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Related Phenomena (relate + phenomenon)
Selected AbstractsDental Materials In Vivo: Aging and Related PhenomenaJOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS, Issue 2 2004Mary P. Walker DDS No abstract is available for this article. [source] A depth-integrated, coupled SPH model for flow-like landslides and related phenomenaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 2 2009M. Pastor Abstract In the past decades, flow-like catastrophic landslides caused many victims and important economic damage around the world. It is therefore important to predict their path, velocity and depth in order to provide adequate mitigation and protection measures. This paper presents a model that incorporates coupling between pore pressures and the solid skeleton inside the avalanching mass. A depth-integrated, coupled, mathematical model is derived from the velocity,pressure version of the Biot,Zienkiewicz model, which is used in soil dynamics. The equations are complemented with simple rheological equations describing soil behaviour and are discretized using the SPH method. The accuracy of the model is assessed using a series of benchmarks, and then it is applied to back-analyse the propagation stage of some catastrophic flow-like slope movements for which field data are available. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The island rule and a research agenda for studying ecogeographical patternsJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 9 2006Mark V. Lomolino Abstract We are currently experiencing a resurgence of interest in ecogeographical rules, which describe general trends in morphology and related traits along geographical gradients. In order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the generality and underlying causal mechanisms for these patterns, we recommend a new, more integrated research agenda. In particular, we recommend studies that simultaneously consider different clines in morphology, geographical ranges and diversity as intricately related phenomena; all being ecological, evolutionary and biogeographical responses of organisms to selection regimes that vary non-randomly over space and time, and among species with different ecological and evolutionary histories. [source] Self-Regulation and the Problem of Human Autonomy: Does Psychology Need Choice, Self-Determination, and Will?JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 6 2006Richard M. Ryan ABSTRACT The term autonomy literally refers to regulation by the self. Its opposite, heteronomy, refers to controlled regulation, or regulation that occurs without self-endorsement. At a time when philosophers and economists are increasingly detailing the nature of autonomy and recognizing its social and practical significance, many psychologists are questioning the reality and import of autonomy and closely related phenomena such as will, choice, and freedom. Using the framework of self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000), we review research concerning the benefits of autonomous versus controlled regulation for goal performance, persistence, affective experience, quality of relationships, and well-being across domains and cultures. We also address some of the controversies and terminological issues surrounding the construct of autonomy, including critiques of autonomy by biological reductionists, cultural relativists, and behaviorists. We conclude that there is a universal and cross-developmental value to autonomous regulation when the construct is understood in an exacting way. [source] Developing a learning progression for scientific modeling: Making scientific modeling accessible and meaningful for learnersJOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING, Issue 6 2009Christina V. Schwarz Abstract Modeling is a core practice in science and a central part of scientific literacy. We present theoretical and empirical motivation for a learning progression for scientific modeling that aims to make the practice accessible and meaningful for learners. We define scientific modeling as including the elements of the practice (constructing, using, evaluating, and revising scientific models) and the metaknowledge that guides and motivates the practice (e.g., understanding the nature and purpose of models). Our learning progression for scientific modeling includes two dimensions that combine metaknowledge and elements of practice,scientific models as tools for predicting and explaining, and models change as understanding improves. We describe levels of progress along these two dimensions of our progression and illustrate them with classroom examples from 5th and 6th graders engaged in modeling. Our illustrations indicate that both groups of learners productively engaged in constructing and revising increasingly accurate models that included powerful explanatory mechanisms, and applied these models to make predictions for closely related phenomena. Furthermore, we show how students engaged in modeling practices move along levels of this progression. In particular, students moved from illustrative to explanatory models, and developed increasingly sophisticated views of the explanatory nature of models, shifting from models as correct or incorrect to models as encompassing explanations for multiple aspects of a target phenomenon. They also developed more nuanced reasons to revise models. Finally, we present challenges for learners in modeling practices,such as understanding how constructing a model can aid their own sensemaking, and seeing model building as a way to generate new knowledge rather than represent what they have already learned. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 632,654, 2009 [source] Cooperative scattering of light and atoms in ultracold atomic gasesLASER PHYSICS LETTERS, Issue 7 2008H. Uys Abstract Superradiance and coherent atomic recoil lasing are two closely related phenomena, both resulting from the cooperative scattering of light by atoms. In ultracold atomic gases below the critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation these processes take place with the simultaneous amplification of the atomic matter waves. We explore these phenomena by surveying some of the experimental and theoretical developments that have emerged in this field of study since the first observation of superradiant scattering from a Bose-Einstein condensate in 1999 [1]. (© 2008 by Astro Ltd., Published exclusively by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA) [source] From simple rules to cycling in community assemblyOIKOS, Issue 2 2004Sebastian J. Schreiber Simulation studies of community assembly have frequently observed two related phenomena: (1) the humpty dumpty effect in which communities can not be reconstructed by "sequential" invasions (i.e. single species invasions separated by long intervals of time) and (2) cycling between sub-communities. To better understand the mechanisms underlying these phenomena, we analyze a system consisting of two predators and two prey competing for a shared resource. We show how simple dominance rules (i.e. R* and P* rules) lead to cycling between sub-communities consisting of predator,prey pairs; predator and prey invasions alternatively lead to prey displacement via apparent competition and predator displacement via exploitative competition. We also show that these cycles are often dynamically unstable in the population phase space. More specifically, while for too slow invasion rates (i.e. "sequential" invasions) the system cycles indefinitely, faster invasion rates lead to coexistence of all species. In the later case, the assembly dynamics exhibit transient cycling between predator-prey subcommunities and the length of these transients decreases with the invasion rate and increases with habitat productivity. [source] Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter (Phonons2004)PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 11 2004Alexander Kaplyanskii The 11th International Conference on Phonon Scattering (Phonons2004) was held in St. Petersburg, Russia, 25,30 July 2004. Both theoretical and experimental results on studies in phonon physics and related phenomena were presented and discussed. Main topical areas were: Phonons in nanostructures, coherent phonons, phononic crystals and superlattices, ultrafast acoustics, solitons and nonlinear phenomena, electron,phonon interaction, phonons in glasses and disordered materials, phonon transport and imaging, quantum fluids, lattice dynamics, and Raman and neutron scattering. [source] Transition in Post-Communist States: Triple or Quadruple?POLITICS, Issue 3 2001Taras Kuzio When the study of transitions moved from Latin America and southern Europe scholars initially assumed that transition in these two regions would be regime-based ,double transitions' of democratisation and marketisation. Gradually, it was accepted by scholars that many post-communist states inherited weak states and institutions, thereby adding a third factor to the transition process of stateness. This ,triple transition' has been largely accepted as sufficient to understand post-communist transitions and, in some cases, includes nationality questions. This article builds on the ,triple transition' by separating the national and stateness questions within its third aspect and argues that although both processes are interlinked they should be nevertheless separated into separate components (democratisation and marketisation are treated separately but are also closely related phenomena). This article argues two points. First, stateness and the nationality question were until recently ignored by scholars because these were not factors in earlier transitions. Secondly, they were ignored because the relationship of nationhood to the civic state is still under-theorised. [source] The contribution of callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems to bullying in early adolescenceTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 4 2009Essi Viding Background:, Although a lot is known about the association of conduct problems with bullying, less attention has been paid to co-occurring traits, such as callous-unemotional (CU) traits that might additionally contribute to the risk of engaging in bullying. This study investigated the contribution of CU traits to direct and indirect bullying, alongside the contributions made by conduct problems and gender. Methods:, Seven hundred and four 11,13-year-olds completed self-report measures of callous-emotional traits and psychopathology, including conduct problems. Peer-report measures of direct and indirect bullying were collected from classmates. Results:, Higher levels of CU traits were associated with higher levels of direct bullying, over and above the association between bullying and conduct problems. Conduct problems and CU traits interacted in the prediction of both direct and indirect bullying. In line with previous research, males were more likely to engage in direct and females in indirect bullying. Conclusions:, This study highlights the importance of viewing CU traits and conduct problems, not only as related phenomena, but also as distinct entities in mediating the underlying susceptibility of children to bully others directly. Furthermore, a combination of these traits appears to be a particularly potent risk factor for both direct and indirect bullying. Implications for intervention are discussed, in particular the concern that lack of empathy and insensitivity to punishment in those with CU traits may also make them particularly resistant to current forms of bullying intervention. [source] Application of the self-potential method to archaeological prospection: some case historiesARCHAEOLOGICAL PROSPECTION, Issue 2 2004M. G. DrahorArticle first published online: 12 MAY 200 Abstract The self-potential (SP) method is very rarely used in archaeological prospection because related phenomena are not very well known. The aim of this study is to discuss the different SP phenomena that might be observed at archaeological sites, and therefore the SP method was applied at different archaeological sites in Anatolia (Turkey), such as Acemhöyük, Amorium, Burgaz and Ulucakhöyük archaeological areas and the Sinop amphorae workshop site. These studies indicated that SP anomalies existed over both burned or unburned materials at archaeological sites, such as walls, pits, kilns, etc. Furthermore, SP anomalies were also found over areas of complex soil distribution and visible physical changes on the surface. Other kinds of SP anomalies were also observed in those archaeological structures located very close to the coastline. These results were confirmed by archaeological excavations, which were carried out after geophysical surveys in the areas studied. All the studies supported that electrokinetic and electrochemical potentials might be the main cause of SP anomalies in the buried archaeological structures. The SP data collected with the gradient and total measurement techniques were processed by forward and inversion methods, and the main SP parameters (h, Q and x0) were determined. In addition, the SP results were compared with other applied geophysical methods such as resistivity and magnetic. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Embryonic systems implementation with FPGA-based artificial cell network hardware architecturesASIAN JOURNAL OF CONTROL, Issue 2 2010Csaba Szász Abstract The cell-based structure, which makes up the majority of biological organisms, offers the ability to grow with fault-tolerance abilities and self-repair. By adapting these mechanisms and capabilities to nature, scientific approaches have promoted research for understanding related phenomena and associated principles to engine complex novel digital systems and improve their capability. Founded by these observations, the paper is focused on computer-aided modeling, simulation and experimental research of embryonic systems, with the purpose to implement very large scale integrated hardware structures which are able to imitate cells or artificial organism operation mode, with similar robustness and fault-tolerance properties like their biological equivalents from nature. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based artificial cell model configuration provided with strongly network communication capabilities is proposed and developed. The presented theoretical and simulation approaches were tested on a laboratory prototype embryonic system (embryonic machine), for study and implementation of basic abilities of living organisms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society [source] Quantitative steps in symbiogenesis and the evolution of homeostasisBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 3 2003S. A. L. M. KOOIJMAN ABSTRACT The merging of two independent populations of heterotrophs and autotrophs into a single population of mixotrophs has occurred frequently in evolutionary history. It is an example of a wide class of related phenomena, known as symbiogenesis. The physiological basis is almost always (reciprocal) syntrophy, where each species uses the products of the other species. Symbiogenesis can repeat itself after specialization on particular assimilatory substrates. We discuss quantitative aspects and delineate eight steps from two free-living interacting populations to a single fully integrated endosymbiotic one. The whole process of gradual interlocking of the two populations could be mimicked by incremental changes of particular parameter values. The role of products gradually changes from an ecological to a physiological one. We found conditions where the free-living, epibiotic and endobiotic populations of symbionts can co-exist, as well as conditions where the endobiotic symbionts outcompete other symbionts. Our population dynamical analyses give new insights into the evolution of cellular homeostasis. We show how structural biomass with a constant chemical composition can evolve in a chemically varying environment if the parameters for the formation of products satisfy simple constraints. No additional regulation mechanisms are required for homeostasis within the context of the dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory for the uptake and use of substrates by organisms. The DEB model appears to be closed under endosymbiosis. This means that when each free-living partner follows DEB rules for substrate uptake and use, and they become engaged in an endosymbiotic relationship, a gradual transition to a single fully integrated system is possible that again follows DEB rules for substrate uptake and use. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||