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Respiratory Disturbance Index (respiratory + disturbance_index)
Selected AbstractsMaxillary, mandibular and chin advancement surgery for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoeaAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010R Jones Abstract The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the effectiveness of maxillary, mandibular and chin advancement (MMCA) surgery as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea and to determine the cephalometric parameters of this surgery. Twenty consecutive adult patients with obstructive sleep apnoea for whom other treatments (constant positive airway pressure, mandibular advancement splint and soft tissue surgery) had failed underwent MMCA surgery. Pre- and post-surgical polysomnography studies measuring the Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI), minimum blood oxygen saturation (MinSaO2) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were compared. Lateral cephalometric radiographs measuring the pre- and post-surgical posterior airway space (PAS) were also analysed. Regression analysis indicated that the change in PAS at the level of B point largely accounted for the change in the RDI, although it was not significantly related with the postoperative oxygen saturation. MMCA surgery was found to be effective as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea, and improved all postoperative measures in this study. There was a significant relationship between B point, the PAS and a reduction in RDI. [source] Gender, age and menopause effects on the prevalence and the characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea in obesityEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 12 2003O. Resta Abstract Background, In the 1970s and 80s it was believed that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was primarily a disease of men. The present study was addressed to evaluate the effect of gender and menopause on the prevalence and the characteristics of OSA and on anthropometric, clinical, respiratory and polysomnographic data in a population of obese individuals. Patients and methods, A total of 230 obese subjects (BMI , 30 kg m,2), 148 women and 82 men, aged 16,75 years, were recruited and evaluated for general and anthropometric parameters, respiratory function, sleep-related symptoms and sleep disorders of breathing. Results, Respiratory disturbance index (RDI) and the prevalence of OSA were lower in women than in men (P < 0·001 and P < 0·001, respectively). Among subjects < 55 years, neck circumference, percentage of predicted normal neck circumference (PPNC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), PaCO2, RDI and the prevalence of OSA were lower in female subjects (P = 0·05, P < 0·05, P < 0·001, P < 0·01 and P < 0·01, respectively). BMI, neck circumference, PPNC, WHR, RDI and the prevalence of OSA were higher in postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women (P < 0·01, P < 0·01, P < 0·01, P < 0·01 and P < 0·01, respectively). Conclusions, Our study demonstrates that (i) the male dominance regarding the prevalence and the severity of OSA disappears in men older than 55 years, and (ii) menopause seems to play a pivotal role in modulating both the presence and the degree of sleep disorder. [source] Prevalence of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing in a group of commercial bus drivers in Hong KongINTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2002D. S. C. Hui Abstract Objectives:,To assess the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and its associated symptoms in a group of commercial bus drivers in Hong Kong. Methods:,Two hundred and sixteen of 410 bus drivers from three different shifts were interviewed with the Sleep & Health Questionnaire (SHQ) and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) at a Hong Kong bus depot. Seventeen subjects from each shift were then randomly selected for at-home sleep study using the Mesam IV device (Madaus Medizin,Elektronik, Freiburg, Germany). Results:,There were 207 men and nine women (mean age 42.4 ± 7.5 years; body mass index (BMI) 25.4 ± 4.5 kg/m2; ESS 5.3 ± 4.2). From the SHQ it was discovered that: (i) daytime sleepiness was reported by 87 subjects (40%), (ii) snoring , 3 times per week was reported by 80 subjects (37%), (iii) witnessed apnoea was reported by 17 subjects (7.9%) and (iv) 29 subjects (13.4%) reported having fallen asleep during driving. Among the 51 subjects who underwent the at-home sleep study: (i) 31 subjects (61%) had respiratory disturbance index (RDI) , 5 per hour of sleep, (ii) 21 subjects (41%) had RDI , 10 per hour of sleep, (iii) 12 subjects (24%) had RDI , 15 per hour of sleep and (iv) 35 subjects (68.6%) snored objectively , 10% of the night. Ten subjects (20%) had RDI , 5 and sleepiness at work, while five subjects (9.8%) had RDI , 5 and ESS > 10. No significant differences were noted in the SHQ responses, ESS, objective snoring or RDI among the three groups. Multiple regression analysis showed that BMI and witnessed apnoea were the only positive independent predictors of RDI. Conclusions:,This study showed a high prevalence of objective snoring and SDB in a group of commercial bus drivers. Neither self-reported sleepiness nor the ESS could identify subjects with SDB. (Intern Med J 2002; 32: 149,157) [source] Association Between Sleep and Physical Function in Older Men: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep StudyJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 9 2008Thuy-Tien L. Dam MD OBJECTIVES: To determine whether sleep quality is associated with physical function in older men. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Six U.S. centers. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand eight hundred sixty-two community-dwelling men. MEASUREMENTS: Total hours of nighttime sleep (TST), wake after sleep onset (WASO), sleep latency (SL), and sleep efficiency (SE) measured using actigraphy; sleep stage distribution, respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and hypoxia measured using polysomnography; measures of physical function: grip strength, walking speed, chair stand, and narrow walk. RESULTS: In age-adjusted models, <6 or >8 hours TST, SE less than 80%, WASO of 90 minutes or longer, RDI of 30 or greater, and hypoxia were associated with poorer physical function. (Mean grip strength was 2.9% lower and mean walking speed was 4.3% lower in men with WASO ,90 minutes than men with WASO <90 minutes.) After adjusting for potential covariates, differences in grip strength and walking speed remained significantly associated with WASO of 90 minutes or longer, SE less than 80%, and hypoxia but not with TST or RDI of 30 or greater. CONCLUSION: Greater sleep fragmentation and hypoxia are associated with poorer physical function in older men. [source] Genome-wide linkage of obstructive sleep apnoea and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a Filipino family: bivariate linkage analysis of obstructive sleep apnoeaJOURNAL OF SLEEP RESEARCH, Issue 2 2010BRONWYN L. RELF Summary Increasing evidence supports an association between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and metabolic syndrome (MeS) in both children and adults, suggesting a genetic component. However, the genetic relationship between the diseases remains unclear. We performed a bivariate linkage scan on a single Filipino family with a high prevalence of OSA and MeS to explore the genetic pathways underlying these diseases. A large rural family (n = 50, 50% adults) underwent a 10-cM genome-wide scan. Fasting blood was used to measure insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Attended overnight polysomnography was used to quantify the respiratory disturbance index (RDI), a measure of sleep apnoea. Body mass index z -scores and insulin resistance scores were calculated. Bivariate multipoint linkage analyses were performed on RDI and MeS components. OSA prevalence was 46% (n = 23; nine adults, 14 children) in our participants. MeS phenotype was present in 40% of adults (n = 10) and 48% of children (n = 12). Linkage peaks with a logarithm of odds (LOD) score >3 were demonstrated on chromosome 19q13.4 (LOD = 3.04) for the trait pair RDI and HDL cholesterol. Candidate genes identified in this region include the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes. These genes are associated with modulating inflammatory responses in reaction to cellular stress and initiation of atherosclerotic plaque formation. We have identified a novel locus for genetic links between RDI and lipid factors associated with MeS in a chromosomal region containing genes associated with inflammatory responses. [source] Measures of cognitive function in persons with varying degrees of sleep-disordered breathing: the Sleep Heart Health StudyJOURNAL OF SLEEP RESEARCH, Issue 3 2002Lori L. Boland Summary Epidemiologic literature suggests that persons with clinically diagnosed sleep apnoea frequently have impaired cognitive function, but whether milder degrees of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) are associated with cognitive dysfunction in the general population is largely unknown. Approximately 1700 subjects free of clinically diagnosed SDB underwent at-home polysomnography (PSG) as part of the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS) and completed three cognitive function tests within 1,2 years of their PSG: the Delayed Word Recall Test (DWR), the WAIS-R Digit Symbol Subtest (DSS), and the Word Fluency test (WF). A respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was calculated as the number of apnoeas and hypopnoeas per hour of sleep. After adjustment for age, education, occupation, field centre, diabetes, hypertension, body-mass index, use of CNS medications, and alcohol drinking status, there was no consistent association between the RDI and any of the three cognitive function measures. There was no evidence of a dose,response relation between the RDI and cognitive function scores and the adjusted mean scores by quartiles of RDI never differed from one another by more than 5% for any of the tests. In this sample of free-living individuals with mostly mild to moderate levels of SDB, the degree of SDB appeared to be unrelated to three measures of cognitive performance. [source] Excessive daytime sleepiness in patients suffering from different levels of obstructive sleep apnoea syndromeJOURNAL OF SLEEP RESEARCH, Issue 3 2000Sauter Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a frequent symptom of patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). EDS is a high-risk factor for accidents at work and on the road. Thirty untreated patients with different levels of severity of OSA were studied concerning night sleep and EDS. The criterion for severity was the respiratory disturbance index (RDI): 15 patients were classified as ,moderately' apnoeic (RDI < 40), 15 as ,severely' apnoeic (RDI > 40). Following night-time polysomnography, objective and subjective aspects of EDS were studied. To assess objective EDS the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) and a computer-based vigilance performance test were used. Subjective EDS was determined using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Visual Analogue Scales for Performance (VAS-P) and Tiredness (VAS-T). Well-being was assessed using the Scale of Well-Being by von Zerssen (Bf-S/Bf-S,). Severe apnoea patients spent more time in stage 1 and less in slow-wave sleep. MWT latencies tended to be shorter in the severe apnoea group. Vigilance testing revealed no group differences. Patients with moderate apnoea described themselves as more impaired in all subjective scales, but only SSS scores reached statistical significance. Our results suggest that there is no simple correlation between polysomnographic and respiratory sleep variables at night on the one hand, and the extent of EDS on the other hand. Furthermore, subjective and objective evaluation of EDS does not yield the same results. New approaches which allow a more detailed analysis of night sleep and daytime function are required to identify high-risked patients. [source] A Comparison of the Long-Term Outcome and Effects of Surgery or Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea SyndromeTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 6 2006Shih-Wei Lin Abstract Objectives: To compare the long-term (3-year) outcome and effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and extended uvulopalatoplasty (EUPF) treatment on patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Methods: Eighty-four patients who received CPAP titration and bought a CPAP machine to use from March 2000 to October 2001 were included as the CPAP group. Another 55 patients who underwent EUPF surgery were included as the EUPF group. Overnight polysomnography was performed 6 months and 3 years after CPAP titration or EUPF. The disease-specific questionnaire-Snore Outcome Survey (SOS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the generic health questionnaire-MOSF-36 were administered at the 6-month and 3-year follow-up examinations. Results: The age, body mass index, respiratory disturbance index, and ESS before treatment were higher in the CPAP group. The snore index was higher in the surgery group. Fifty-four patients (64.3%) in CPAP group continued treatment for 6 months; the success rate for EUPF at 6 months was 82%. The polysomnographic variables improved significantly in both groups. Improvements in the SOS and ESS scores were better in surgery group than the CPAP group. The subscales of SF-36 in surgery group were more than those in CPAP group. Conclusions: EUPF had a better effect on snoring than CPAP 6 months after treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). This effect had gradually declined at the 3-year follow-up examination. Improvement in the quality of life of OSAS patients receiving EUPF is equal to those receiving CPAP treatment. [source] A Pilot Study of Quantitative Aspiration in Patients with Symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Comparison to a Historic Control Group,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 6 2004Michael Beal MD Abstract Objective: It has been shown that many healthy people aspirate secretions at night. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have frequent episodes of gasping at night that may predispose them to aspiration. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with symptoms of OSA are predisposed to pharyngeal aspiration. Study Design: A prospective study in which patients with symptoms of OSA were compared with a historic group of normal controls by using the same methodology. Methods: The study was offered to patients with symptoms of OSA undergoing a sleep study. The radiotracer Technicium99 was infused through a plastic tube placed in the nasopharynx after the patient achieved stage II sleep. A chest radionuclide scan determined the amount of material aspirated. The Wilcoxon-rank sum test was used to compare the mean amount aspirated between the experimental and historic control groups. Results: Fourteen patients successfully completed the study. One normal volunteer in our study aspirated a quantity similar to the historic normal control group. The amount of aspirated material in the study group ranged from 0.152 to 3.648 mL, with a mean of 1.24 mL ± 0.905 (SD). When compared with the historic normal control group, the patients with symptoms of OSA aspirated significantly more radio-tracer (P <.01). There was a lack of association between respiratory disturbance index and amount aspirated. Conclusions: The results suggest there is an apparent risk of increased pharyngeal aspiration in patients with symptoms of OSA. [source] Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Obstructive Sleep ApneaTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 11 2002Marc Bernard Blumen MD Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is due to pharyngeal obstructions, which can take place at the level of the soft palate. Temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation has been introduced as being capable of reducing soft tissue volume and excessive compliance. The aim of the study was to evaluate prospectively the possible efficacy of temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation applied to the soft palate in subjects with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Study Design Twenty-nine patients with a respiratory disturbance index between 10 and 30 events per hour, body mass index equal to or less than 30 kg/m2, and obstruction at the level of the soft palate were included in a pilot, prospective nonrandomized study. Methods Snoring and daytime sleepiness were evaluated subjectively. Treatment (maximum of three sessions) was discontinued when the bed partner was satisfied with the snoring level. A full night recording was performed at least 4 months after the last treatment. Results Mean snoring level decreased significantly from 8.6 ± 1.3 to 3.3 ± 2.5 on a visual analogue scale (0,10). Daytime sleepiness decreased nonsignificantly. Mean respiratory disturbance index decreased significantly from 19.0 ± 6.1 events per hour to 9.8 ± 8.6 events per hour. Mean lowest oxygen saturation value increased nonsignificantly from 85.3% ± 4.1% to 86.4% ± 4.4%. Of the patients, 65.5% were cured of their disease. Conclusions Temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation was effective in selected patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. A full-night polysomnography is required after completion of treatment to rule out residual disease. [source] Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Comparison of Black and White SubjectsTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 7 2002Keith Meetze MD Abstract Objective To determine if the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) differs by racial group. Study Design Cross-sectional retrospective review. Setting University-based sleep disorders laboratory. Methods The study reviewed the results of 280 adult (>18 y) patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome by overnight polysomnogram between July 1, 1999, and June 30, 2000. Factors analyzed included age, sex, race, presence of hypertension, body mass index (kg/m2), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and lowest oxygen saturation level. Results Blacks with OSA are significantly more obese and have significantly higher rates of hypertension than white subjects with OSA. Black females with OSA are significantly younger than white females at the time of diagnosis (P = .005). Black males with OSA have significantly lower oxygen saturations than white males (P = .025). Conclusion Black males who present to the otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon for evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing may be at increased risk of severe OSA. [source] Airway Assessment by Volumetric Computed Tomography in Snorers and Subjects With Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Far-East Asian Population (Chinese)THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 4 2002Ning-Hung Chen MD Abstract Objectives To evaluate the airway dimension of simple snorers and subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a Far-East Asian population (Chinese). Study Design Prospective study of 117 near-consecutive patients evaluated for snoring and possible OSA from January 1998 to December 1998 in a sleep laboratory. Overnight polysomnography (PSG) was performed on all patients and the sleep parameters, including respiratory disturbance index (RDI), snoring index, minimal oxygen saturation (min O2), percentage of slow wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) were recorded. Three-dimensional computerized tomography (CT) during awake periods was performed. The anteroposterior (AP) and the lateral distance of the retropalatal (RP) region in the oropharynx, the smallest area of RP, and retroglossal (RG) regions, and the total volume of the oropharynx were measured. Result Ninety-eight patients were diagnosed with OSA (mean RDI, 41.48 ± 26.45 events per hour; min O2, 72.82 ± 12.86%), whereas 19 were simple snorers. The AP and the lateral distance of the RP region, as well as the smallest area of the RP region, are significantly smaller in subjects with OSA. However, no differences in the RG region and the total volume of the oropharynx were found between the two groups. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that the lateral dimension and the smallest RP area in overweight subjects inversely correlated with the RDI, but only the AP dimension of the RP area was found to have an inverse correlation with the RDI in the underweight subjects. Conclusion In Far-East Asians (Chinese), the RP airway was found to be the primary site of narrowing in subjects with OSA, and the narrowest RP area was inversely correlated with RDI. Furthermore, weight may influence the pattern of RP narrowing by contributing to lateral collapse. [source] Gastroesophageal Reflux and Obstructive Sleep Apnea,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 12 2001Brent A. Senior MD Abstract Objective To determine the extent to which gastroesophageal reflux (GER)-initiated laryngeal chemoreflexes contribute to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods Prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial of an antireflux treatment protocol as a means of reducing the severity of OSA. Population consisted of 10 males aged 20 to 64 years with confirmed OSA (by overnight polysomnography) and GER (by ambulatory pH probe monitoring). Patients were treated with omeprazole and standard antireflux protocol for 30 days and pre- and posttreatment polysomnography variables were compared. Results Mean apnea index declined 31% (45,31, P = .04); mean respiratory disturbance index declined 25% (62,46, P = .06). Three patients (30%) are "treatment responders" as defined by traditional OSA treatment definitions. Conclusions These results suggest a potential relationship between OSA and GER, the treatment of which may be an effective adjunctive in those with both disorders. Treatment of GER may significantly impact OSA in select individuals. [source] Preoperative Differences Between Male and Female Patients With Sleep Apnea,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 9 2001Regina Paloyan Walker MD Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate the differences between female and male patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in the preoperative period. Study Design Nonrandomized cross-sectional study. Methods An analysis of 686 patients (111 women and 575 men) with OSAS was completed. Multivariate modeling techniques were employed to correlate gender with the preoperative respiratory disturbance index (RDI), apnea index (AI), hypopnea index (HI), body mass index (BMI), age, and initial symptoms. Results At presentation, the male patients were significantly younger and had a lower BMI and a higher RDI and AI than the female patients. For the entire OSAS population studied, the RDI increased as the BMI increased (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.35, P = <.001). For the female patients there was a weaker correlation (r = 0.21, P = .034), and in male patients there was a stronger correlation (r = 0.40, P <.001). For the entire population there was a negative correlation between age and RDI (r = ,0.15, P <.001). In female patients there was a nonsignificant correlation (r = ,0.09, P = .35), and in male patients the correlation was significant (r = ,0.16, P <.001). There was no difference in the reporting of the number of symptoms based on gender (P = .355). Female patients noted headaches on awakening more commonly than male patients (P = .001), and male patients noted snoring (P = .014) and stopping breathing during sleep (P = .001) more often than female patients. Conclusions The analysis demonstrated that within a surgical population sample, gender differences exist. The findings of this series were as follows: 1) Apnea severity in women was less weight-dependent than in men; (2) in men there was a significant negative correlation between age and apnea severity; and (3) female and male patients reported the same number of signs or symptoms on presentation, although certain signs and symptoms were more commonly reported based on gender. Current clinical evaluation practices must take into account this gender disparity. [source] Maxillomandibular Advancement for Persistent Obstructive Sleep Apnea After Phase I Surgery in Patients Without Maxillomandibular DeficiencyTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 10 2000Kasey K. Li DDS Abstract Objective To assess the outcomes of maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for the treatment of persistent obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) after phase I reconstruction in patients who do not have maxillomandibular deficiency. Methods From January 1997 to September 1998, 25 patients previously treated with phase I reconstruction (uvulopalatoplasty, genioglossus advancement, and/or hyoid suspension) who did not have maxillary and mandibular deficiencies underwent MMA for persistent OSA. Variables examined include age, sex, body mass index (BMI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), lowest oxygen saturation (LSAT), and cephalometric data. In addition, a minimum of 6 months after surgery, questionnaires containing a 10-cm visual analogue scale (0 = no change, 10 = drastic change) were mailed to the patients. The questionnaire subjectively assessed the patient's perception of the facial appearance after surgery, whether there was pain or discomfort of the temporomandibular joint, the overall satisfaction with the treatment outcomes, and whether the patient would recommend the operation to other patients. Results Nineteen (76%) questionnaires were completed and returned by 15 men and 4 women. The mean age was 45.3 ± 6.6 years and the mean BMI was 33.1 ± 7.1 kg/m2. The mean RDI improved from 63.6 ± 20.8 to 8.1 ± 5.9 events per hour, and the mean LSAT improved from 73.3 ± 13.2% to 88.1 ± 4.1%. One patient was defined as an incomplete responder (RDI >20). One patient reported transient pain and discomfort of the temporomandibular joint. Although all of the patients felt that there were changes in their facial appearance after surgery, 18 of the 19 patients gave either a neutral or a favorable response to their facial esthetic results. All of these patients were satisfied with the overall outcomes and would recommend the treatment to others. Conclusion MMA is a highly effective treatment for persistent OSA after phase I surgery in patients who otherwise do not have maxillomandibular deficiency. The patient satisfaction is extremely high. Furthermore, previous concerns of unfavorable postoperative facial esthetics and temporomandibular joint dysfunction do not appear to be significant. [source] Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Comparison Between Far-East Asian and White MenTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 10 2000Kasey K. Li MD Abstract Objectives To investigate the possible differences between Far-East Asian men and white men in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Study Design Prospective nonrandomized controlled study. Methods This study compared consecutive Far-East Asian men with OSAS (n = 50) with two selected groups of White men with OSAS (n = 50 in each group). One group of white men was controlled for age, respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and minimum oxygenation saturation (LSAT). Another group was controlled for age and body mass index (BMI). Cephalometric analysis was performed on all subjects. Results The majority of the Far-East Asian men were found to be nonobese (mean BMI, 26.7 ± 3.8) but had severe OSAS (mean RDI, 55.1 ± 35.1). When controlled for age, RDI, and LSAT, the white men were substantially more obese (mean BMI, 29.7 ± 5.8, P = .0055). When controlled for age and BMI, the white men had less severe illness (RDI, 34.1 ± 17.9, P = .0001). Although the posterior airway space and the distance from the mandibular plane to hyoid bone were less abnormal in the Far-East Asian men, the cranial base dimensions were significantly decreased. Conclusions The majority of the Far-East Asian men in this study were found to be nonobese, despite the presence of severe OSAS. When compared with white men, Far-East Asian men were less obese but had greater severity of OSAS. There may be differences in obesity and craniofacial anatomy as risk factors in these two groups. [source] | ||||||||||