Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Resistance Values (resistance + value)
Selected AbstractsSupport vector machines-based modelling of seismic liquefaction potentialINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 10 2006Mahesh Pal Abstract This paper investigates the potential of support vector machines (SVM)-based classification approach to assess the liquefaction potential from actual standard penetration test (SPT) and cone penetration test (CPT) field data. SVMs are based on statistical learning theory and found to work well in comparison to neural networks in several other applications. Both CPT and SPT field data sets is used with SVMs for predicting the occurrence and non-occurrence of liquefaction based on different input parameter combination. With SPT and CPT test data sets, highest accuracy of 96 and 97%, respectively, was achieved with SVMs. This suggests that SVMs can effectively be used to model the complex relationship between different soil parameter and the liquefaction potential. Several other combinations of input variable were used to assess the influence of different input parameters on liquefaction potential. Proposed approach suggest that neither normalized cone resistance value with CPT data nor the calculation of standardized SPT value is required with SPT data. Further, SVMs required few user-defined parameters and provide better performance in comparison to neural network approach. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Insulin aggregation and asymmetric transport across human bronchial epithelial cell monolayers (Calu-3)JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2002Isabelle Pezron Abstract The purpose of this work was to elucidate the transport pathways of zinc insulin across the Calu-3 cell monolayer, an in vitro model of the human airway epithelium. Calu-3 cells grown in liquid-covered conditions formed a confluent monolayer with a high transepithelial electrical resistance value of 1000,±,150 ,,·,cm2. The cell monolayer was characterized by a low mannitol permeability of 4.7,±,0.5 10,7cm/s. Transport of zinc insulin (donor concentration 1 U/mL) in Dulbecco's modified phosphate buffer saline at 37°C was found to be higher in the basolateral (BL) to apical (AP) (Papp,=,3.0,±,0.2 10,8 cm/s), than in the AP to BL direction (Papp,=,0.41,±,0.02 10,8 cm/s). P-glycoprotein efflux or specific enzymatic degradation did not appear to contribute toward this asymmetric transport. Insulin receptors, though apparently more abundant on the BL side than on the AP side of Calu-3 cells, did not mediate the direction-dependent transport of insulin. However, transport of a monomeric human insulin analog, Asp(B10)des(B28-30), across the Calu-3 cell monolayer was similar in both directions (BL to AP and AP to BL). The corresponding permeability, Papp,=,2.9,±,0.2 10,8 cm/s, was not significantly different from the permeability of zinc insulin in the BL to AP direction. The paracellular pathway seems to play a major role in the insulin transport across the Calu-3 cell monolayers. We hypothesize that the transport of zinc insulin oligomers is restricted at the AP surface by the presence of the tight junctional complexes. From the BL side, oligomers may undergo dissociation in the intercellular space and diffuse readily as monomers to the AP surface of the membrane. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 91:1135,1146, 2002 [source] Influence of barrier thickness on AlInN/AlN/GaN heterostructures and device propertiesPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue S2 2009H. Behmenburg Abstract We report on structural and device properties of AlInN/AlN/GaN transistor heterostructures grown by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) on 2, sapphire substrates with AlInN barriers of thicknesses between 4 nm and 10 nm. The In content and thickness of the thin AlInN barrier is shown to be well determinable by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD). Room temperature Hall measurements yielded similar mobility between 1400 cm2V,1s,1 and 1520 cm2V,1s,1 on all samples and increasing sheet carrier concentration ns with rising barrier thickness resulting in a minimum sheet resistance value of 200 Ohm/,. The effect of surface passivation with Si3N4 on the electrical properties is investigated and found to strongly increase sheet carrier concentration ns of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) to values above 2×1013cm,2. Characterization of transistors with gate length Lg of 1.5 ,m produced from the grown samples reveals high transconductance (gm) and a maximum drain current (ID) of 300 mS/mm and ,1 A/mm, respectively. For the sample with 4.6 nm barrier thickness, a reduced gate leakage current (IGL) and a absolute value of the threshold voltage (Vth) of -1.2 V is detected. Radio frequency (RF) measurements of passivated samples lead to maximum current gain cut-off frequencies ft of 11 GHz and maximum oscillating frequencies fmax of 25 GHz. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Effects of feeding ratio of beet pulp to alfalfa hay or grass hay on ruminal mat characteristics and chewing activity in Holstein dry cowsANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2010Kenichi IZUMI ABSTRACT The influence of the feeding ratio of a non-forage fiber source and hay on ruminal mat characteristics and chewing activity was evaluated in dairy dry cows. Cows were fed four different diets: the ratios of alfalfa hay (AH) to beet pulp (BP) were 8:2 (dry matter basis, A8B2) and 2:8 (A2B8), and those of grass hay (GH) to BP were 8:2 (G8B2) and 2:8 (G2B8). Total eating time was decreased with increasing BP content (P < 0.01). Total rumination time for AH was shorter than that for GH (P < 0.01), and it decreased with increasing BP content (P < 0.01). The ruminal mat was detected by using a penetration resistance test of the rumen digesta. Penetration resistance value (PRV) of ruminal mat was highest with the G8B2 diet and PRV decreased with increasing BP content (P < 0.05) and feeding AH (P < 0.05). Thickness of the ruminal mat was greater for increasing BP content (P < 0.05). Simple linear regression of ruminal mat PRV on total rumination time resulted in a high positive correlation (r = 0.744; P < 0.001; n = 16). The results demonstrated that increasing the PRV of the ruminal mat stimulated rumination activity and a ruminal mat could be formed, although it was soft even when cows were offered a large quantity of BP. [source] Orders-of-Magnitude Reduction of the Contact Resistance in Short-Channel Hot Embossed Organic Thin Film Transistors by Oxidative Treatment of Au-Electrodes,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 15 2007B. Stadlober Abstract In this study we report on the optimization of the contact resistance by surface treatment in short-channel bottom-contact OTFTs based on pentacene as semiconductor and SiO2 as gate dielectric. The devices have been fabricated by means of nanoimprint lithography with channel lengths in the range of 0.3,,m,<,L,<,3.0,,m. In order to reduce the contact resistance the Au source- and drain-contacts were subjected to a special UV/ozone treatment, which induced the formation of a thin AuOx layer. It turned out, that the treatment is very effective (i),in decreasing the hole-injection barrier between Au and pentacene and (ii),in improving the morphology of pentacene on top of the Au contacts and thus reducing the access resistance of carriers to the channel. Contact resistance values as low as 80,,,cm were achieved for gate voltages well above the threshold. In devices with untreated contacts, the charge carrier mobility shows a power-law dependence on the channel length, which is closely related to the contact resistance and to the grain-size of the pentacene crystallites. Devices with UV/ozone treated contacts of very low resistance, however, exhibit a charge carrier mobility in the range of 0.3,cm2,V,1,s,1,<,,,<,0.4,cm2,V,1,s,1 independent of the channel length. [source] Quality changes in frozen and thawed, cooked puréed vegetables containing hydrocolloids, gums and dairy powdersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 8 2002Gerard Downey Summary Freezing and thawing have been shown to adversely affect the centrifugal drip loss and maximum resistance to penetration of cooked, puréed vegetables (potatoes, carrots and turnips). Amelioration of these effects has been investigated through the addition of cryoprotectants (xanthan gum, guar gum, pectin, carrageenan, sodium caseinate, whey protein concentrate). The effect of each cryoprotectant varied with vegetable type. In general, gums (xanthan and guar) proved most effective in reducing drip losses although carrageenan and pectin exhibited some ability in this regard. Dairy powders produced no effect on drip loss but did alter maximum resistance values after thawing. Depending on the vegetable, quality maintenance or improvement after thawing may be achieved through selection of an appropriate cryoprotectant. [source] Preparation and study of cellulose acetate membranes modified with linear polymers covalently bonded to Starburst polyamidoamine dendrimersJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008J. Ledesma-García Abstract Novel ion-selective membranes were prepared by means of the noncovalent modification of a cellulose acetate (CA) polymer with either poly(ethylene- alt -maleic anhydride) or poly(allylamine hydrochloride) chains covalently linked to Starburst amine-terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers generations 4 and 3.5, respectively. Linear polymer incorporation within the porous CA membrane was performed with mechanical forces, which resulted in modified substrates susceptible to covalent adsorption of the relevant dendritic materials via the formation of amide bonds with a carbodiimide activation agent. The membranes thus prepared were characterized by chemical, physical, and spectroscopic measurements, and the results indicate that the dendrimer peripheral functional groups were the species that participated in the ion-exchange events. The prepared materials were also evaluated for their ion-exchange permeability with sampled current voltammetry experiments involving cationic and anionic species {[Ru(NH3)6]3+ and [Fe(CN6)]3,, respectively} as redox probe molecules under different pH conditions. As expected, although permeability was favored by opposite charges between the dendrimer and the electroactive probe, a clear blocking effect took place when the charge in the dendritic polymer and the electroactive complex was the same. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, on the other hand, showed that the PAMAM-modified membranes were characterized by good selectivity and low resistance values for multivalent ions compared to a couple of commercial ion-exchange membranes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Peripheral Nerve pericytes originating from the blood,nerve barrier expresses tight junctional molecules and transporters as barrier-forming cellsJOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Fumitaka Shimizu The objective of this study was to establish pure blood,nerve barrier (BNB)-derived peripheral nerve pericyte cell lines and to investigate their unique properties as barrier-forming cells. We isolated peripheral nerve, brain, and lung pericytes from transgenic rats harboring the temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen gene. These cell lines expressed several pericyte markers such as ,-smooth muscle actin, NG2, osteopontin, and desmin, whereas they did not express endothelial cell markers such as vWF and PECAM. In addition, these cell lines expressed several tight junction molecules such as occludin, claudin-12, ZO-1, and ZO-2. In particular, the expression of occludin was detected in peripheral nerve and brain pericytes, although it was not detected in lung pericytes by a Western blot analysis. An immunocytochemical analysis confirmed that occludin and ZO-1 were localized at the cell,cell boundaries among the pericytes. Brain and peripheral nerve pericytes also showed significantly higher trans-pericyte electrical resistance values and lower inulin clearances than lung pericytes. We considered that occludin localized at the cell,cell boundaries among the pericytes might mechanically stabilize the microvessels of the BNB and the blood,brain barrier. Furthermore, we also showed that these cell lines expressed many barrier-related transporters. ABCG2, p-gp, MRP-1, and Glut-1 were detected by a Western blot analysis and were observed in the cytoplasm and outer membrane by an immunocytochemical analysis. These transporters on pericytes might facilitate the peripheral nerve-to-blood efflux and blood-to-peripheral nerve influx transport of substrates in cooperation with those on endothelial cells in order to maintain peripheral nerve homeostasis. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 388,399, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Effect of Auxiliary Grooves on Molar Crown Preparations Lacking Resistance Form: A Laboratory StudyJOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS, Issue 2 2008DClinDent, GradDipClinDent, Po-Ching Lu BDSc(Hons) Abstract Purpose: To investigate the effect of auxiliary grooves on resistance to dislodgment of crowns on compromised molar preparations lacking resistance form. Materials and Methods: Thirty human molar teeth were randomly assigned to three groups of ten, and prepared to a height-to-width ratio of 0.3 with a total convergence of 50°, and 1-mm shoulder margin. Base metal alloy copings were constructed with a 45° loading platform and cemented with zinc phosphate cement under a 50 N load. Initially, resistance testing was conducted using a Universal Testing Machine (Instron) at 1 mm/min for all 30 specimens. Following crown dislodgment, Group 1 copings were recemented and retested, Group 2 had one axial groove added, and Group 3 had two axial grooves added. New copings for Groups 2 and 3 were made, cemented, and again tested for resistance. Standardized radiographs were taken prior to initial cementation and scanned into digital images. The percentage of area occupied by the pulpal chamber above the acrylic mounting (PS), and the closest distance to pulp from the preparation surface (CD) were measured. Results: Recementation or the addition of one groove did not affect the dislodgment values (p > 0.05), but addition of two grooves caused a highly significant increase in resistance (p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed an inverse relationship between initial resistance values and pulpal space area. Lower resistance values were observed when the pulpal space area was large (p= 0.004). Conclusions: Crowns can be recemented without affecting resistance to dislodgment. Two grooves should be incorporated into compromised molar crown preparations to increase resistance form. Teeth with large pulps and therefore less coronal dentine have poorer resistance form, and therefore would benefit from placement of auxiliary grooves. [source] Evaluation of 08CH18N10T stainless steel corrosion in subcritical water by electrochemical noise analysisMATERIALS AND CORROSION/WERKSTOFFE UND KORROSION, Issue 9 2008P. Ku Abstract The corrosion behaviour of pressurized water reactor (PWR) steam generator tube material (08CH18N10T steel) was studied by electrochemical noise (EN) measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in high-temperature water at 280,°C and 8 MPa. Long-term measurements were performed in two electrolytes: (i) deionised water alkalized to pH25,=,9.5 by KOH; (ii) the same electrolyte with 200 ppm of chlorides added (as KCl). The noise data were processed by two filtering methods and the noise resistance and spectral noise resistance values were calculated. Different contributions to the total impedance were identified and the polarization resistance values were calculated from EIS data. Noise and polarization resistances were compared and the influence of filtering methods was discussed. Instantaneous corrosion data were transformed to integral ones and comparison with mean corrosion current estimated from the oxide thickness was made. It was confirmed that the crucial point of EN analysis is selection of proper cut-off frequency in high-pass fast Fourier transform (HP-FFT). [source] Testing procedure to obtain reliable potentiodynamic polarization curves on type 310S stainless steel in alkali carbonate meltsMATERIALS AND CORROSION/WERKSTOFFE UND KORROSION, Issue 4 2006S. Frangini Abstract Potentiodynamic polarization measurements have been employed to evaluate the anodic behavior of a type 310S stainless steel in the eutectic Li/K molten carbonate. In general, the electrochemical tests yield useful information to predict the stability of the oxide films formed on the surface at the initial period of corrosion, although some precaution is required in the testing procedure as the reproducibility of results is seen to be adversely affected by the passage of large currents. Especially when the steel is in a passive state, erratic results are easily observed if the corrosion layer is being damaged by uncontrolled large currents. This is because the acid-base properties of the melt are susceptible to deep changes by applied currents in the milli-ampere range resulting in hysteresis phenomena in the polarization plot. Hysteresis is caused, on one hand, by acidic dissolution of the passive layer at high anodic currents and, on the other hand, by increased melt basicity due to oxide ion build-up at high cathodic currents. An optimized testing procedure is therefore suggested that minimizes these effects by imposing a 2 mA/cm2 threshold current during polarization measurements. Moreover, the conditions for the applicability of the linear polarization technique to estimate kinetic parameters have been discussed in relationship with the corrosion mechanisms analysed by impedance spectra. It is concluded that the presence of diffusional impedance terms and formation of surface resistive films in molten carbonates may result in not reliable polarization resistance values obtained with the linear polarization. [source] Use of resistance surfaces for landscape genetic studies: considerations for parameterization and analysisMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 17 2010STEPHEN F. SPEAR Abstract Measures of genetic structure among individuals or populations collected at different spatial locations across a landscape are commonly used as surrogate measures of functional (i.e. demographic or genetic) connectivity. In order to understand how landscape characteristics influence functional connectivity, resistance surfaces are typically created in a raster GIS environment. These resistance surfaces represent hypothesized relationships between landscape features and gene flow, and are based on underlying biological functions such as relative abundance or movement probabilities in different land cover types. The biggest challenge for calculating resistance surfaces is assignment of resistance values to different landscape features. Here, we first identify study objectives that are consistent with the use of resistance surfaces and critically review the various approaches that have been used to parameterize resistance surfaces and select optimal models in landscape genetics. We then discuss the biological assumptions and considerations that influence analyses using resistance surfaces, such as the relationship between gene flow and dispersal, how habitat suitability may influence animal movement, and how resistance surfaces can be translated into estimates of functional landscape connectivity. Finally, we outline novel approaches for creating optimal resistance surfaces using either simulation or computational methods, as well as alternatives to resistance surfaces (e.g. network and buffered paths). These approaches have the potential to improve landscape genetic analyses, but they also create new challenges. We conclude that no single way of using resistance surfaces is appropriate for every situation. We suggest that researchers carefully consider objectives, important biological assumptions and available parameterization and validation techniques when planning landscape genetic studies. [source] FIB fabrication of ZnO nanotetrapod and cross-sensorPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (B) BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 7 2010Lee Chow Abstract This article presents the fabrication of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanotetrapod and cross-nanorods-based sensors. This low-dimensional device is made in a focused ion beam set-up by using nanodeposition for metal electrodes. The gas response of the sensor based on an individual zinc oxide nanotetrapod and on crossed ZnO nanorod for detection of ultraviolet (UV) light and hydrogen at room temperature is presented. It is shown that ZnO tetrapod has potential application as UV and as chemical sensor with multi-terminal construction. The chemisorbed gas molecules on the ZnO surface can extract or donate electrons to ZnO and this effect was used to monitor the electrical resistance values change of the tetrapod sensor. ZnO tetrapod sensor demonstrates sensitivity and selectivity in resistance upon exposure to UV light, H2, O2, NH3, CO, CO2, and LPG gas. The resistivity change is different for UV and for H2 gas sensing. The presented ZnO sensor proves to be promising for application in various processes. [source] Resistance to CO2 diffusion in cuticular membranes of amphibious plants and the implication for CO2 acquisitionPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 1 2007HENNING FROST-CHRISTENSEN ABSTRACT Cuticular membranes (CMs) were isolated from leaves of amphibious and submerged plants and their CO2 resistances were determined as a contribution to establish quantitatively the series of resistances met by CO2 diffusing from bulk water to the chloroplasts of submerged leaves. The isolation was performed enzymatically; permeabilities were determined and converted to resistances. The range of permeance values was 3 to 43 × 10,6 m s,1 corresponding to resistance values of 23 to 295 × 103 s m,1, i.e. of the same order of magnitude as boundary layer resistances. The sum of boundary layer, CM, leaf cell and carboxylation resistances could be contained within the total diffusion resistance as determined from the photosynthetic CO2 affinity of the leaf. From the same species, the aerial leaf CM resistance was always higher than the aquatic leaf CM resistance. In a terrestrial plant, the CM resistance to CO2 diffusion was found lower in leaves developed submerged. [source] Characteristics of paint systems prepared from dammar with the addition of natural pigmentPOLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 3 2009N. M. Omar Abstract Adhesion and electrochemical properties of paint system prepared from dammar binder or binder from Dipterocarpus grandifolius with the addition of natural pigment have been investigated. In this work, carotenoid pigment obtained from Capsicum annum (dried chili pepper) was added into the mixture of dammar resin and acrylic polyol resin to form the organic paint system. Five different paint systems were formulated on the basis of various concentrations of dammar resin, and their viscosities were measured by using Brookefield Viscometer. The paint systems were proofed on Aluminum steel Q-panels as a substrate. The cured paint systems were then evaluated by using the crosshatch adhesion method to test their adhesion properties according to ASTM D3359 standards. The corrosion potential property of paint was characterized by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) while the coated substrate was exposed to 3% NaCl for 30 days. Comparative results have been presented in terms of number of damage grids for the crosshatch test in each sample at different viscosity conditions and also regarding the ability of the coated sample to resist the corrosion potential. The result shows that the paint system with a composition of 35% dammar (CD35%) possessed the best adhesion performance compared to other CD paint compositions. Furthermore, CD35% also had higher corrosion resistance after 30 days of exposure in the 3% NaCl solution. The decrease in coating resistance values is associated with the electrolyte penetration into the coating system. The results showed that the developed organic paint system prepared from dammar improved the adhesion and electrochemical properties of a paint system. Addition of natural pigment to the formulation may enhance the attractiveness and vibrancy of the color. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Series resistance characterization of industrial silicon solar cells with screen-printed contacts using hotmelt pastePROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 6 2007A. Mette Abstract This work presents the results of a detailed series resistance characterization of silicon solar cells with screen-printed front contacts using hotmelt silver paste. Applying the hotmelt technology energy conversion efficiencies up to 18·0% on monocrystalline wafers with a size of 12·5,cm,×,12·5,cm have been achieved, an increase of 0·3% absolute compared to cells with conventional screen-printed contacts. This is mainly due to the reduction in the finger resistance to values as low as 14,,/m, which reduces the series resistance of the solar cell significantly. To retrieve the lumped series resistance as accurately as possible under the operating condition, different determination methods have been analyzed. Methods under consideration were fitting of the two-diode equation function to a dark IV-curve, integration of the area A under an IV-curve, comparison of a jsc,Voc with a one-sun IV-curve, comparison of the jsc and Voc points of a shaded curve with the one-sun IV-curve as well as comparison of a dark IV-curve with a one-sun IV-curve, and comparison of IV-curves measured at different light intensities. The performed investigations have shown that the latter four methods all resulted in reliable series resistance values. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Geophysical investigation of the site of the former monastic settlement, Clonard, County Meath, IrelandARCHAEOLOGICAL PROSPECTION, Issue 1 2006Paul J. Gibson Abstract Clonard, in County Meath, Ireland was a major ecclesiastical centre from the early sixth century to the twelfth century and buildings associated with the monastery were in existence until the late eighteenth century. However, today no extant buildings or features associated with the monastery are known. The geophysical investigation undertaken in this project has uncovered many anomalies which may be related to the monastic settlement at Clonard. A significant number of linear anomalies have been detected east of St Finian's church using magnetic gradiometry and twin electrode resistance surveying. Many of these anomalies are probably field boundaries; however, a much greater diversity of geophysical responses is located south and west of St Finian's church. A subsquare enclosure of 60,m sides is adjacent to a 300,m long palaeochannel. A fine network of intersecting low resistance anomalies probably represent former artificial drainage channels. Three large areas associated with anomalous magnetic readings were located which might indicate sites of human activity. In addition, there are four distinct zones which have large concentrations of high resistance values suggesting the presence of walls or buildings. Resistivity and ground-penetrating radar depth slices show that one of these zones has characteristics which indicate the presence of an east,west aligned building approximately 7,m wide in a north,south direction and about 15,m long in an east,west direction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Pseudoexfoliatio capsulae and endothelin-1 plasma levelsACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue S232 2000G. L. Possati M. Cellini Summary The authors found an increase of endothelin-1 (ET-1) plasma levels in patients with pseudoexfoliatio syndrome (PXS): 2.730±0.224 pg/ml vs 1.420±0.30S pg/ml. With Color Doppler Imaging (CDI) they found in PXS patients a decrease of peak systolic velocity values in the posterior ciliary arteries that were 12.725 ± 2.536 cm/sec vs 15.450 ± 3.173 cm/sec (p<0.049) while the resistance values were increased 0.640 ± 0.051 vs 0.548 ± 0.058 (p<0.001). The increase of ET-1 plasma levels may assess the vasospasm and uveal tissue hypoxia. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||