Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Relative Consumption (relative + consumption)
Selected AbstractsAbsolute and Relative Consumption of Married U.S. Households in 1960 and 1996: The Cleavers Meet the TaylorsJOURNAL OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2002MICHAEL L. WALDENArticle first published online: 3 MAR 200 Consumer Expenditure Survey data for 1960 and 1996 are used to examine the real consumption of single-earner and dual-earner households. Both real consumption quantities and budget shares of consumption categories were found to differ by household earner type. However, both real consumption quantities and budget shares of the majority of consumption categories were more similar for singleearner households and dual-earner households with two full-time workers in 1996 than in 1960. Also, the savings rate of all household earner types improved significantly from 1960 to 1996. [source] Predation on mutualists can reduce the strength of trophic cascadesECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 11 2006Tiffany M. Knight Abstract Ecologists have put forth several mechanisms to predict the strength of predator effects on producers (a trophic cascade). We suggest a novel mechanism , in systems in which mutualists of plants are present and important, predators can have indirect negative effects on producers through their consumption of mutualists. The strength of predator effects on producers will depend on their relative consumption of mutualists and antagonists, and on the relative importance of each to producer population dynamics. In a meta-analysis of experiments that examine the effects of predator reduction on the pollination and reproductive success of plants, we found that the indirect negative effects of predators on plants are quite strong. Most predator removal experiments measure the strength of predator effects on producers through the antagonist pathway; we suggest that a more complete understanding of the role of predators will be achieved by simultaneously considering the effects of predators on plant mutualists. [source] Life satisfaction in Malawi and the importance of relative consumption, polygamy and religionJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 7 2008Tim Hinks Abstract Happiness equations for Malawi are estimated using a new household survey. It is apparent that absolute consumption level is strongly associated with satisfaction. Both objective and subjective relative consumption in the neighbourhood is positively associated with satisfaction. Male satisfaction is associated strongly with relative consumption but female satisfaction is not. Separated or widowed females are less happy than males indicating a vulnerability that acts as a disincentive to leave husbands during marital problems. Polygamous females in traditional religions are less satisfied than other females whilst there is some evidence that male Muslims in polygamous relationships are more satisfied. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Herbivore feeding preferences in captive and wild populationsAUSTRAL ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2010CHRISTINE M. RAFFERTY Abstract Investigations into the mechanisms underpinning plant selection by herbivores have often yielded conflicting results. Such inconsistency might stem from whether selection experiments are conducted with captive or wild populations, and upon the different measures of plant selection used to determine herbivore preference. Here we compared the feeding preferences of captive and wild kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) using a standard set of plant species (14 Hakea spp., Proteaceae) and several measures of herbivore selection to examine how environment influenced relative consumption. Three indices of herbivore consumption were measured: number of plants (NP), total shoot volume per plant (TV) and percentage available shoot volume (PV) consumed. NP and TV were closely correlated in the wild and captive populations and consistently correlated with six morphological and chemical plant attributes examined, the most notable being a strong negative correlation with shoot phenolic content. This uniformity suggests that plant selection by captive kangaroos is broadly consistent with that observed in field trials, and consequently that for macropods, at least, captive trials offer a valid way to determine the relative acceptability of different plant species. However, the fact that our third measure of herbivore selection PV was weakly correlated in captive and wild populations and showed no relationship with shoot phenolic content highlights the importance of which measure of plant selection is applied. We suggest that, while NP and TV are potentially confounded by plant size and availability, they offer the clearest insight into plant selection from the point of view of the herbivore, while PV is more suitable for plant-centred studies. [source] | ||||||||||