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Australian Data (australian + data)
Selected AbstractsAre we becoming more alike?DRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 5 20082004 national household surveys, Comparison of substance use in Australia, the United States as seen in the 199 Abstract Introduction. This paper reports the results of the 1995, 1998, 2001 and 2004 Australian and US household surveys, with emphasis on changes since 2001. Design and Methods. The US survey data were recalculated to match age groups in the Australian data. Statistically significant changes are reported. Differences in prevalence of use by gender within age group were tested for significance. Results. The past-year use of ,any illicit drug', cannabis, cocaine, tranquillisers and injecting drugs decreased between 2001 and 2004 in Australia, but remained stable for all these drugs except ecstasy between 2002 and 2004 in the United States. The use of hallucinogens decreased in both countries. Alcohol and use of many illicit drugs by teenage girls in both countries increased to rates similar to or higher than boys, and teens in both countries reported binge and heavy drinking in the past month. Australians in their 20s had the highest rates of use, but in the United States, past-year use of many drugs was highest among teenagers. Discussion. More treatment services are needed, particularly for people dependent upon non-opiate drugs. The changes in acceptability of use of different drugs and their perceived availability are related to changes in prevalence rates. Even with the similarities in levels of use, there are differences in patterns of use and preferences for certain drugs in each country, and geographic proximity to drug sources is a factor. [source] Site scores and conditional biplots in canonical correspondence analysisENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 1 2004Jan Graffelman Abstract Canonical correspondence analysis is an important multivariate technique in community ecology. It produces an interesting biplot that summarizes the data matrices involved in the analysis. The method produces two sets of site scores that can be used in a biplot. One set concerns site scores that are weighted averages of the species scores (WA scores), and the other set represents site scores that are linear combinations of the environmental variables (LC scores). We show that the use of both sets of scores in a CCA biplot can be justified. The use of the WA scores leads to the best possible representation of the species data conditional on the representation of the weighted averages. Likewise, the LC scores lead to the best possible representation of the environmental variables, also conditional on the representation of the weighted averages and on the use of a Mahalanobis metric. The eigenvalues obtained in CCA indicate how well the species data are represented when LC scores are used. The quality of representation of the species data when WA scores are used can be computed from the CCA eigenvalues and the variances of the WA scores. Scalar products between WA scores and environmental variable vectors do not form a biplot of the environmental data. Theoretical results are illustrated with Australian data from freshwater ecology. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Factors Determining Net Interest Margins in Australia: Domestic and Foreign BanksFINANCIAL MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS & INSTRUMENTS, Issue 3 2007Barry Williams This study tests the application of the Ho and Saunders (1981) model of bank net interest margins (NIMs), and its subsequent developments, using Australian data. The core elements of this model apply in Australia. Bank market power is found to increase NIMs, consistent with McShane and Sharpe (1985), with evidence of bank buying market share and mispricing for risk. Operating costs also have an important role in determining NIMs, together with implied payments and management quality. Bank NIMs are found to have fallen over the study period. [source] Cash flow disaggregation and the prediction of future earningsACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 1 2010Neal Arthur G11; G23 Abstract We examine the incremental information content of the components of cash flows from operations (CFO). Specifically the research question examined in this paper is whether models incorporating components of CFO to predict future earnings provide lower prediction errors than models incorporating simply net CFO. We use Australian data in this setting as all companies were required to provide information using the direct method during the sample period. We find that the cash flow components model is superior to an aggregate cash flow model in terms of explanatory power and predictive ability for future earnings; and that disclosure of non-core (core) cash flows components is (not) useful in both respects. Our results are of relevance to investors and analysts in estimating earnings forecasts, managers of firms in regulators' domains where choice is provided with respect to the disclosure of CFO and also to regulators' deliberations on disclosure requirements and recommendations. [source] The effects of taxation on put-call parityACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 3 2009Karen Alpert G13 Abstract Share and option transactions are taxed differently, which means that the after-tax cash flows used to establish put-call parity will differ depending on which option is exercised. This paper derives the after-tax put-call parity relationship for European and American options with or without dividends. Using Australian data for the period July 1999 to June 2002, the after-tax put-call parity relationship explains 88.3 per cent of no-tax lower boundary violations and 78.8 per cent of no-tax upper boundary violations. The violation are larger for more thinly traded securities, providing some evidence that traders are able to profit from the tax discontinuities that affect investors in options. [source] Healthy, wealthy and insured?HEALTH ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2008The role of self-assessed health in the demand for private health insurance Abstract Both adverse selection and moral hazard models predict a positive relationship between risk and insurance; yet the most common finding in empirical studies of insurance is that of a negative correlation. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between ex ante risk and private health insurance using Australian data. The institutional features of the Australian system make the effects of asymmetric information more readily identifiable than in most other countries. We find a strong positive association between self-assessed health and private health cover. By applying the Lokshin and Ravallion (J. Econ. Behav. Organ 2005; 56:141,172) technique we identify the factors responsible for this result and recover the conventional negative relationship predicted by adverse selection when using more objective indicators of health. Our results also provide support for the hypothesis that self-assessed health captures individual traits not necessarily related to risk of health expenditures, in particular, attitudes towards risk. Specifically, we find that those persons who engage in risk-taking behaviours are simultaneously less likely to be in good health and less likely to buy insurance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Can the choice of interpolation method explain the difference between swap prices and futures prices?ACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 2 2005Rob Brown G13 Abstract The standard model linking the swap rate to the rates in a contemporaneous strip of futures interest rate contracts typically produces biased estimates of the swap rate. Institutional differences usually require some form of interpolation to be employed and may in principle explain this empirical result. Using Australian data, we find evidence consistent with this explanation and show that model performance is greatly improved if an alternative interpolation method is used. In doing so, we also provide the first published Australian evidence on the accuracy of the futures-based approach to pricing interest rate swaps. [source] A best choice among asset pricing models?ACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 2 2004The Conditional Capital Asset Pricing Model in Australia Abstract We use Australian data to test the Conditional Capital Asset Pricing Model (Jagannathan and Wang, 1996). Our results are generally supportive: the model performs well compared with a number of competing asset pricing models. In contrast to the study by Jagannathan and Wang, however, we find that the inclusion of the market for human capital does not save the concept of the time-independent market beta (it remains insignificant). We find support for the role of a small-minus-big factor in pricing the cross-section of returns and find grounds to disagree with Jagannathan and Wang's argument that this factor proxies for misspecified market risk. [source] Australian data do not support current Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme criteria for use of tumour necrosis factor-, inhibitors in ankylosing spondylitisINTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 11 2006L. Schachna No abstract is available for this article. [source] The incidence of dementia in an Australian community population: the Sydney older persons studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 7 2001Louise M. Waite Abstract Objectives Limited Australian dementia incidence data are available. This study aimed to identify the incidence of dementia and its subtypes in an Australian community dwelling population. Method A community dwelling sample of 647 subjects aged ,75 years at recruitment were followed for a mean period of 3.2 years (range 2.6,4.5 years). The incidence of dementia (measured in person years at risk) was identified for different levels of severity of dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Results Incidence figures were slightly higher than those previously reported. The incidence of dementia and of Alzheimer's disease increased with age but was not affected by gender. The incidence of vascular dementia was not affected by age. Conclusion This study provides the largest body of data on the incidence of dementia in Australia, indicating a slightly higher incidence of dementia than previous reports. Further Australian data are required to confirm these findings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Desert vines: a comparison of Australia with other areasJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2005R. F. Parsons Abstract Aim, To characterize the Australian desert vine flora and to compare it with that of deserts in other continents. Location, The Stony Deserts, the Simpson Desert and the four main deserts of Western Australia. Methods, The Western Australian Herbarium data base and published papers were used to develop vine checklists for each Australian desert studied. A literature search was used to classify the families and genera into phytogeographical elements and to provide data for intercontinental comparisons. Results, Thirty-seven vine species are listed for the six Australian deserts studied. They constitute from 0.8 to 2.7% of the vascular flora, which is within the normal range for arid zone floras. Comparing Australian data with those from the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts (North America), for non-vine taxa, very different phylogenetic lines are present. However, for vines, three of the four most important families are the same in each case, viz. Convolvulaceae, Fabaceae and Asclepiadaceae. This reflects large pantropical and cosmopolitan families shared between all three data sets. At the generic level, in Australia pantropical taxa and taxa from the Old World tropics far outnumber endemic ones, as do pantropical and neotropical genera in North America. Herbaceous vines predominate in Australian deserts as they do in North American ones, but nevertheless, the percentage of woody vines is higher in Australia (32%) than in North America (highest value of 24%). Earlier views that Australian deserts are rich in annual vines are not supported. Main conclusions, For many life-forms, the Australian flora is composed of very different phylogenetic lines to the floras of other continents. However, for desert vines, at the level of family and even of genus, there are surprising similarities between Australia and even a continent as distant as North America, because of shared pantropical and cosmopolitan taxa. [source] A comparative, cross-national analysis of partner-killing by women in cohabiting and marital relationships in Australia and the United StatesAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 3 2004Jenny Mouzos Abstract Using a national-level United States database, T. K. Shackelford [Partner-killing by women in cohabiting relationships and marital relationships. Homicide Studies 5: 253-266, 2001] calculated rates of partner-killing by women by relationship type (cohabiting or marital), by partner ages, and by the age difference between partners. Men in cohabiting relationships were 10 times more likely to be killed by their partners than were married men. Within marriages, the risk of being killed by a partner decreased with a man's age. Within cohabiting relationships, in contrast, middle-aged men were at greatest risk of being killed by their partners. The risk that a man will be killed by his partner generally increased with greater age difference between partners. We sought to replicate the findings of Shackelford [2001] using national-level data held as part of the National Homicide Monitoring Program (NHMP) at the Australian Institute of Criminology in Australia. The NHMP holds data on over 3,500 homicides that occurred in Australia between 1989 and 2000. Despite the higher rate of partner-killing in the United States, and despite other cultural differences between the two countries (for example, the prominent gun culture in the United States), we replicated the key patterns with the Australian data. Aggr. Behav. 30:206,216, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Can consumer sentiment and its components forecast Australian GDP and consumption?JOURNAL OF FORECASTING, Issue 8 2009Chew Lian Chua Abstract This paper examines whether the disaggregation of consumer sentiment data into its sub-components improves the real-time capacity to forecast GDP and consumption. A Bayesian error correction approach augmented with the consumer sentiment index and permutations of the consumer sentiment sub-indices is used to evaluate forecasting power. The forecasts are benchmarked against both composite forecasts and forecasts from standard error correction models. Using Australian data, we find that consumer sentiment data increase the accuracy of GDP and consumption forecasts, with certain components of consumer sentiment consistently providing better forecasts than aggregate consumer sentiment data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Effectiveness of Intradermal Pre-exposure Rabies Vaccination in an Australian Travel Medicine ClinicJOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2002Colleen Lau Background: The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of intradermal (ID) rabies vaccination and to determine whether any difference in response with age or gender exists. No published Australian data on the subject is available and controversy continues to surround the use of ID rabies vaccination for pre-exposure prophylaxis. Vaccinated travelers requiring postexposure treatment are sometimes considered unvaccinated. By confirming their immunity prior to travel, this problem may be avoided. Methods: The data was collected by retrospective analysis over 2 years at a specialized travel medicine clinic in Perth, Western Australia. The standard protocol is three ID injections of 0.1 mL, given on days 0, 7, and 28 with a booster after 12 months. The vaccine used was the Pasteur Merieux human diploid cell vaccine. Serology was performed 3 weeks after completion of the primary course or after a booster. Antibody levels were measured using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, and levels of > 0.5 IU/mL were considered protective. Results: A total of 164 travelers were included in the study, of which 144 had completed the three primary ID doses, and 20 had received an ID booster after a previous primary ID course. The mean age was 34.75 years, and gender distribution was equal. The median time between vaccination and serology was 23 days. The antibody levels ranged from 0 to 50 IU/mL with a mean of 8.42 IU/mL. Three travelers had no detectable antibodies giving a seroconversion rate of 98.2%. No statistically significant correlation between age or gender and antibody levels was present. Conclusion: We have found that ID rabies vaccination is effective in a travel clinic with nurses experienced in the technique. The lower cost of ID rabies vaccination makes it accessible to a larger number of travelers. Further studies will be required to determine the duration of protection after ID vaccination and antibody response after postexposure boosters. We will continue to recommend ID rabies vaccination if there is sufficient time for serology to be performed and for results to be available prior to departure. [source] Children, Labour Supply and Child Care: Challenges for Empirical AnalysisTHE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2009Guyonne Kalb The aim of this article is to give an overview of the important issues relating to the labour supply of the primary carer in a household. Child care plays a central role in allowing the primary carer time away from the young children in a household. Therefore, child-care use is a central topic of this article, as well. There are a number of different aspects to child care, such as the price, quality, availability and type of service. This article discusses the analytical problems and challenges, taking Australian data, policy and experience as a focus, but drawing on a wide range of international empirical studies. It reports the results from previous research on child-care use and labour supply and it outlines the areas requiring more study. The focus of the article is on economic research. [source] Poverty Intensity in AustraliaTHE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2000J. R. Rodgers Even though poverty indices with axiomatically sound properties have been advocated for several decades, most empirical studies of poverty in Australia and elsewhere continue to use the crude, but easily understood, head-count ratio. The difficulty of interpreting the axiomatically more desirable indices is a major reason why their use has been resisted in applied poverty measurement. This paper demonstrates how the more sophisticated poverty indices can be converted into a form that is readily interpreted as a measure of poverty intensity of a group, relative to the population to which the group belongs. The resulting poverty-intensity index is easy to understand and it retains the axiomatic properties of the poverty index on which it is based. We apply the method to Australian data. Poverty measures reported previously in the literature are converted into measures of poverty intensity and interpreted accordingly. We also calculate and interpret some new measures of poverty and poverty intensity using the 1996,97 Income and Housing Costs Survey, Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1997). It is hoped our procedure will lead to wider use of poverty indices that are theoretically superior to the head-count ratio. [source] Is Under-Employment due to Labour Hoarding?THE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue 246 2003Evidence from the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey In this paper, Australian data are used to study the characteristics of workers who are constrained in their hours of work. Matched employer,employee data allow us to control for their employers' characteristics as well. In particular, the information on the firms' state of demand provides useful evidence on the underlying cause of under-employment. The labour hoarding model cannot explain the observed patterns involving under-employment. Alternative explanations are offered. [source] The Causes of Unemployment in Interwar AustraliaTHE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue 243 2002Nicholas H. Dimsdale This paper examines the factors contributing to unemployment in Australia during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Previous writers have emphasised the role of demand,side variables but it has also been argued that excessive real wages caused unemployment. The Layard,Nickell model, developed originally for the postwar British economy, is applied to Australian data. The empirical results confirm that demand shocks in the form of changes in government spending and in the terms of trade were important in both downturn and recovery. Wage indexation resulted in some rigidity of real wages but this was not a major cause of unemployment. [source] TUMOUR SIZE AS A PREDICTOR OF AXILLARY NODE METASTASES IN PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCERANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 11 2006Sharon Laura Background: The ability to predict the behaviour of breast cancer from its dimensions allows the clinician to inform a woman about the absolute benefits of adjuvant therapies or further surgery to control her disease. Tumour size and grade are independent predictors of nodal disease. This study aims to generate a tool, using Australian data, allowing surgeons to calculate the probability of axillary lymph node involvement in a preoperative setting. Methods: The histological reports of patients with breast cancer treated in 1995 in New South Wales were examined and tumour size, grade and nodal status recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified predictors of node positivity and, using linear regression analysis, a simple formula to predict nodal involvement was derived. Results: In a 6-month period, 754 women had non-metastatic, unifocal breast cancer treated with surgery and complete axillary dissection and 283 (37.5%) had positive nodes. Tumour size remained an independent predictor of node positivity and the probability (%), y, of nodal involvement may be predicted by the formula y = 1.5 × tumour size (mm) + 7, r = 0.939 and P = 0.001. Conclusions: This paper shows the need to assess the axilla in every patient because even patients with small tumours (0,5 mm) have the possibility of axillary involvement (7,14.5%). Use of this simple formula allows clinicians and patients to make informed decisions about the possible need for a full axillary dissection to reduce the chance of understaging and potentially undertreating a woman's breast cancer. [source] The economic consequences of introducing deep brain stimulation for the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease in AustraliaAUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL ON AGEING, Issue 3 2003Bruce P. Hollingsworth Objectives: Parkinson's disease is a debilitating condition, which is increasing in prevalence as elderly populations increase in the developed world. As such, resource consumption will also increase. For advanced Parkinsons, where drug therapy is no longer effective, there are two surgical options - ablative surgery, a one-off procedure which destroys part of the brain, and deep brain stimulation (DBS), which uses electrodes to stimulate part of the brain. The specific question to be answered here is what the costs to the community of DBS are compared to ablative surgery (thalmotomy or pallidotomy) in potentially relieving the symptoms of advanced Parkinson's disease, and if there is any improvement in patients' quality of life. Design: A cost effectiveness study is undertaken. UK and Australian data are made use of and cost-effectiveness estimated in terms of cost per change in functional ability. Setting: Hospital, community and home care. Patients: Those with advanced Parkinson's Disease. Main outcome measures: Frenchay index of functional ability. Results: It is estimated that the incremental extra cost for a small change in ability to undertake daily tasks is at least 23,559. Conclusions: As outcomes evidence is of low quality, at this stage it is not possible to establish that Deep Brain Stimulation offers substantial improvements in quality of life. Extra costs over ablative surgery are estimated to be in the range of 17,830 to 51,385 per patient over a five year period. [source] Association of maternal pre-pregnancy weight with birth defects: Evidence from a case,control study in Western AustraliaAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Wendy H. ODDY Background: Maternal obesity confers increased risks of poor pregnancy outcomes. There are limited Australian data on the risk of birth defects associated with maternal pre-pregnancy obesity. Methods: Population-based case,control study of 418 controls, 111 cases with heart defects (and of these, 38 had conotruncal heart defects), 27 with neural tube defects, 86 cases with urinary tract defects, 48 cases with orofacial clefts, and 20 with limb reduction defects. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and height were self-reported. Results: Women with pre-pregnancy obesity (body mass index 30+) had a twofold increased odds of having an infant with neural tube defects, conotruncal heart defects, orofacial clefts and limb reduction defects and 30,40% increase in heart defects generally and urinary tract defects. None of the estimates was statistically significant. Conclusions: Our findings were consistent with similar, statistically significant studies in the literature. Weight reduction prior to pregnancy in obese women may be a means of primary prevention of birth defects. [source] Endometrial cells as a predictor of uterine cancerAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Adrian R. HEARD Abstract Background:, With the recent cervix screening national guidelines recommending against reporting of benign endometrial cells, we examined South Australian data to see what impact this would have on detecting uterine cancers. Aims:, To test whether benign endometrial cells detected in cervical cytology testing confer an increased risk of uterine cancer, and to ascertain what percentage of uterine cancers will be missed in cervical screening programs if these cells are not reported. Methods:, The study was a retrospective cohort design of 1585 women with shed endometrial cells, each matched with three women without shed cells. All were linked with cancer registry data to check for uterine cancer diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to check for any increase in cancer risk with shed endometrial cells. Using the calculated relative risks for uterine cancer diagnosis, we estimated the number of uterine cancers in South Australia associated with benign endometrial cells. Results:, The presence of benign endometrial cells in a cervical cytology test increases the risk of uterine cancer sixfold. However, screening women with benign cells would involve a major increase in pathology work for only an 18% increase in uterine cancers detected. Conclusions:, Until cytology systems have a higher sensitivity in detecting which benign endometrial cells are associated with uterine cancer, pathology laboratories are unlikely to be required to report these cells on tests. Inability to adjust for symptomatic status may have reduced the relevance of the results in this study. [source] Comparison of trends in method-specific suicide rates in Australia and England & Wales, 1968,97AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 2 2000David Wilkinson Objective: To compare secular trends in method-specific suicide rates among young people in Australia and England & Wales between 1968 and 1997. Methods: Australian data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, and for England & Wales from the Office for National Statistics. Overall and method-specific suicide rates for 15,34 year old males and females were calculated using ICD codes E950,9 and E980,9 except E988.8. Results: In both settings, suicide rates have almost doubled in young males over the past 30 years (from 16.8 to 32.9 per 100,000 in Australia and from 10.1 to 19.0 in England & Wales). Overall rates have changed little in young females. In both sexes and in both settings there have been substantial increases in suicide by hanging (5,7 fold increase in Australia and four-fold increase in England & Wales). There have also been smaller increases in gassing in the 1980s and'90s. In females, the impact of these increases on overall rates has been offset by a decline in drug overdose, the most common method in females. Conclusions: Rates of male suicide have increased substantially in both settings in recent years, and hanging has become an increasingly common method of suicide. The similarity in observed trends in both settings supports the view that such changes may have common causes. Research should focus on understanding why hanging has increased in popularity and what measures may be taken to diminish it. [source] Placement and replacement of restorations by selected practitionersAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005MJ Tyas Abstract Background: There are few Australian data on the reasons for placement and replacement of restorations, and the extent to which these are carried out in general practice. Methods: A survey was carried out of approximately 100 consecutive restorations placed by each of 28 general dental practitioners. The data were coded and statistically analyzed for various associations. Results: Resin composite was used twice as frequently as amalgam as a restorative material, and nearly four times as often as glass-ionomer cement. Secondary caries was the principal reason for replacing restorations, affecting predominantly amalgam restorations in Class I and Class V cavities. Teeth restored with amalgam fractured nearly twice as often as teeth restored with resin composite. The average ages of amalgam, resin composite and glass- ionomers at replacement were 13.6, 7.1 and 5.7 years respectively. Conclusions: Amalgam has the longest clinical service life, but is associated with more tooth fracture. Secondary caries is the main reason for replacing restorations. The anti-cariogenic effect of glass-ionomer cement is equivocal. [source] Labour Market Policies and Long-term Unemployment in a Flow Model of the Australian Labour MarketAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 2 2003Ric D. Herbert This paper develops a general equilibrium job matching model, which is used to assess the impact of active labour market policies, reductions in unemployment benefits and reductions in worker bargaining power on long-term unemployment and other key macro variables. The model is calibrated using Australian data. Simulation experiments are conducted through impulse response analysis. The simulations suggest that active labour market programs (ALMPs) targeted at the long-term unemployed have a small net impact and produce adverse spillover effects on short-term unemployment. Reducing the level of unemployment benefits relative to wages and worker bargaining power have more substantial effects on total and long-term unemployment and none of the spillover effects of ALMPs. [source] Stock Returns and InflationAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 2 2001Mark Crosby In this paper the relationship between inflation and stock returns in Australia is examined. It is found that increases in the price level reduce the real level of the stock price index. However, it is also found that the question of whether persistent increases in inflation affect real returns cannot be addressed using the Australian data. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||