Related Changes (relate + change)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Kinds of Related Changes

  • age relate change


  • Selected Abstracts


    Dynamic capabilities in early-phase entrepreneurship

    KNOWLEDGE AND PROCESS MANAGEMENT: THE JOURNAL OF CORPORATE TRANSFORMATION, Issue 3 2006
    Paolo Boccardelli
    The dynamic capabilities perspective has received increasing attention in the field of strategic management research. By focusing not only on the competitive advantage that is provided by a certain resource constellation, but also on the change of firms' resources over time to fit changing business environments, this perspective underlines the strategic importance of innovation. Despite the apparent interest in the dynamics of firm resources, there is still limited empirical evidence for how the strategic matching of resources and market needs is actually done, particularly in more rapidly changing environments. In order to investigate this process, an empirical study of 59 start-ups in the Swedish mobile Internet industry was performed. A first finding from the study is that start-ups which change market focus have a significantly higher probability to survive their first years. Furthermore, it is seen that in most cases, the change in market focus takes place without any related change in the technological resources that are used by the firm, indicating that an important factor at this stage is the flexible use of resources in searching for a suitable match between resources and market opportunities. This mode of learning and adaptation is very different from earlier proposed models focusing on the acquisition and transformation of resources. Instead, the early-stage dynamic capabilities reveal themselves as bricolage, that is, the capacity to re-interpret and re-combine already existing resources and thereby improve their fit with the demands of the market environment. The results suggest that earlier proposed dynamic capabilities frameworks need to be modified, by taking into account the single entrepreneur as a source of dynamic capabilities, and by introducing the concept of resource flexibility. In terms of managerial implications, the findings underline the importance for entrepreneurs to balance the striving for distinctive capabilities that provide competitive advantage and the experimentation and improvisation needed to adapt to changes in the market. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Cortical lens opacification in Iceland

    ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2 2001
    Reykjavik Eye Study, Risk Factor Analysis
    ABSTRACT. Purpose: Cortical lens opacification has been associated with outdoor exposure and UV radiation more than other types of lens opacification. We studied risk factors for cortical lens opacification only, the most common as well as the earliest age related change we observe in the lens. Methods: 1,045 persons, 583 females and 462 males, 50 years and older, underwent a detailed eye examination and answered a questionnaire. Participants with cortical lens opacification grade I, totalling 374 persons, were assigned to case-control study I, and to case-control study II those with cortical lens opacification grades II and III, totalling 82 subjects. 378 age and sex matched persons served as controls. Results: Those who spent more than 4 hours/day outside on weekdays, in their 20's,30's and 40's,50's respectively, were found to have increased risk of moderate to severe cortical lens opacification. Thus the relative risk for grades II & III, was 2.80 (95% CI 1.01,7.80) and 2.91 (95% CI 1.13,9.62) respectively. Ageing and systemic cortical steroids use were also found to be risk factors. Conclusion: Outdoor exposure appears to be associated with increased risk of moderate to severe cortical lens opacification. Ageing is, however, the main risk factor. [source]


    Impact of the Rapid Rise of Supermarkets on Dairy Products Systems in Argentina

    DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 4 2002
    Graciela E. Gutman
    The reconfiguration and consolidation of food retailing in Argentina during the 1990s profoundly changed the marketing system for food and agricultural products. The new commercial requirements and ,rules of the game' imposed by supermarkets on their suppliers have caused a substantial restructuring of supply chains , a process in which some suppliers fail. This article describes the changes in the past decade in the Argentine retail sector, and then focuses on the effects of those changes (and related changes in processing) on milk products supply chains. Its conclusions focus on the challenges specific to small farms and firms in the face of this transformation. [source]


    Play fighting in androgen-insensitive tfm rats: Evidence that androgen receptors are necessary for the development of adult playful attack and defense

    DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006
    Evelyn F. Field
    Abstract The frequency of playful attack and the style of playful defense, are modifiable by gonadal steroids and change after puberty in male and female rats. The present study examined the play behavior exhibited by testicular feminized mutation (tfm) -affected males, who are insensitive to androgens but can bind estrogens aromatized from androgens, to determine the relative contributions of androgens and estrogens to the age-related changes in play behavior. tfm males did not exhibit a decrease in playful attack with age and were more likely to maintain the use of complete rotations, a juvenile form of playful defense, into adulthood. tfm males did however, show age related changes in the use of partial rotations and upright postures, two other forms of playful defense, that were similar to normal males. These data suggest that the development of play fighting and defense in males is dependent on both androgen- and estrogen-receptor-mediated effects. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psyshobiol 48: 111,120, 2006. [source]


    Unemployment clusters across Europe's regions and countries

    ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 34 2002
    Henry G. Overman
    Summary High unemployment and regional inequalities are major concerns for European policy-makers, but so far connections between policies dealing with unemployment and regional inequalities have been few and weak. We think that this should change. This paper documents a regional and transnational dimension to unemployment , i.e., geographical unemployment clusters that do not respect national boundaries. Since the mid 1980s, regions with high or low initial unemployment rates saw little change, while regions with intermediate unemployment moved towards extreme values. During this polarization, nearby regions tended to share similar outcomes due, we argue, to spatially related changes in labour demand. These spatially correlated demand shifts were due in part to initial clustering of low-skilled regions and badly performing industries, but a significant neighbour effect remains even after controlling for these, and the effect is as strong within as it is between nations. We believe this reflects agglomeration effects of economic integration. The new economic geography literature shows how integration fosters employment clusters that need not respect national borders. If regional labour forces do not adjust, regional unemployment polarization with neighbour effects can result. To account for these ,neighbour effects' a cross-regional and transnational dimension should be added to national anti-unemployment policies. Nations should consider policies that encourage regional wage setting, and short distance mobility, and the EU should consider including transnational considerations in its regional policy, since neighbour effects on unemployment mean that an anti-unemployment policy paid for by one region will benefit neighbouring regions. Since local politicians gain no votes or tax revenues from these ,spillovers', they are likely to underestimate the true benefit of the policy and thus tend to undertake too little of it. [source]


    Can macroinvertebrate rapid bioassessment methods be used to assess river health during drought in south eastern Australian streams?

    FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 12 2008
    PETER ROSE
    Summary 1Despite significant concern about drought impacts in Australia, there have been no broad-scale studies of drought effects on river health. A severe and prolonged drought has been acting on many streams in south eastern Australia over the past decade. EPA Victoria has undertaken rapid bioassessment (RBA) of over 250 stream reference sites since 1990, providing an opportunity for a before-after-control-impact investigation of drought related changes to macroinvertebrate indices and water quality. This study uses data from 1990 to 2004 to critically evaluate the effectiveness of using RBA methods and indices, which were designed for assessment of human impacts, for monitoring streams during drought. 2Reference stream sites across Victoria (those with minimal anthropogenic disturbances and repeatedly sampled) were classified as being ,in drought' or ,not in drought' using the Bureau of Meteorology's rainfall deficiency definition. Four biological indices (SIGNAL, EPT, Family Richness and AUSRIVAS) were calculated for combined autumn and spring samples for edge and riffle habitats for the selected sites. 3General linear models and paired t -tests were used to detect drought related changes to index and water quality values at state-wide and bioregional scales. Changes in taxa constancy were examined to determine which taxa were sensitive to or benefited from drought conditions. Frequency of site failure against biological objectives specified in the State Environment Protection Policy (Waters of Victoria) (herein termed ,SEPP WoV') before and during drought was also examined to detect changes in a management context. 4Few significant changes in index values were detected for riffle habitat samples. Rates of failure against biological objectives were similar before and during drought for riffle samples. In contrast, edge habitat AUSRIVAS and SIGNAL scores were significantly reduced at the state-wide scale and most indices showed significant declines in the lower altitude forests, and foothills and coastal plains bioregions. 5Generally, more pollution tolerant, lentic taxa replaced sensitive and flow-requiring taxa in edge samples during drought. In contrast, there were few reductions in the taxa of riffle samples during drought. However, many pool preferring, but pollution sensitive taxa occurred more frequently in riffle areas. Hence, the riffle community began to resemble that of pools and edges. This was attributed to decreased flow and increased ,lentic' habitat opportunities in riffles. 6Detection of a drought effect was confined to the edge habitat and site failure could be assigned to drought and anthropogenic impacts, in conjunction or alone. The riffle sampling protocol was resistant to detection of drought effects as samples were only taken when sufficient water was present within this habitat. Therefore, biological changes at sites not meeting policy objectives for riffle habitats can be attributed to anthropogenic rather than drought impacts. [source]


    Southern hemisphere cyclones and anticyclones: recent trends and links with decadal variability in the Pacific Ocean

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 11 2007
    Dr Alexandre Bernardes Pezza
    Abstract The aim of this paper is to study the association between the extratropical Southern Hemisphere and the decadal variability in the Pacific Ocean (PO). We discuss a pattern of coherent large-scale anomalies and trends in cyclone and anticyclone behaviour in light of the climate variability in the PO over the ERA40 reanalysis period (1957,2002). The two representative PO indices are the Pacific Decadal and Interdecadal Oscillations (PDO and IPO), and here the PDO is chosen owing to it being less associated with the southern oscillation index (SOI). Composites of the indicators of the density and intensity of cyclones/anticyclones given by an automatic tracking scheme were calculated for the years when the PDOI was more than one standard deviation above or below its mean. Although the ERA40 is not free from noise and assimilation changes, the results show a large-scale feature, which seems to be robust and agrees with earlier studies using different data sets. The sea-level pressure shows a strong annular structure related to the PDO, which is not seen for the SOI, with lower pressure around Antarctica during the positive phase and vice versa. More intense (and fewer) cyclones and anticyclones were observed during the positive PDO. This is less consistent for the SOI, particularly during the summer when a different PDO/SOI pattern arises at high latitudes. The trends project a pattern coincident with the positive PDO phase and seem to be linked with the main climate shift in the late seventies. Trends observed over the Tasman Sea are consistent with declining winter rainfall over southeastern Australia. Most patterns are statistically significant and seem robust, but random changes in ENSO may play a part, to a certain degree, in modulating the results, and a physical mechanism of causality has not been demonstrated. Although global warming and related changes in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) may also help explain the observed behaviour, the large-scale response presented here provides a new insight and would be of considerable interest for further modelling studies. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society [source]


    The Role of Communication in Global Civil Society: Forces, Processes, Prospects

    INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2001
    Edward Comor
    The author examines the concept of global civil society (GCS) through the use of theoretical tools and empirical evidence related to the study of International Communication. He demonstrates that scholarship on GCS tends to simplify the process through which information becomes knowledge and that the state system,GCS relationship often is presented in terms of an ahistorical power dichotomy. In relation to these problems, what the author calls "GCS progressives" tend to underplay political-economic factors shaping GCS, including the implications of structural power; they tend to emphasize the importance of spatial integration while neglecting related changes in temporal norms; and, more essentially, they often under-theorize the importance of socialization processes and relatively unmediated relationships in the ongoing construction of "reality." The author concludes that through a more focused analysis,concentrating on how new technologies can be used to organize nationally and locally, and on lifestyle changes associated with communications developments,more precise analyses and fruitful strategies for GCS progressives may emerge. [source]


    Atrazine-induced changes in aromatase activity in estrogen sensitive target tissues

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, Issue 3 2008
    A. C. Holloway
    Abstract Atrazine (ATR) is a pesticide used widely throughout North America. Although not directly estrogenic, ATR treatment has been shown to increase aromatase activity in tumor cell lines. Thus, it is suggested that ATR can increase local tissue estrogen levels in estrogen sensitive target tissues through increased aromatase activity. Therefore the effect of ATR on aromatase activity was measured in human granulosa-lutein cell cultures, cells that abundantly express aromatase, and endometrial stromal cell (ESC) cultures, cells that do not express aromatase. Aromatase activity was quantified by the tritiated water method and the specificity of the assay was confirmed by co-incubation with 4-hydroxyandrostenedione, an irreversible inhibitor of the catalytic activity of aromatase. Aromatase activity in ATR treated (1,10 µm) granulosa-lutein cells was increased more than 2-fold compared with control cultures. There were no treatment related changes in cellular protein and thus it is suggested that the ATR-induced change in aromatase activity was not due to an increase in cell number. ATR-treatment had no effect on ESC aromatase activity at any concentration tested. Similarly, there was no effect of ATR treatment on human recombinant aromatase activity in our cell-free test system. Therefore it is concluded that µm concentrations of ATR can increase aromatase activity of human granulosa cells but not ESC and this effect is not elicited at the enzyme level. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Aging and lung injury repair: A role for bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells

    JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2008
    Ana L. Mora
    Abstract The incidence of lung fibrosis increases with age. Aging is associated with modifications in the intracellular and extracellular environment including alteration of the extracellular matrix, imbalance of the redox state, accumulation of senescent cells and potential alteration of the recruitment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The combination of these senescence-related alterations in the lung and in bone marrow progenitor cells might be responsible of the higher susceptibility to lung fibrosis in elderly individuals. The understanding of these age related changes must be considered in the rationale for the development of therapeutic interventions to control lung injury and fibrosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 641,647, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    The global recession of 2009 in a long-term development perspective

    JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2010
    Charles Gore
    Abstract This paper argues that the global recession of 2009 marks the ending of a global development cycle which began in the early 1950s. The long-wave rhythm of production and prices in the global development cycle is generated by the life cycle of investment and innovation during a technological revolution, related changes in supply and demand for natural resources, and inertia and transformation in the socio-institutional framework within which development takes place. From this perspective, the global recession is interpreted as a blocked structural transition. Whilst failings in the financial system triggered the global financial crisis, that crisis and the recession are more deeply rooted in contradictions in the global development trajectory. A paradigm shift in development theory and practice is a crucial element of the socio-institutional transformation now necessary to re-boot the global development cycle. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    In vivo quantitative proton MRSI study of brain development from childhood to adolescence,

    JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 2 2002
    Alena Horská PhD
    Abstract Purpose To quantify regional variations in metabolite levels in the developing brain using quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Materials and Methods Fifteen healthy subjects three to 19 years old were examined by in vivo multislice proton MRSI. Concentrations of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), total choline (Cho), total creatine (Cr), and peak area ratios were determined in selected frontal and parietal gray and white matter regions, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Results In cortical gray matter regions, the ratio of NAA/Cho increased to a maximum at 10 years and decreased thereafter (P = 0.010). In contrast, in white matter, average ratios NAA/Cho increased linearly with age (P = 0.045). In individual brain regions, age-related changes in NAA/Cho were found in the putamen (P = 0.044). No significant age-related changes in NAA, Cho, Cr, or other metabolite ratios could be determined. Conclusion Consistent with recent studies using other structural and functional neuroimaging techniques, our data suggest that small but significant changes occur in regional cerebral metabolism during childhood and adolescence. Non-linear age related changes of NAA/Cho in frontal and parietal areas, resembling previously reported age related changes in rates of glucose utilization and cortical volumes, may be associated with dendritic and synaptic development and regression. Linear age-related changes of NAA/Cho in white matter are also in agreement with age-related increases in white matter volumes, and may reflect progressive increases in axonal diameter and myelination. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:137,143. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    Relation of Age and Sex to Atrial Electrophysiological Properties in Patients with No History of Atrial Fibrillation

    PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 5 2003
    KOICHI SAKABE
    Although atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia, especially in elderly men, little is known about age related changes in atrial electrophysiological properties or gender differences. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of aging on vulnerability to atrial fibrillation and assessed gender differences in those age related changes. An electrophysiological study was performed on 73 patients with no history of atrial fibrillation, structural heart disease, or conditions with potential effects on cardiac hemodynamic or electrophysiological function, including 25 women (mean age 49 ± 18 years; range 12,84 years). The following atrial excitability parameters were assessed: spontaneous or paced (A1) and extrastimulated (A2) atrial electrogram widths, percent maximum atrial fragmentation(A2/A1 × 100), effective refractory period, wavelength index (effective refractory period/A2), and inducibility of atrial fibrillation. There were no significant differences in percent maximum atrial fragmentation (143 ± 28vs142 ± 35%), effective refractory period (241 ± 39vs238 ± 50 ms), wavelength index (2.9 ± 0.8vs3.1 ± 0.9), induction of atrial fibrillation (10 [21%] vs 7 [28%]), or age (50 ± 17vs 49 ± 20 years) between men and women. Age was not statistically different between those patients with and without induction of atrial fibrillation in men (48 ± 14vs50 ± 18 years) and women (48 ± 18vs49 ± 21 years). Percent maximum atrial fragmentation and effective refractory period were directly correlated with age in men (r = 0.35, P = 0.01; r = 0.46, P < 0.001, respectively) and women (r = 0.42, P = 0.04; r = 0.45, P = 0.02, respectively), though wavelength index did not correlate with age in men (r =,0.04) or women (r =,0.04) with no history of atrial fibrillation. Considering these findings, the authors conclude that the mechanism triggering atrial fibrillation may be different between older and younger patients with atrial fibrillation, because younger patients who have no marked substrate for atrial fibrillation may need many trigger beats to induce atrial fibrillation. (PACE 2003; 26:1238,1244) [source]


    Assessment of Noise in Digital Electrocardiograms

    PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 4 2002
    VELISLAV BATCHVAROV
    BATCHVAROV, V., et al.: Assessment of Noise in Digital Electrocardiograms. Technically related noise in 12-lead ECGs recorded with ambulatory recorders has never been systematically compared with that in ECGs recorded with conventional ECGs. This study compared serial 10-second ECGs obtained in ten healthy men, age 22,45 years, who were recorded in the supine resting position using a (1) MAC VU recorder, (2) digital ambulatory SEER MC recorder with a Multi-Link detachable ECG cable, and (3) digital ambulatory SEER MC recorder with a light ambulatory ECG cable. In each ECG, averaged sinus rhythm cycles of the entire recording were realigned with the native signal and subtracted. The resulting "residuum" was quantified by computing its standard deviation and root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). While the RMSSD residuum values were significantly lower with the MAC VU recorder (6.27 ± 0.98 ,V) than with the SEER MC recorder with either ECG cables (7.29 ± 1.31 and 7.17 ± 1.31 ,V, P < 0.003 and p < 0.02), the difference was practically negligible and there was no detectable difference in the standard deviation residuum values. The study concludes that valid ECG investigations of serial ECG testing may be conducted using the ambulatory SEER MC recorders providing the biological sources of ECG noise are controlled. The available technology for noise assessment suggests that studies involving advanced analysis of serial ECGs (e.g., of drug related changes), should incorporate objective characterisation of ECG quality. [source]


    Inhibition of the progression of type 2 diabetes in the C57BL/6J mouse model by an anti-diabetes herbal formula

    PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 6 2003
    Wendell D. Winters
    Abstract The effects of a speci,cally prepared anti-diabetic herbal formula (ADHF) on the course of established diet-induced type 2 diabetes in animal subjects has been studied. In a C57BL/6J mouse model for diet induced type 2 diabetes, intervention for 12 weeks using ADHF as a diet supplement resulted in a signi,cant inhibition of diabetes related changes in major organs usually targeted by type 2 diabetes and a signi,cant reduction in circulating levels of glucose and insulin. Young male mice were randomly assigned to receive ad libitum exposure to either a standard rodent chow diet or to a high fat, high simple sugar, low ,bre diet (diabetes induction diet), respectively for 8 weeks. All mice fed the induction diet developed abnormally high blood glucose levels at 8 weeks. Animals with con,rmed diet induced diabetic blood glucose levels were again randomly assigned into one of three groups (10 subjects per group), one group was thereafter fed only the diabetes induction diet and the other two groups were thereafter fed the diabetes induction diet into which ADHF had been mixed at 4% or at 8% ,nal concentrations. Normal mice were also randomized into two groups that were fed either a regular diet alone or 8% ADHF mixed in the regular diet. Blood glucose levels markedly increased over the 20 weeks of study in the diabetic mice fed the diabetes induction diet only. In contrast, diabetic mice fed induction diet into which 4% or 8% ADHF had been incorporated showed signi,cantly decreased blood glucose and insulin levels over the time of the study. Additional parameters signi,cantly reduced in diabetic mice fed ADHF included insulin resistance and histopathological changes in the pancreas and liver. This is the ,rst report to our knowledge to show in vivo evidence for signi,cantly decreased circulating glucose and insulin levels and a signi,cant reduction of progressive damage to major target organs by the addition of an herbal diet supplement to a diabetes induction diet proven to be capable of causing and maintaining type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Tropical rainforest canopies and climate change

    AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2007
    NIGEL E. STORK
    Abstract There is less certainty about the impact of climate change on tropical rainforests than on temperate forests because of the comparative lack of background data and because few large scale experiments have been, and are being, carried out in tropical rainforests. Many of the factors critical to the future of tropical rainforests concern canopies, the key processes that take place there, and the roles and interactions of canopy biodiversity. In particular there are almost no data on how forest canopies and processes are changing with increased carbon dioxide levels. The implications of elevated carbon dioxide, climatic stress and related changes in water-use efficiency, nutrient availability and other such changes are discussed particularly with references to Australia's tropical rainforests. [source]


    2231: Age-related modifications in RPE cells

    ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010
    E MANNERMAA
    Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multi-factorial polygenetic aging disease. It has been shown that RPE dysfunction predisposes neural retinal dysfunction and the development of choroidal neovascularization. The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) essentially involves chronic oxidative stress, increased accumulation of lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and extracellular drusen formation, as well as the presence of chronic inflammation. The capacity to prevent the accumulation of cellular cytotoxic protein aggregates is decreased in senescent cells which may evoke lipofuscin accumulation into lysosomes in postmitotic RPE cells. This presence of lipofuscin decreases lysosomal enzyme activity and impairs autophagic clearance of damaged proteins which should be removed from cells. Proteasomes are another crucial proteolytic machine which degrades especially cellular proteins damaged by oxidative stress. The cross-talk between lysosomes, autophagy and proteasomes in RPE cell protein aggregation, their role as a possible therapeutic target and their involvement in the pathogenesis of AMD is discussed. In addition, age related changes in Bruch's membrane and choroidal blood flow may take part in the pathogenesis of AMD. This will be also discussed. [source]


    Does internal longitudinal microstructure of retinal veins change with age in medically healthy persons?

    ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2009
    KE KOTLIAR
    Purpose We demonstrated previously that roughness of the retinal arterial blood column measured along the vessel axis, termed longitudinal arterial profile (LAP) increases significantly in anamnesticly healthy volunteers with increasing age. Recently we have demonstrated age related changes in LAP of medically healthy persons. Whether longitudinal retinal venous profiles (LVP) are altered with age in this group is investigated. Methods 83 medically healthy volunteers were examined by Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (IMEDOS, Jena, Germany) using stimulation with flickering light. 3 age groups were formed: young (N=28, 30,2±4,3 years), middle age (N=28, 42,3±3,3 years) and seniors (N=27, 64,0±5,0 years). Included in the analysis were volunteers without medical vascular risk factors defined as: blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg, HDL > 35 mg/dl, LDL < 190 mg/dl and glucose levels < 110 mg/dl. Retinal venous diameters were measured along 1 mm vessel segments to obtain LVP. Differences were analyzed using Fourier transformation. Results In all age groups power spectra of LVP do not change during all stages of the venous response to the stimulation. There were no significant differences in LVP between the age groups. Venous diameters in middle-age group were reduced in comparison to the young group at all stages of vessel reaction (p<0,05). Conclusion Our results indicate that in contrast to retinal arteries retinal veins of validated healthy volunteers do not undergo age related microstructural changes. Hence previously reported age related decrease of retinal venous diameter might have physiologic origin due to reduced blood flow in retinal microcirculation with age, not because of structural changes of venous wall. [source]


    Technology, Monitoring, and Imitation in Contemporary News Work

    COMMUNICATION, CULTURE & CRITIQUE, Issue 1 2009
    Pablo J Boczkowski
    This paper addresses two related changes in contemporary journalistic practice. First, there has been an increase in journalists' use of technology to learn about the stories competitors and other players are working on and a parallel decrease in the reliance on face-to-face encounters with colleagues to gather this information. Second, this greater technology use has been tied to an intensification of monitoring and an expansion of imitation in the newsroom. Drawing upon an ethnographic study of editorial work in the leading online and print newspapers of Argentina, these changes are analyzed to make scholarly contributions about the role of technology in monitoring and imitation. This analysis also provides a window into the intersection of communication, culture, and critique in contemporary journalism by showing how recent forms of technological appropriation in the newsroom have shaped how journalists gather information and make meaning out if it in a way that affects their ability to be critical. [source]