extent to which traits related to ejaculate investment have evolved in lines of Drosophila melanogaster that had an evolutionary history of maintenance at biased sex ratios. Measures of ejaculate investment were made in males that had been maintained at male-biased (MB) and female-biased (FB) adult sex ratios, in which levels of sperm competition were high and low, respectively. Theory predicts that when the risk of sperm competition is high and mating opportunities are rare (as they are for males in the MB populations), males should increase investment in their few matings. We therefore predicted that males from the MB lines would (1) exhibit increased investment in their first mating opportunities and (2) deplete their ejaculates at a faster rate when mating multiply, in comparison to FB males. To investigate these predictions we measured the single mating productivity of males from three replicates each of MB and FB lines mated to five wild-type virgin females in succession. In contrast to the first prediction, there was no evidence for differences in productivity between MB and FB line males in their first matings. The second prediction was upheld: mates of MB and FB males suffered increasingly reduced productivity with successive matings, but the decline was significantly more pronounced for MB than for FB males. There was a significant reduction in the size of the accessory glands and testes of males from the MB and FB regimes after five successive matings. However, the accessory glands, but not testes, of MB males became depleted at a significantly faster rate than those of FB males. The results show that male reproductive traits evolved in response to the level of sperm competition and suggest that the ability to maintain fertility over successive matings is associated with the rate of ejaculate, and particularly accessory gland, depletion. [source] COSTS OF AN INDUCED IMMUNE RESPONSE ON SEXUAL DISPLAY AND LONGEVITY IN FIELD CRICKETSEVOLUTION, Issue 10 2004Alain Jacot Abstract Immune system activation may benefit hosts by generating resistance to parasites. However, natural resources are usually limited, causing a trade-off between the investment in immunity and that in other life-history or sexually selected traits. Despite its importance for the evolution of host defense, state-dependent fitness costs of immunity received little attention under natural conditions. In a field experiment we manipulated the nutritional condition of male field crickets Gryllus campestris and subsequently investigated the effect of an induced immune response through inoculation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Immune system activation caused a condition-dependent reduction in body condition, which was proportional to the condition-gain during the preceding food-supplementation period. Independent of nutritional condition, the immune insult induced an enduring reduction in daily calling rate, whereas control-injected males fully regained their baseline level of sexual signaling following a temporary decline. Since daily calling rate affects female mate choice under natural conditions, this suggests a decline in male mating success as a cost of induced immunity. Food supplementation enhanced male life span, whereas the immune insult reduced longevity, independent of nutritional status. Thus, immune system activation ultimately curtails male fitness due to a combined decline in sexual display and life span. Our field study thus indicates a key role for fitness costs of induced immunity in the evolution of host defense. In particular, costs expressed in sexually selected traits might warrant the honest advertisement of male health status, thus representing an important mechanism in parasite-mediated sexual selection. [source] THE CONTRIBUTION OF AN HOURGLASS TIMER TO THE EVOLUTION OF PHOTOPERIODIC RESPONSE IN THE PITCHER-PLANT MOSQUITO, WYEOMYIA SMITHIIEVOLUTION, Issue 10 2003W. E. Bradshaw Abstract Photoperiodism, the ability to assess the length of day or night, enables a diverse array of plants, birds, mammals, and arthropods to organize their development and reproduction in concert with the changing seasons in temperate climatic zones. For more than 60 years, the mechanism controlling photoperiodic response has been debated. Photoperiodism may be a simple interval timer, that is, an hourglasslike mechanism that literally measures the length of day or night or, alternatively, may be an overt expression of an underlying circadian oscillator. Herein, we test experimentally whether the rhythmic response in Wyeomyia smithii indicates a causal, necessary relationship between circadian rhythmicity and the evolutionary modification of photoperiodic response over the climatic gradient of North America, or may be explained by a simple interval timer. We show that a day-interval timer is sufficient to predict the photoperiodic response of W. smithii over this broad geographic range and conclude that rhythmic responses observed in classical circadian-based experiments alone cannot be used to infer a causal role for circadian rhythmicity in the evolution of photoperiodic time measurement. More importantly, we argue that the pursuit of circadian rhyth-micity as the central mechanism that measures the duration of night or day has distracted researchers from consideration of the interval-timing processes that may actually be the target of natural selection linking internal photoperiodic time measurement to the external seasonal environment. [source] EVOLUTION OF PREY BEHAVIOR IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN PREDATION REGIME: DAMSELFLIES IN FISH AND DRAGONFLY LAKESEVOLUTION, Issue 3 2003R. Stoks Abstract In a large behavioral experiment we reconstructed the evolution of behavioral responses to predators to explore how interactions with predators have shaped the evolution of their prey,behavior. All Enallagma damselfly species reduced both movement and feeding in the presence of coexisting predators. Some Enallagma species inhabit water bodies with both fish and dragonflies, and these species responded to the presence of both predators, whereas other Enallagma species inhabit water bodies that have only large dragonflies as predators, and these species only responded to the presence of dragonflies. Lineages that shifted to live with large dragonflies showed no evolution in behaviors expressed in the presence of dragonflies, but they evolved greater movement in the absence of predators and greater movement and feeding in the presence of fish. These results suggest that Enallagma species have evolutionarily lost the ability to recognize fish as a predator. Because species coexisting with only dragonfly predators have also evolved the ability to escape attacking dragonfly predators by swimming, the decreased predation risk associated with foraging appears to have shifted the balance of the foraging/predation risk trade-off to allow increased activity in the absence of mortality threats to evolve in these lineages. Our results suggest that evolution in response to changes in predation regime may have greater consequences for characters expressed in the absence of mortality threats because of how the balance between the conflicting demands of growth and predation risk are altered. [source] MATERIAL RESPONSE OF RAMAX-2 DURING HIGH-SPEED MACHINING USING QUICK-STOP DEVICEEXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES, Issue 2 2009M. Zeb First page of article [source] DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF TIMBER BRIDGES AS A TOOL TO MEASURE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITYEXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES, Issue 3 2003A.M. Morison First page of article [source] RESPONSE OF A MONTENEGRO GLACIER TO EXTREME SUMMER HEATWAVES IN 2003 AND 2007GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES A: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2008PHILIP. ABSTRACT. The Debeli Namet glacier in the Durmitor massif, Montenegro, is one of the lowest altitude glaciers (2050,2300 m) at this latitude (42,44°N) in the northern hemisphere. The glacier survives well below the climatological equilibrium line altitude because of substantial inputs from avalanching and windblown snow. The glacier survived two of the hottest summers on record in 2003 and 2007, although it experienced significant retreat. However, during the intervening years (2004,2006) the glacier increased in size and advanced, forming a new frontal moraine. This rapid advance was primarily in response to much cooler summer temperatures, close to or cooler than average, and a marked increase in winter precipitation. The rapid growth and decay of the Debeli Namet glacier in response to inter-annual climate variability highlights the sensitivity of small cirque glaciers to short-term climate change. [source] THE RESPONSE OF PARTIALLY DEBRIS-COVERED VALLEY GLACIERS TO CLIMATE CHANGE: THE EXAMPLE OF THE PASTERZE GLACIER (AUSTRIA) IN THE PERIOD 1964 TO 2006GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES A: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2008ANDREAS KELLERER-PIRKLBAUER ABSTRACT. Long-term observations of partly debris-covered glaciers have allowed us to assess the impact of supra-glacial debris on volumetric changes. In this paper, the behaviour of the partially debris-covered, 3.6 km2 tongue of Pasterze Glacier (47°05,N, 12°44,E) was studied in the context of ongoing climate changes. The right part of the glacier tongue is covered by a continuous supra-glacial debris mantle with variable thicknesses (a few centimetres to about 1 m). For the period 1964,2000 three digital elevation models (1964, 1981, 2000) and related debris-cover distributions were analysed. These datasets were compared with long-term series of glaciological field data (displacement, elevation change, glacier terminus behaviour) from the 1960s to 2006. Differences between the debriscovered and the clean ice parts were emphasised. Results show that volumetric losses increased by 2.3 times between the periods 1964,1981 and 1981,2000 with significant regional variations at the glacier tongue. Such variations are controlled by the glacier emergence velocity pattern, existence and thickness of supra-glacial debris, direct solar radiation, counter-radiation from the valley sides and their changes over time. The downward-increasing debris thickness is counteracting to a compensational stage against the common decrease of ablation with elevation. A continuous debris cover not less than 15 cm in thickness reduces ablation rates by 30,35%. No relationship exists between glacier retreat rates and summer air temperatures. Substantial and varying differences of the two different terminus parts occurred. Our findings clearly underline the importance of supra-glacial debris on mass balance and glacier tongue morphology. [source] ALPINE AREAS IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE AS MONITORS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 2 2002MARK W. WILLIAMS ABSTRACT. The presence of a seasonal snowpack in alpine environments can amplify climate signals. A conceptual model is developed for the response of alpine ecosystems in temperate, midlatitude areas to changes in energy, chemicals, and water, based on a case study from Green Lakes Valley,Niwot Ridge, a headwater catchment in the Colorado Front Range. A linear regression shows the increase in annual precipitation of about 300 millimeters from 1951 to 1996 to be significant. Most of the precipitation increase has occurred since 1967. The annual deposition of inorganic nitrogen in wetfall at the Niwot Ridge National Atmospheric Deposition Program site roughly doubled between 1985,1988 and 1989,1992. Storage and release of strong acid anions, such as those from the seasonal snowpack in an ionic pulse, have resulted in episodic acidification of surface waters. These biochemical changes alter the quantity and quality of organic matter in high-elevation catchments of the Rocky Mountains. Affecting the bottom of the food chain, the increase in nitrogen deposition may be partly responsible for the current decline of bighorn sheep in the Rocky Mountains. [source] SEEING AND SAYING: A RESPONSE TO "INCONGRUOUS IMAGES",HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2009GEOFFREY BATCHEN ABSTRACT In responding to an essay by Marianne Hirsch and Leo Spitzer about photographs taken in the streets of Chernivitsi (Czernowitz) in the 1940s, and thus in the midst of the Holocaust, this paper seeks to link their concerns to a broader consideration of photography as a modern phenomenon. In the process, the paper provides a brief history of street photography, a genre virtually ignored in standard histories of the photographic medium. The author suggests that Hirsch and Spitzer's paper bravely reminds us that our fascination with photographs is based not on truth, but on a combination of desire (our own desire to transcend death) and faith (in photography's ability to deliver this end, in the face of all the evidence to the contrary). Their account of street photography in Czernowitz thereby amounts to an interpretation of photographs as dynamic modes of apprehension rather than as static objects from the past that veridically represent it. It is precisely this aspect of photographs that makes them such unusually complicated, ambiguous, and incongruous historical objects. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||