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Release Formulations (release + formulations)
Selected AbstractsAdverse effects of conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the upper gastrointestinal tractFUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Michael J. S. Langman Abstract This article reviews the clinical and epidemiological features of conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) related peptic ulcer complications, and the associated risk factors. The degree of gastrointestinal toxicity varies widely between the available drugs and with dose of each. The risk of ulcer complications can however be reduced, and perhaps completely removed, by using the lowest dose of the least toxic member of the class. Enteric coating and other delayed release formulations have not been shown to reduce risk. Estimates of the imposed disease burden have varied widely, in part through assuming that risks in selected patient groups will necessarily translate to the general population. Nevertheless, the imposed disease burden is one of the largest associated with current drug treatment. Associated risk factors such as prior ulcer, corticosteroid use and concurrent aspirin as well as general cardiovascular disease will raise the likelihood of an ulcer complication in NSAID takers and non-takers. Therefore, strategies dependent on substituting COX-selective drugs will then be only partially successful. [source] Electrospinning of Manmade and Biopolymer Nanofibers,Progress in Techniques, Materials, and ApplicationsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 18 2009Seema Agarwal Abstract Electrospinning of nanofibers has developed quickly from a laboratory curiosity to a highly versatile method for the preparation of a wide variety of nanofibers, which are of interest from a fundamental as well as a technical point of view. A wide variety of materials has been processed into individual nanofibers or nanofiber mats with very different morphologies. The diverse properties of these nanofibers, based on different physical, chemical, or biological behavior, mean they are of interest for different applications ranging from filtration, antibacterial coatings, drug release formulations, tissue engineering, living membranes, sensors, and so on. A particular advantage of electrospinning is that numerous non-fiber forming materials can be immobilized by electrospinning in nanofiber nonwovens, even very sensitive biological objects such as virus, bacteria, and cells. The progress made during the last few years in the field of electrospinning is fascinating and is highlighted in this Feature Article, with particular emphasis on results obtained in the authors' research units. Specific areas of importance for the future of electrospinning, and which may open up novel applications, are also highlighted. [source] New once-daily formulation for trospium in overactive bladderINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 11 2010C. Chapple Summary Aims:, We examined the relative efficacy and safety of trospium 20 mg bid and 60 mg extended release formulations and position this drug against other antimuscarinic agents. Methods:, Data were identified on the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of trospium chloride. Key publications on trospium 20-mg and 60-mg clinical studies in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) were identified and efficacy and safety compared between these formulations as well as other antimuscarinic agents. Results:, Trospium offers the principal advantage over other antimuscarinic agents that, as it is a quaternary amine, it does not cross the blood,brain barrier and is therefore less likely to cause central nervous system effects observed with several other agents. Moreover, with its minimal liver metabolisation, independent of the main cytochrome pathways, trospium has a low risk of drug,drug interaction in patients taking multiple pharmacological agents. Trospium 60 mg ER is as effective as trospium 20 mg bid in improving the key outcome parameters associated with OAB, but with a lower rate of dry mouth, the most common side effect of these agents. Trospium has comparable efficacy and safety to the other antimuscarinic agents currently marketed. Discussion:, Good patient persistence with treatment has been reported with trospium. There are currently a large number of antimuscarinic drugs on the market without clear evidence to distinguish one agent from another in terms of efficacy, provided that an adequate dose is used in the clinical setting. Conclusion:, The new formulation of trospium is certainly worth considering as a pharmacological treatment of patients with OAB, particularly in the elderly, in whom one wants to avoid the potential for cognitive dysfunction. [source] Electric field controlled electrospray deposition for precise particle pattern and cell pattern formationAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 10 2010Jingwei Xie Abstract Photolithography, soft lithography, and ink jetting have been used for automated micropattern fabrication. However, most of the methods for microfabrication of surface pattern are limited to the investigation of material properties of substrates with high-cost and complex procedures. In the present study, we show a simple (single-step) yet versatile and robust approach to generate biodegradable polymeric particle patterns on a substrate using electrospray deposition through a mask. Various particle patterns including patterned dots, circles, squares, and bands can be easily formed and the features of particle patterns could also be tailored using different masks and electrostatic focusing effects. Furthermore, cell patterns can be achieved on the surface of particle patterns by blocking the areas without particle deposition on the substrate and culturing cells on the substrate. Polymeric particle patterns and cell patterns developed in this study could be used in the high throughput screening of sustained release formulations, cell-based sensing, and drug discovery. In addition to experimental results, an analysis of the associated electric field is used to investigate quantitatively the nature of focusing effect. Scaling analysis is also applied to obtain the dominate terms in electrospray deposition process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010 [source] Microenvironmental pH modulation in solid dosage formsJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 5 2007Sherif I. Farag Badawy Abstract There are many reports in the literature referring to the effect of ,microenvironmental pH' on solid dosage form performance, particularly stability and dissolution profiles. Several techniques have been proposed for the measurement of the microenvironmental pH. Those techniques use certain assumptions and approximations and many of them employ a solution calibration curve of a probe to predict hydrogen ion activity in a substantially dry solid. Despite the limitation of the methodology, it is clear from the literature that microenvironmental pH has a significant impact on stability of compounds which demonstrate pH dependent stability in solution. Degradation kinetics of such compounds, and in some cases degradation profile as well, are dependent on the microenvironmental pH of the solid. Modulation of the microenvironmental pH through the use of pH modifiers can hence prove to be a very effective tool in maximizing solid dosage form stability. Judicial selection of the appropriate pH modifier, its concentration and the manufacturing process used to incorporate the pH modifier is necessary to enhance stability. Control of microenvironmental pH to maximize stability can be achieved without the use of pH modifier in some cases if an appropriate counter ion is used to provide an inherently optimal pH for the salt. Microenvironmental pH modulation was also shown to control the dissolution profile of both immediate and controlled release dosage forms of compounds with pH dependent solubility. The pH modifiers have been used in conjunction with high energy or salt forms in immediate release formulations to minimize the precipitation of the less soluble free form during initial dissolution. Additionally, pH modifiers were utilized in controlled release dosage forms of weakly basic drugs which exhibit diminished release in dissolution media with high pH. The incorporation of acidic pH modifiers in the controlled release formulation increases the solubility of the basic drug even as the high pH dissolution medium enters into the dosage form hence increasing drug release rate. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 96: 948,959, 2007 [source] Advances and potential applications of chitosan derivatives as mucoadhesive biomaterials in modern drug deliveryJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 8 2006Shruti Chopra Pharmaceutical technologists have been working extensively on various mucoadhesive polymeric systems to create an intimate and prolonged contact at the site of administration. Chitosan is one of the most promising polymers because of its non-toxic, polycationic biocompatible, biodegradable nature, and particularly due to its mucoadhesive and permeation enhancing properties. Due to its potential importance in controlled drug delivery applications, pharmaceutical scientists have exploited this mucoadhesive polymer. However, chitosan suffers from limited solubility at physiological pH and causes presystemic metabolism of drugs in intestinal and gastric fluids in the presence of proteolytic enzymes. These inherent drawbacks of chitosan have been overcome by forming derivatives such as carboxylated, various conjugates, thiolated, and acylated chitosan, thus providing a platform for sustained release formulations at a controlled rate, prolonged residence time, improved patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency, enhanced bioavailability and a significant improvement in therapeutic efficacy. We have explored the potential benefits of these improved chitosan derivatives in modern drug delivery. [source] | |||||||||||||