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Representative Community Sample (representative + community_sample)
Selected AbstractsViolence against women: is psychology part of the problem or the solution?JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2002A content analysis of psychological research from 1990 through 199 Abstract Previous critiques of traditional psychology portrayed a discipline that examines social problems from an exceptionalistic perspective and decontextualizes the subjects of its inquiries. We analysed 10 years of psychological research on domestic violence, sexual assault, and sexual harassment to determine whether this criticism applied to violence against women research. Specifically, we examined the purpose, level of analysis, sample, and context of 1396 PsychLit abstracts. We found that almost half reported an examination of causal factors. Only one quarter reported intervention studies. Most studies focused at the individual level of analysis and few included contextual factors. Investigators explored questions about domestic violence most frequently among samples of victims and perpetrators drawn from clinical settings. Sexual assault and sexual harassment researchers depended on victims and perpetrators to a lesser extent, but tended to rely upon convenience samples from college settings. Representative community samples were used in only 9% of studies. These findings support the view that psychological research on violence against women suffers from a heavy emphasis on exceptionalism at the expense of a universalistic perspective, the latter of which we contend is critical to advancing the field and reducing a major threat to women's health and wellbeing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Prevalence and implications of psychopathological non-cognitive symptoms in dementiaACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2 2009P. Saz Objective:, Clinical experience and recent population studies suggest that psychopathological, non-cognitive symptoms are both frequent and relevant in dementia. Method:, A representative community sample (n = 4,803 individuals, 55 + years) was interviewed in a two-phase design. The Geriatric Mental Sate (GMS) was used for assessment and cases were diagnosed according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Results:, The prevalence of non-cognitive symptoms (1 + symptoms) in cases of dementia (n = 223) was 90.1%, and negative-type symptoms were most frequently found. A GMS ,apathy-related symptom cluster' (anergia, restriction of activities and anhedonia) was significantly more frequent in the demented (55.6%) than in non-cases (0.7%; specificity = 99.2%). In both dementia of Alzheimer's type and vascular dementia, number of symptoms tended to be inversely related to severity of dementia, but psychopathological profiles differed. Conclusion:, Non-cognitive, negative-type symptoms are very frequent in cases of dementia living in the community. They have powerful specificity in the distinction with non-cases, and might change current concepts of dementia. [source] Physical Exercise in Chinese Older Adults: A Transtheoretical Model,JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOBEHAVIORAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2006Kee-Lee Chou Physical exercise has a positive impact on physical and mental health among older adults. This study identifies significant correlates of exercise behavior among Hong Kong Chinese older adults under the transtheoretical model. The data came from a survey of a representative community sample of 425 elderly respondents in Hong Kong. Using multiple regression models, the authors found that perceived benefits of exercise and self-efficacy for exercise were related significantly to exercise behavior, and their effects on exercise were mediated completely through the stages of changes in exercise. Although perceived barriers to exercise are significantly and negatively associated with exercise behavior, this relationship disappeared in multiple regression analysis after controlling demographic and several health-related variables. Findings suggest that perceived benefits and self-efficacy on exercise should be strengthened to motivate older adults to engage in a more active lifestyle. [source] Children's perspectives on their relationships with their nonresident fathers: influences, outcomes and implicationsTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 3 2004Judy Dunn Background:, Children's relationships with their nonresident fathers, and associations between these relationships, children's relationships with mothers and stepfathers, and the children's adjustment were studied in 162 children from single-parent and stepfamilies, selected from a representative community sample in the UK, studied at 2 time points two years apart. Method:, Children were interviewed about their relationships with their nonresident fathers, mothers and stepfathers; mothers reported on children's adjustment, and other family variables. Results:, Positive child,nonresident father relationships were correlated with (a) contact between child and father, (b) the quality of the mother,child relationship, and (c) the frequency of contact between the mother and her former partner. Conflict between child and father was correlated with conflict between child and mother, and child and stepfather. Child,nonresident father contact and relationships were stable over 2 years, and related to children's adjustment; these associations were stronger for children from single-parent families than for those with stepfathers, and for those whose mothers had been first pregnant as teenagers. Conclusions:, Associations between the quality of children's relationships with nonresident fathers and their adjustment need to be considered within the framework of the larger family system; child,father relationships are particularly important for children from ,high risk' families. [source] Genetic and environmental influence on language impairment in 4-year-old same-sex and opposite-sex twinsTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 2 2004Essi Viding Background:, We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four-year-old twins with low language performance and their co-twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131 same-sex DZ pairs and 102 opposite-sex DZ pairs. Methods:, Language impairment in 4-year-olds was defined by scores below the 15th percentile on a general factor derived from an extensive language test battery. Language impairment of different degrees of severity was investigated by using multiple cut-offs below the 15th percentile. Results:, DeFries,Fulker extremes analysis indicated that language impairment as measured by the general language scale is under strong genetic influence. In addition, group differences heritability showed an increasing trend (from 38% to 76%) as a function of severity of language impairment. Although more boys are impaired than girls, incorporating opposite-sex DZ pairs into the analysis found neither quantitative nor qualitative differences between boys and girls in genetic and environmental aetiologies. Conclusions:, Language impairment at four years is heritable. This finding replicates previous research on language impairment and extends it by showing that language impairment is heritable in twins selected from a representative community sample. Despite the mean difference between boys and girls, genetic and environmental influences are quantitatively and qualitatively similar for language impairment for boys and girls. For both boys and girls, heritability appears to be greater for more severe language impairment, indicating stronger influence of genes at the lower end of language ability. [source] | ||||||||||