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Related Literature (relate + literature)
Selected AbstractsRefuting patients' obligations to clinical training: a critical analysis of the arguments for an obligation of patients to participate in the clinical education of medical studentsMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 3 2001Jude T Waterbury Context The clinical teaching of medical students is essential to the continuation of medicine, but it has a major impact on the patient's health care and autonomy. Some people believe that there is a moral obligation for patients to participate in this training. Such an obligation, real or perceived, may endanger patients' autonomy. Objectives The author makes a critical analysis of the main arguments he encounters supporting such an obligation. These arguments are: (1) the furthering of medical education; (2) compensation when uninsured or unable to pay; (3) an equitable return for the care received in a teaching hospital, and (4) fulfilment of a student's need for (and some say right to) clinical training. Methods Related literature is reviewed in search of evidence and/or support for such arguments. Conclusions The review reveals that these arguments either cannot be verified or do not necessarily place any obligations on the patient. It is argued that, while a medical student may have a right to clinical education, the obligation to fulfil this right rests with the medical university and not on the patients of its teaching hospitals. Solutions Several proposals are made about how to satisfy this need without infringing on the patient's right to refuse participation, explaining the patient's rights and role in clinical teaching, and the use of standardized patients where necessary. [source] Introducing dimensionless parameters into the correlation of NMR relaxation time to transport properties of porous mediaCONCEPTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE, Issue 3 2007Manolis M. Tomadakis Abstract Dimensionless parameters representing the viscous permeability (k) and NMR relaxation time (T1) of particle beds, while accounting also for the particle size, are shown to improve drastically the accuracy of k-T1 correlations in the slow diffusion regime, in the absence of bulk relaxation effects. The finding is based on a regression analysis of numerical results for k and T1 in both random and ordered isotropic and anisotropic beds of fibers. Use of the formation factor (F) improves further the accuracy of the correlations only for the strongly anisotropic unidirectional arrays of fibers. A survey of related literature reveals an extensive effort in recent years in upgrading k-T1 correlations, driven primarily by applications in petroleum and gas field exploration and recovery. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 30A: 154,164, 2007. [source] Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Case of Symptomatic Japanese Type Apical Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 6 2004Murat Meriç M.D. A 61-year-old male patient was hospitalized due to the exertional angina pectoris. A diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was made by ECG (electrocardiography), echocardiographic, and coronary angiographic findings. This case was reported and related literature was reviewed because of its similarity to Japanese type apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCMP) cases rarely seen outside Asia. [source] Electric field-enhanced transport across phase boundaries and membranes and its potential use in sample pretreatment for bioanalysisELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 5 2010Pavel Kubá Abstract Separation techniques, such as electrodialysis, electroextraction, electro-membrane extraction and extraction across phase interfaces, are reviewed and discussed as methods for sample cleanup and preconcentration. This survey clearly shows that electromigration of ionic species across phase interfaces, especially across supported liquid membranes, may be very selective and is strongly dependent on the chemical composition of these interfaces. Thus, electric field-enhanced transport across chemically tailored liquid membranes may open new perspectives in preparative analytical chemistry. This review offers comprehensive survey of related literature and discussion of the topic, which may stimulate interest of experts and practitioners in bioanalysis. [source] Fiscal Forecasting: Lessons from the Literature and Challenges,FISCAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2008Teresa Leal H6; E62; C53 Abstract. While fiscal forecasting and monitoring has its roots in the accountability of governments for the use of public funds in democracies, the Stability and Growth Pact has significantly increased interest in budgetary forecasts in Europe, where they play a key role in EU multilateral budgetary surveillance. In view of the increased prominence and sensitivity of budgetary forecasts, which may lead to them being influenced by strategic and political factors, this paper discusses the main issues and challenges in the field of fiscal forecasting from a practitioner's perspective and places them in the context of the related literature. [source] Myths and moderation in marine ,metapopulations'?FISH AND FISHERIES, Issue 1 2002R Kent Smedbol Abstract The metapopulation concept is appearing with increasing frequency in the marine population dynamics and genetics literature, though its applicability to marine systems remains an open question. Moreover, in recent years, the meaning of the term ,metapopulation' has become blurred, concomitant with its increasing use. In this paper, we summarize the concept of metapopulation dynamics and the associated theoretical assumptions. We call for a stricter definition and use of the term ,metapopulation', critically evaluate the applicability of metapopulation theory to marine population dynamics and its use in the related literature, and consider two published case-studies that investigate metapopulation structuring in specific marine populations. Finally, we urge scientists to carefully articulate what is meant by the term ,metapopulation' and to use appropriate citations in the primary literature to circumvent the potential for nebulous (and possibly damaging) conclusions in the future. [source] Flapwise bending vibration of rotating platesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 7 2002H. H. Yoo Abstract Linear equations of motion for the flapwise bending vibration analysis of rotating plates are derived in the present work. The equations of motion are transformed into dimensionless forms in which three dimensionless parameters are identified. The effects of the dimensionless parameters on the characteristics of the flapwise bending vibration of rotating plates are investigated. The accuracy of the present modelling method is verified through comparing its numerical results to those obtained by an existing method in the related literature. Eigenvalue loci crossing and eigenvalue loci veering phenomena are observed and discussed. The variations of mode shapes associated with the phenomena are also exhibited. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Adult Sensitivity to Children's Learning in the Zone of Proximal DevelopmentJOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR, Issue 4 2001Amy Chak Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development (zpd) has brought wide attention to the role of adults in children's learning and development. The author proposes that beyond understanding its mechanism, its use is influenced by various factors which the adult needs to be sensitive to. Through integrating related literature on the zpd and on adult-child interactions, this paper aims to shed light on the nature of adult sensitivity in actualizing the zpd. The concept is first analyzed theoretically. Two types of sensitivity will then be discussed: adults' self-awareness and their awareness of children as active players in the interaction process. Sigel's concept of distancing is suggested as a means of enhancing one's sensitivity. [source] Cariogenicity of soluble starch in oral in vitro biofilm and experimental rat caries studies: a comparisonJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008T. Thurnheer Abstract Aims:, Common belief suggests that starch is less cariogenic than sugar; however, the related literature is quite controversial. We aimed to compare cariogenic and microbiological effects of soluble starch in both a standard animal model and an oral biofilm system, and to assess the possible substitution of the animal model. Methods and Results:, Six-species biofilms were grown anaerobically on enamel discs in saliva and medium with glucose/sucrose, starch (average molecular weight of 5000, average polymerization grade of 31), or mixtures thereof. After 64·5 h of biofilm formation, the microbiota were quantitated by cultivation and demineralization was measured by quantitative light-induced fluorescence. To assess caries incidence in rats, the same microbiota as in the biofilm experiments were applied. The animals were fed diets containing either glucose, glucose/sucrose, glucose/sucrose/starch or starch alone. Results with both models show that demineralization was significantly smaller with starch than sucrose. Conclusions:, The data demonstrate that soluble starch is substantially less cariogenic than glucose/sucrose. Significance and Impact of the Study:, By leading to the same scientific evidence as its in vivo counterpart, the described in vitro biofilm system provides an interesting and valuable tool in the quest to reduce experimentation with animals. [source] Mechanical Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction Causing Pulsus Alternans Leading to Intermittent Electromechanical Dissociation: A Case Report and Literature ReviewJOURNAL OF CARDIAC SURGERY, Issue 6 2007Vasha Kaur M.B.Ch.B. (Hons) She initially developed pulsus alternans which led, over a few hours, to intermittent electromechanical dissociation. Clinical and echocardiographic findings are described. Emergency surgical intervention revealed a piece of chorda wedged between the disc occluder and the valve ring. This case illustrates clinical and Doppler echocardiographic features associated with a rare presentation of an unusual perioperative complication of prosthetic mitral valve dysfunction. We have also included a brief review of related literature. [source] Stepping out of the box: broadening the dialogue around the organizational implementation of cognitive behavioural psychotherapyJOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 4 2005J. POOLE ba dip nursing (mh) The dissemination and uptake of cognitive behavioural interventions is central to the evidence-based mental health agenda in Britain. However, some policy and related literature, in and of itself social constructed, tends to display discursive naďvety in assuming a rational basis for the dissemination and organizational integration of cognitive behavioural approaches. Rational constructions fail to acknowledge that the practice settings of key stakeholders in the process are likely to be socially constructed fields of multiple meanings. Within these, the importance of evidence-based interventions may be variously contested or reworked. To illustrate this, a case example from the first author will discuss the hypothetical introduction of a cognitive behavioural group for voice hearers in a forensic mental health unit. This will highlight contradictions and local organizational problems around the effective utilization of postgraduate cognitive behavioural knowledge and skills. A synthesis of social constructionist with organizational theory will be used to make better sense of these actual and anticipated difficulties. From this basis, specific ways in which nurses and supportive stakeholders could move the implementation of cognitive behavioural psychotherapy agenda forward within a postmodern leadership context will be proposed. [source] Effects of Dry Grinding on the Structural Changes of Kaolinite PowdersJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 7 2000Pedro J. Sánchez-Soto The present study examined the effects of dry grinding, using ball-milling, on the structure of reference well-crystallized (KGa-1) and poorly crystallized (KGa-2) kaolinite powders from Georgia. Grinding produced a strong structural alteration, mainly along the c axis, resulting in disorder and total degradation of the crystal structure of the kaolinite and the formation of an amorphous product. The surface area increased with grinding time, mainly in KGa-2 (maximum value 50.27 m2/g), a result associated with particle-size reduction. These particles became more agglomerated with grinding, and the surface area decreased after 30 min, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and particle-size-distribution analysis. There was a limit to particle-size reduction with grinding time. When grinding time was increased, the original endothermic differential thermal analysis (DTA) effects of dehydroxylation in both samples shifted to lower temperatures, decreased in intensity, then disappeared completely after 120 min of grinding. The temperature of the characteristic first exothermic effect shifted slightly to lower temperatures with grinding, although the DTA effects did not increase with grinding time in either kaolinite sample, at least up to 325 min. The amorphous, mechanically activated kaolinite converted into low-crystalline mullite nuclei at a lower temperature than did the unground samples, as deduced by thermal and X-ray observations. This effect was especially important for the KGa-2 sample. Grinding did not seem to influence the formation of silicon-aluminum spinel from kaolinite. The present results may explain why ground kaolinite samples prepared via different routes,e.g., with differences in grinding,behave differently during high-temperature transformations, as reported in the related literature. [source] Application of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction in Chemical Biology: Approaches Toward Multivalent Carbohydrates and Peptides and Peptide-Based PolymersMOLECULAR INFORMATICS, Issue 11-12 2007Roland Abstract In this mini review we highlight our recent results and the related literature regarding the application of the Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition "click" reaction. The synthetic applications of the click reaction focus on multivalent carbohydrates and peptides and peptide-based polymers. Furthermore, a related reaction is described involving the coupling of thio acids and sulfonyl azides leading to the chemoselective formation of amides. [source] Philosophy, Death and ImmortalityPHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS, Issue 3 2007John Haldane Dewi Phillips was an insightful practitioner of a philosophical method of cultural phenomenology focused upon word and deed. His interests and outlook also brought him close to the concerns of some post-Kantian theologians, such as Schleiermacher. The present essay observes a link between their treatments of the nature and significance of the idea of immortality. It then explores something of Phillips' positions as developed in Death and Immortality, acknowledging the importance, which he emphasises, of the spiritual meaning of these ideas. On the other hand, it argues that his rejection of metaphysical aspects and underpinnings to these ideas is misplaced, in part because it leads not only to overlooking certain possibilities, but also because it fails to capture the complexity of actual religious claims concerning these matters advanced in Judaeo-Christian scripture and related literature. The essay ends by setting out an argument from Anselm's Monologion concerning the immortality of the soul in relation to loving and being loved by God. It is pointed out that since loving is an intentional attitude, one might love God while not knowing that God was the object of one's affection. [source] Developments in asbestos cancer risk assessment,AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 11 2009Michael A. Silverstein MD Abstract Background Efforts have been made for 25 years to develop asbestos risk assessments that provide valid information about workplace and community cancer risks. Mathematical models have been applied to a group of workplace epidemiology studies to describe the relationships between exposure and risk. EPA's most recent proposed method was presented at a public meeting in July 2008. Methods Risk assessments prepared by USEPA, OSHA, and NIOSH since 1972 were reviewed, along with related literature. Results and Conclusions None of the efforts to use statistical models to characterize relative cancer potencies for asbestos fiber types and sizes have been able to overcome limitations of the exposure data. Resulting uncertainties have been so great that these estimates should not be used to drive occupational and environmental health policy. The EPA has now rejected and discontinued work on its proposed methods for estimating potency factors. Future efforts will require new methods and more precise and reliable exposure assessments. However, while there may be genuine need for such work, a more pressing priority with regard to the six regulated forms of asbestos and other asbestiform fibers is to ban their production and use. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:850,858, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Does our literature support sectors newer to project management?PROJECT MANAGEMENT JOURNAL, Issue 3 2008The search for quality publications relevant to nontraditional industries Abstract Despite the broadening use of systematic approaches to project management, the majority of related literature is focused on a handful of industries,construction, engineering, government, information technology, and utilities,that have, until recently, been the traditional areas for project management. Currently, the nontraditional project management areas include banking, pharmaceuticals, consulting, advertising, legal, health care, safety, and nontraditional manufacturing and industrial sectors (Kerzner, 2001). In recognition of growth, scholars and practitioners have begun to include viewpoints generalized across the field as well as perspectives from specific industries. We report on the findings from a systematic review of project management literature. [source] Improvement reviews in new product developmentR & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2003Bryan Lilly This research examines how organizations can use improvement reviews to enhance learning from product development experiences. We review learning related literature and highlight learning barriers that firms should attempt to minimize when conducting reviews. We then discuss two studies aimed at better understanding the effectiveness of improvement reviews. The first study suggests that improvement reviews can facilitate learning by leading to a reduction in the recurrence of people-related problems, though reviews had no impact on reducing market or product related problems. The second study involved depth interviews with new product developers. Interview comments provide insights into improvement review best practices and shed light on why improvement reviews are sometimes ineffective. A set of managerial recommendations is provided. [source] Risk and Return in the U.S. Housing Market: A Cross-Sectional Asset-Pricing ApproachREAL ESTATE ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2006Susanne Cannon This article carries out an asset-pricing analysis of the U.S. metropolitan housing market. We use ZIP code,level housing data to study the cross-sectional role of volatility, price level, stock market risk and idiosyncratic volatility in explaining housing returns. While the related literature tends to focus on the dynamic role of volatility and housing returns within submarkets over time, our risk,return analysis is cross-sectional and covers the national U.S. metropolitan housing market. The study provides a number of important findings on the asset-pricing features of the U.S. housing market. Specifically, we find (i) a positive relation between housing returns and volatility, with returns rising by 2.48% annually for a 10% rise in volatility, (ii) a positive but diminishing price effect on returns and (iii) that stock market risk is priced directionally in the housing market. Our results on the return-volatility-price relation are robust to (i) metropolitan statistical area clustering effects and (ii) differences in socioeconomic characteristics among submarkets related to income, employment rate, managerial employment, owner-occupied housing, gross rent and population density. [source] HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, HOME PRODUCTION AND EQUILIBRIUM DYNAMICS*THE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2008YUNFANG HU In this paper, we construct a three-sector endogenous growth model in which long-run growth is propelled by human capital accumulation. We show that although the addition of a home sector to the standard two-sector endogenous growth model preserves the well-behaved balanced growth equilibrium properties, it generates new transitional dynamics around the balanced growth path. It is shown that, when there is a positive shock to physical capital, our model is more likely to exhibit paradoxical growth than are standard multisector endogenous growth models that exclude home production. Our analysis adds new results to those from the related literature on leisure. [source] Partial priapism secondary to tamsulosin: a case report and review of the literatureANDROLOGIA, Issue 3 2009M. Kilinc Summary Partial priapism is also called partial segmental thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum. It is a rare pathology, and its aetiology, physiopathology and treatment are still not completely understood. To our knowledge, partial priapism due to alpha blockers has not been reported previously in the literature. In this study, a successfully treated case of partial priapism occurring after the usage of alpha blocker is presented and discussed in light of the related literature. [source] Using R&D portfolio management to deal with dynamic riskR & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 5 2008Serghei Floricel We develop a theoretical framework for understanding why firms adopt specific approaches for the management of innovation project portfolios. Our theory focuses on a key contingency factor for innovation, namely the dynamics of competitive environments. We use four dimensions to characterize the patterns of environmental dynamics: velocity, turbulence, growth and instability. The paper then proposes the concept of dynamic risk as a determinant of portfolio management processes. Dynamic risk results from second-order learning by a firm confronted with a specific dynamic pattern in its environment. This learning concerns the likely nature of threats and the required updating of cognitive frameworks in such environments. Attempts to deal with dynamic risk enable various actors inside the firm to understand what kind of dynamic capabilities are needed in their innovation portfolio management processes. As a result of this diffuse learning, firms tend to favor certain common characteristics in their concrete portfolio management activities. To advance the theorizing of these characteristics, the paper also proposes four dimensions of portfolio management: structure, commitment, emergence and integration. Based on arguments inspired by the dynamic capability and related literatures, we advance a series of hypotheses, that relate environmental dynamics dimensions and portfolio management dimensions. These hypotheses are tested based on a survey of 795 firms in a variety of sectors and on four continents, using original scales and structural equation modeling methods. The results show, among other findings, that high-velocity environments favor structured as well as integrated portfolio management approaches, while high-growth environments favor approaches that are structured but commit significant resources to each project as well. Turbulent environments favor approaches that are emergent, but also, contrary to our expectations, have high resource commitment levels. Finally, firms in unstable environments have a marginal preference for emergent approaches. Results could help advance the dynamic contingency theoretical perspective on dynamic capabilities, as well as improve the practice of innovation portfolio management. [source] Transition pathways for young people with complex disabilities: exploring the economic consequencesCHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2008M. Knapp Abstract Background Disabled young people with complex needs face particular challenges when they reach adulthood and seek to move from school to employment or further education. There are potentially substantial personal and social costs arising from these challenges. Methods We sought evidence from recent UK research, policy and related literatures; undertook exploratory statistical analyses of birth cohort data; and analysed information provided by 30 disabled young people requiring high levels of practical and communication support. Results The personal, family and social costs that result from unsuccessful transition are substantial and wide-ranging. Health service and local authority expenditure are important elements, but do not allow young people to achieve the educational or employment goals to which they aspire, resulting in considerable costs for the state, whether through missing opportunities to contribute to the economy or through dependence on welfare benefits. Conclusions The considerable sums currently spent on disabled children and young people are clearly not enough, or not deployed appropriately, to enable those who reach adulthood to fulfil their ambitions, or to meet government policy intentions for young people to achieve economic well-being. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||