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Relocation
Selected AbstractsUncompromised generation of a specific H-2DM-dependent peptide-MHC class,II complex from exogenous antigen in Leishmania mexicana -infected dendritic cellsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 12 2003Clare Abstract Leishmania infection inhibits the capacity of macrophages (M,) to present antigens to CD4+ T cells. Relocation of MHC class,II and H-2DM to the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and their subsequent degradation by the parasite may contribute to this defect. Dendritic cells (DC) are critical for initiation of primary T cell responses. DC can process Leishmania antigen and elicit Leishmania -specific T cells, but it is unknown whether exposure to Leishmania impairs this capacity. In particular, it is not clear whether DC containing live parasites efficiently process and present antigens. We investigated the ability of mouse bone marrow-derived DC infected with L. mexicana to generate pigeon cytochrome,c (PCC) peptide-MHC class II complexes, using the mAb D4, which recognizes PCC89,104 H-2Ek, and the PCC-specific T cell hybridoma 2B4. We show that H-2DM-dependent complex generation is not compromised by infection and that complexes are fully recognized by specific T cells. We further show that in contrast to infected M,, in infected DC cytoplasmic H-2DM is not down-regulated and not relocated to the parasite-containing vacuole. This observation may explain the continued ability of infected DC to present PCC, and also indicates differences in the habitat of these intracellular parasites in DC compared to M,. [source] The impact of residential respite care on the behaviour of older people with dementia: literature reviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OLDER PEOPLE NURSING, Issue 1 2007Christine C. Neville RN, FANZCMHN Aim., The aim of this review was to examine the impact of residential respite care on the behaviour displayed by older people with dementia. Background., Relocation of older people with dementia to a different care setting could have a negative impact on their behaviour. If such a response is anticipated, a short-term admission to a residential aged care facility for respite care would appear to be futile for the older person and their home caregiver. Therefore, it is important to know what the outcomes of residential respite care are in relation to behaviour for older people with dementia. Methods., A literature search was undertaken and papers emerged from a range of disciplines. The search terms ,respite'; ,respite care'; ,residential respite care'; ,short-stay', ,short-term', ,overnight stays/admissions', ,behav*' and various combinations of these terms were used to find relevant publications in English from Ageline, CINAHL, Medline and, Psychinfo databases dating from 1966. Other key publications were located when searching through the reference lists of retrieved publications. A limited body of literature on residential respite care for older people with dementia was revealed. Results., Six studies were identified, which met the criteria of residential respite care as the intervention and behaviour as an outcome. Conclusions., The studies had a variety of methodological limitations and produced contradictory findings. The strength of the studies was the reporting of outcomes for respite recipients who are usually overlooked in the outcomes for respite research. Relevance to clinical practice., Residential respite care has great anecdotal support but more empirical and evaluative research is needed on outcomes for the respite recipients. [source] Shifting Models of Welfare: Issues in Relocation from an Institution and the Organization of Community LivingJOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 3 2006Christine Bigby Abstract, The closure of institutions and relocation of people with intellectual disabilities to community living has been the focus of many nations' intellectual disability policies in the past three decades. The author studied the relocation of 58 people from a large institution to 11 small group homes in several Australian communities. Organizational factors that contributed to a mismatch of expectations on such dimensions as individualized support and inclusion were examined. The author discusses these in a broader context of social policy developments, including the privatization and contracting-out of service provision that shifted the government's role to one of purchaser rather than provider of services; regulatory concerns in employment practices that impacted the flow of information about residents; and contract specifications that focused on individuals, leaving responsibility for tackling systemic issues uncertain. Recommendations that draw attention to the renewed emphasis on partnerships rather than business relationships and attend to broader community development strategies that have concurrently occurred in Australia are provided. [source] Relocation into a new building and its effect on uncertainty and anxiety among psychiatric patientsJOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 5 2005I. KAGAN rn ma The study was designed to investigate the relationship between uncertainty and state anxiety among psychiatric patients before the closed wards of a psychiatric hospital were relocated to new premises. Patients from four psychiatric departments completed a structured questionnaire a week before, and six weeks after, relocation. Inter-variable relationships were assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients. The participants demonstrated moderate levels of pre-relocation uncertainty and anxiety. A significant correlation was found between anxiety and uncertainty both before and after the relocation. Anxiety after the relocation was significantly lower. There was statistical association between uncertainty and state anxiety. This study highlights the need to prepare patients and provide interventions relieving anxiety and lowering uncertainty before environmentally stressful events, such as relocation to a new building. [source] Remaking the Modern: Space, Relocation, and the Politics of Identity in a Global CairoAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 2 2005DIANE SINGERMAN No abstract is available for this article. [source] Translocation of 15N indicates nitrogen recycling in the mat-forming lichen Cladonia portentosaNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 2 2005C. J. Ellis Summary ,,Nitrogen translocation was measured in Cladonia portentosa during 2 yr growth in Scottish heathland. Translocation was predicted to occur if N is resorbed from senescent basal tissue and recycled within the thallus. ,,15N was introduced into either the lower (TU thalli) or upper (TD thalli) 25 mm of 50-mm-long thalli as 15N-NH4+, 15N-NO3, or 15N-glycine. Labelled thalli were placed within intact lichen cushions, either upright (TU) or inverted (TD). Vertical distribution of label was quantified immediately following labelling and after 1 and 2 yr. ,,Independently of the form of introduced label, 15N migrated upwards in TU thalli, with new growth being a strong sink. Sink regions for 15N during year 1 (including new growth) became sources of 15N translocated to new growth in year 2. Upward migration into inverted bases was minimal in TD thalli, but was again marked in new growth that developed from inverted apices. ,,Relocation of N to regions of growth could facilitate internal N recycling, a process postulated to explain the ecological success of mat-forming lichens. [source] Critical Events and Labour Mobility: Relocations in the Wake of the Ansett Airlines CollapseGEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2009SALLY WELLER Abstract Migration plays an important role in neo-liberal regional adjustment. This paper explores the role of economic shocks in stimulating internal migration within Australia. Drawing on the experiences of retrenched Ansett Airlines employees, it argues that economic crisis impels some households to relocate but traps others in places with restricted employment prospects. For some, the crisis of retrenchment triggers inter-state migration to take up new jobs. For others, it prompts relocation to less expensive housing, often in a geographically proximate location. These opposing responses, which are different outcomes of similar causal processes, exacerbate regional inequalities since they selectively encourage younger skilled workers to enter growing regions. The combination of high housing costs and insecure employment discourages speculative migration. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the policy implications of these findings. [source] Micro-focus X-ray computed tomography images of the 3D structure of the cranium of a fetus with asymmetric double malformationCONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 1 2006Takashi Shibata ABSTRACT,, Reconstructed micro computed tomography (Micro-CT, µ-CT) images have revealed the detailed three-dimensional structure of the cranium of human fetal congenital anomalies for the first time. The objects were a head and a cervix of female autosite and a parasite consisting of only a head conjoined to the scapular region of the autosite of an asymmetric double malformation (asymmetric conjoined twins, heteropagus twinning) at a gestational age of 8 months. The cranium of the autosite was normal, but that of the parasite was characterized by otocephaly (agnathia, synotia, and monorhina) and almost all the cranial bones were of an abnormal shape. It is suggested that a part of occipital bone (the basioccipital and exoccipital bones), the vomer and cribriform plate were absent and this resulted in the fusion and overlapping of bilateral temporal and craniofacial bones that should have been adjacent to them. This resulted in a reformation and relocation of most of the cranial bones. Micro-CT is a useful tool to visualize the detailed bone structure which has not been clarified by the conventional dissection methods and other imaging technologies and is a powerful instrument for studying congenital anomalies. [source] CSR and the environment: business supply chain partnerships in Hong Kong and PRDR, ChinaCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 5 2009Dennis K. K. Cheung Abstract Cross-border relocation of the production lines of Hong Kong companies to the Pearl River Delta Region (PRDR) of China relocates the pollution source geographically. In contextualizing corporate social responsibility (CSR), more and better collaborations on environmental management between Hong-Kong-based companies and their supply chains within Hong Kong and the PRDR are needed. Using a qualitative approach, this research identifies and examines nine concerned business supply chain partnership cases. Stakeholders perceived that partnership is a good tool for improving corporate environmental management. However, although it has become more active since 2002, partnership is not yet popular. More time and support are needed to develop it. Businesses should take further steps to benefit themselves and the environment. Based on the first-hand experiences and opinions of interviewees, this paper analyzes and presents recent partnership activities; their drivers and barriers; factors in their successes; and the possible roles of government and business associations in fostering partnership development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Relocating Participation within a Radical Politics of DevelopmentDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 2 2005Sam Hickey In response to (and in sympathy with) many of the critical points that have been lodged against participatory approaches to development and governance within international development, this article seeks to relocate participation within a radical politics of development. We argue that participation needs to be theoretically and strategically informed by a radical notion of ,citizenship', and be located within the ,critical modernist' approach to development. Using empirical evidence drawn from a range of contemporary approaches to participation, the article shows that participatory approaches are most likely to succeed: (i) where they are pursued as part of a wider radical political project; (ii) where they are aimed specifically at securing citizenship rights and participation for marginal and subordinate groups; and (iii) when they seek to engage with development as an underlying process of social change rather than in the form of discrete technocratic interventions , although we do not use these findings to argue against using participatory methods where these conditions are not met. Finally, we consider the implications of this relocation for participation in both theoretical and strategic terms. [source] High-frequency stimuli preferentially release large dense-core vesicles located in the proximity of nonspecialized zones of the presynaptic membrane in sympathetic gangliaDEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2008F. Cifuentes Abstract We characterized the effect of a brief high-frequency stimulus on the number, distribution, and optical density of large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) in the nerve terminals of the rat superior cervical ganglia. From 4.21 ± 0.37 LDCVs/bouton detected in control nerve terminals, a stimulus of 40 Hz for 1 min released 41% of LDCVs, decreasing their number to 2.48 ± 0.14 LDCVs/bouton (p = 0.0009). In control ganglia, most dense vesicles were located close to the plasma membrane (at ,100 nm); in contrast, in stimulated ganglia they were broadly distributed with respect to the active zone. The mean distance of LDCVs to membrane and active zones was 95 ± 8 nm and 473 ± 15 nm, respectively. The analysis of the core density showed that both groups had a similar asymmetric distribution with the same average. Stimulation preferentially released those vesicles located ,100 nm from the plasma membrane that had no apparent relationship with the active zone. After the stimulus, the average distances of LDCVs to the plasma membrane and active zone did not change, suggesting that the stimulus also caused the relocation of inner LDCVs. Interestingly, optical density analysis showed that the released vesicles had low range densities, and suggested that LDCVs release their entire content. We conclude that LDCV exocytosis mainly involves those vesicles located ,100 nm from the plasma membrane and occurs in regions of synaptic boutons presumed to be nonspecialized. These results agree with the characteristics of the classical model that proposes full content release. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008. [source] Adaptive advantages of myrmecochory: the predator-avoidance hypothesis tested over a wide geographic rangeECOGRAPHY, Issue 5 2005Antonio J. Manzaneda The predator-avoidance hypothesis states that once released from the parent plant, myrmecochorous seeds are rapidly taken by ants to their nests, where they are protected from predators. Previous studies conducted to test this hypothesis have frequently neglected two major aspects necessary for its verification: 1) the influence of processes acting after the seed release and 2) the spatial evenness of such processes. Thus, large-scale variations in the mechanisms acting beyond seed release, and possibly influencing seed escape from predators, remain poorly documented. Here, we present the results of a post-dispersal seed-removal experiment on the myrmecochorous herb Helleborus foetidus, aimed at verifing the predator-avoidance hypothesis by considering two key post-release aspects of seed fate: seed destination (dispersed or nondispersed) and seed burial (buried or not buried). Experiments were performed in four different regions in the Iberian Peninsula. After three days of exposure of seeds to the main predator (fieldmice Apodemus sylvaticus), ca 30% of the seeds were removed. Seed destination affected the proportion of seeds escaping predation, but the sign, magnitude and statistical significance of the effect varied among the geographical regions. In the southern region (Cazorla), seeds dispersed in ant nests or intermediate destinations suffered scarcely any predation, but seeds under reproductive-age plants experienced losses ca 50%. Conversely, in the northern region (Caurel), seeds in nests suffered significantly greater losses than seeds under plants or intermediate destinations, suggesting that nests were especially unsafe destinations. Seed burial had a strong impact on seed escape from predators, and its effect was highly consistent among geographical regions. In view of the consistency of its effect at different spatial scales, seed burial was a more general mechanism for predation avoidance than seed relocation to ant nests, which was habitat- and/or ant-species-dependent. Our results thus only partially support the predator-avoidance hypothesis for the evolution of myrmecochory. [source] Is optimal foraging a realistic expectation in orb-web spiders?ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2009WILL EDWARDS Abstract 1.,Explanations for web relocation invoking optimal foraging require reliable differentiation between individual sites and overall habitat quality. We characterised natural conditions of resource variability over 20 days in artificial webs of the orb-web spider Gasteracantha fornicata to examine this requirement. 2.,Variability in catch success was high. Day-to-day catch success in 90% (18/20) catch sites fitted negative binomial distributions, whereas 10% fitted Poisson distributions. Considered across trap sites (overall habitat), variance in catch success increased proportionally faster than the mean (i.e. Taylor's Power Law, variance = 0.54mean1.764). 3.,We compared the confidence intervals for the expected cumulative catch in randomly drawn sequential samples from a frequency distribution representing the overall habitat (based on the parameters for Taylor's power law) and the frequency distribution of expected cumulative catch within each individual catch site [via randomisation based on the mean and negative binomial exponent (k)]. 4.,In all cases and across all sample sizes, median values for the power to differentiate habitat and catch sites never exceeded 0.2, suggesting that principles involved in optimal foraging, if operating, must be accompanied by a very high degree of uncertainty. 5.,Under conditions of high resource variability, many days must be spent in a single catch site if movement decisions are based on an ability to differentiate current catch site from overall habitat. Empirical evidence suggests this is never met. This may explain why proximal mechanisms that illicit quickly resolved behavioural responses have been more successful in describing web relocation patterns than those associated with optimal foraging. [source] Archaeal diversity and a gene for ammonia oxidation are coupled to oceanic circulationENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Pierre E. Galand Summary Evidence of microbial zonation in the open ocean is rapidly accumulating, but while the distribution of communities is often described according to depth, the other physical factors structuring microbial diversity and function remain poorly understood. Here we identify three different water masses in the North Water (eastern Canadian Arctic), defined by distinct temperature and salinity characteristics, and show that they contained distinct archaeal communities. Moreover, we found that one of the water masses contained an increased abundance of the archaeal alpha-subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA) and accounted for 70% of the amoA gene detected overall. This indicates likely differences in putative biogeochemical capacities among different water masses. The ensemble of our results strongly suggest that the widely accepted view of depth stratification did not explain microbial diversity, but rather that parent water masses provide the framework for predicting communities and potential microbial function in an Arctic marine system. Our results emphasize that microbial distributions are strongly influenced by oceanic circulation, implying that shifting currents and water mass boundaries resulting from climate change may well impact patterns of microbial diversity by displacing whole biomes from their historic distributions. This relocation could have the potential to establish a substantially different geography of microbial-driven biogeochemical processes and associated oceanic production. [source] Authority through synergism: the roles of climate change linkagesENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE, Issue 5 2006Björn-Ola Linnér Abstract This article examines the conceptual basis of synergies between the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and other international organizations and agreements. It discusses why synergies are made, what kinds there are and their potential consequences. Considering actors' divergent goals, synergies do not necessarily imply win,win outcomes. The article distinguishes between positive and negative synergetic effects, which should be explicated at different levels, such as the differing goals of various agreements, institutions, parties and social groups. Efforts of international organizations to increase synergy can be regarded as attempts to build authority. Yet, synergy is also used by countries to influence this process. Current synergetic efforts may profoundly affect the relocation of authority in global environmental governance, not only by streamlining mandates, practices and objectives, but also by leading to more powerful international organizations (e.g. WTO) increasingly taking precedence over climate change agreements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Were volatile organic compounds the inducing factors for subjective symptoms of employees working in newly constructed hospitals?ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Tomoko Takigawa Abstract This study demonstrated possible relationships between environmental, personal, and occupational factors and changes in the subjective health symptoms of 214 employees after the relocation of a hospital in a region of Japan. Eight indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in at least one of the 19 rooms investigated, and total VOC (TVOC) concentrations in 8 rooms exceeded the advisable value (400 ,g/m3) established by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. Formaldehyde was detected in all the investigated rooms, but none of the results exceeded the guideline value (100 ,g/m3). Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to select variables significantly associated with the subjective symptoms that can be induced by sick building syndrome. The results showed that subjective symptoms of deterioration in the skin, eye, ear, throat, chest, central nervous system, autonomic system, musculoskeletal system, and digestive system among employees were associated mainly with gender difference and high TVOC concentrations (>1200 ,g/m3). Long work hours (>50 h per week) in females and smoking in males were to be blamed for the deterioration of their symptoms. The present findings suggest that to protect employees from indoor environment-related adverse health effects, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of indoor chemicals in new buildings, to decrease work hours, and to forbid smoking. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 280,290, 2004. [source] The type 1 cannabinoid receptor is highly expressed in embryonic cortical projection neurons and negatively regulates neurite growth in vitroEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 9 2008Tania Vitalis Abstract In the rodent and human embryonic brains, the cerebral cortex and hippocampus transiently express high levels of type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs), at a developmental stage when these areas are composed mainly of glutamatergic neurons. However, the precise cellular and subcellular localization of CB1R expression as well as effects of CB1R modulation in this cell population remain largely unknown. We report that, starting from embryonic day 12.5, CB1Rs are strongly expressed in both reelin-expressing Cajal-Retzius cells and newly differentiated postmitotic glutamatergic neurons of the mouse telencephalon. CB1R protein is localized first to somato-dendritic endosomes and at later developmental stages it localizes mostly to developing axons. In young axons, CB1Rs are localized both to the axolemma and to large, often multivesicular endosomes. Acute maternal injection of agonist CP-55940 results in the relocation of receptors from axons to somato-dendritic endosomes, indicating the functional competence of embryonic CB1Rs. The adult phenotype of CB1R expression is established around postnatal day 5. By using pharmacological and mutational modulation of CB1R activity in isolated cultured rat hippocampal neurons, we also show that basal activation of CB1R acts as a negative regulatory signal for dendritogenesis, dendritic and axonal outgrowth, and branching. Together, the overall negative regulatory role in neurite development suggests that embryonic CB1R signaling may participate in the correct establishment of neuronal connectivity and suggests a possible mechanism for the development of reported glutamatergic dysfunction in the offspring following maternal cannabis consumption. [source] Fast set-up of doxycycline-inducible protein expression in human cell lines with a single plasmid based on Epstein,Barr virus replication and the simple tetracycline repressorFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 3 2007Markus Bach We have developed a novel plasmid vector, pEBTetD, for full establishment of doxycycline-inducible protein expression by just a single transfection. pEBTetD contains an Epstein,Barr virus origin of replication for stable and efficient episomal propagation in human cell lines, a cassette for continuous expression of the simple tetracycline repressor, and a cytomegalovirus-type 2 tetracycline operator (tetO2)-tetO2 promoter. As there is no integration of vector into the genome, clonal isolation of transfected cells is not necessary. Cells are thus ready for use 1 week after transfection; this contrasts with 3,12 weeks for other systems. Adequate regulation of protein expression was accomplished by abrogation of mRNA polyadenylation. In northern analysis of seven cDNAs coding for transport proteins, pools of transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells showed on/off mRNA ratios in the order of 100 : 1. Cell pools were also analyzed for regulation of protein function. With two transport proteins of the plasma membrane, the on/off activity ratios were 24 : 1 and 34 : 1, respectively. With enhanced green fluorescent protein, a 23 : 1 ratio was observed based on fluorescence intensity data from flow cytometry. The unique advantage of our system rests on the unmodified tetracycline repressor, which is less likely, by relocation upon binding of doxycycline, to cause cellular disturbances than chimera of tetracycline repressor and eukaryotic transactivation domains. Thus, in a comprehensive comparison of on- and off-states, a steady cellular background is provided. Finally, in contrast to a system based on Flp recombinase, the set-up of our system is inherently reliable. [source] Schizosaccharomyces pombe homolog of Survivin, Bir1p, exhibits a novel dynamic behavior at the spindle mid-zoneGENES TO CELLS, Issue 7 2006Srividya Rajagopalan Members of the BIR-domain containing Survivin family of proteins have been identified in a variety of eukaryotes and are known to play important roles in the regulation of mitosis. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe homolog of Survivin, Bir1p, is essential for chromosome condensation and spindle elongation and integrity. Bir1p, a nuclear protein, resides at the kinetochores in metaphase and anaphase A and spreads to the spindle mid-zone in anaphase B. Here we show that this relocation requires Cdk (Cyclin dependent kinase) inactivation and intact microtubules. With the aid of a kinesin mutant, klp5,, we also show that completion of anaphase A is vital for effecting Bir1p re-location to the spindle mid-zone. Although minimal exchange of Bir1p sub-units occurs between the spindle and the nucleoplasm, the protein redistributes laterally within the mid-zone region. Bir1p dynamics therefore significantly differs from that of tubulin on an anaphase B spindle, which is loaded at the plus ends of growing microtubules and shows no lateral redistribution within the spindle. Thus, Bir1p, and possibly its associated proteins, might organize a dynamic mid-zone region that helps spindle elongation and maintenance. [source] INTRA-REGIONAL EMPLOYMENT GROWTH IN LUXEMBOURG (1994,2005)GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2010Olivier Walther ABSTRACT. The specialization of city-centres towards more advanced service activities has mostly been studied in the largest city-regions, the case of smaller urban centres being less well documented. In that context, the objective of this article is to analyse the role of sectoral and regional factors in employment growth in Luxembourg between 1994 and 2005. Using statistical data from the Luxembourg General Inspection of Social Security, this contribution distinguishes 12 categories of manufacturing industries and services according to an OECD-Eurostat knowledge-based classification. Five intra-regional areas are distinguished based on morphological and functional criteria in the Luxembourg Metropolitan Area. Using several indexes, this article first analyses the sectoral specialization and geographical concentration of employment. A model of intra-regional employment growth, initially developed by Marimon and Zilibotti and applied at the European level, is then shown to account for 40 per cent of employment growth. An estimation of the contributions of sectoral and geographical factors highlights the primacy of the latter over the former. Finally, the construction of virtual economies confirms the City's overall lower performance as compared to its close periphery. Results underscore a process of functional integration in the Luxembourg metropolitan area: as the core of the city undergoes a specialization process, the urban area benefits from a relocation of activities less sensitive to distance and transaction costs, while the periphery becomes increasingly diversified, notably in the South where traditional industrial activities are being replaced by service activities. These results suggest that the evolution pattern of employment growth in Luxembourg is very similar to that of some larger metropolitan centres, owing to its exceptional financial service activities. [source] Critical Events and Labour Mobility: Relocations in the Wake of the Ansett Airlines CollapseGEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2009SALLY WELLER Abstract Migration plays an important role in neo-liberal regional adjustment. This paper explores the role of economic shocks in stimulating internal migration within Australia. Drawing on the experiences of retrenched Ansett Airlines employees, it argues that economic crisis impels some households to relocate but traps others in places with restricted employment prospects. For some, the crisis of retrenchment triggers inter-state migration to take up new jobs. For others, it prompts relocation to less expensive housing, often in a geographically proximate location. These opposing responses, which are different outcomes of similar causal processes, exacerbate regional inequalities since they selectively encourage younger skilled workers to enter growing regions. The combination of high housing costs and insecure employment discourages speculative migration. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the policy implications of these findings. [source] P - and S -velocity images of the lithosphere,asthenosphere system in the Central Andes from local-source tomographic inversionGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2006Ivan Koulakov SUMMARY About 50 000 P and S arrival times and 25 000 values of t* recorded at seismic arrays operated in the Central Andes between 20°S and 25°S in the time period from 1994 to 1997 have been used for locating more than 1500 deep and crustal earthquakes and creating 3-D P, S velocity and Qp models. The study volume in the reference model is subdivided into three domains: slab, continental crust and mantle wedge. A starting velocity distribution in each domain is set from a priori information: in the crust it is based on the controlled sources seismic studies; in slab and mantle wedge it is defined using relations between P and S velocities, temperature and composition given by mineral physics. Each iteration of tomographic inversion consists of the following steps: (1) absolute location of sources in 3-D velocity model using P and S arrival times; (2) double-difference relocation of the sources and (3) simultaneous determination of P and S velocity anomalies, P and S station corrections and source parameters by inverting one matrix. Velocity parameters are computed in a mesh with the density of nodes proportional to the ray density with double-sided nodes at the domain boundaries. The next iteration is repeated with the updated velocity model and source parameters obtained at the previous step. Different tests aimed at checking the reliability of the obtained velocity models are presented. In addition, we present the results of inversion for Vp and Vp/Vs parameters, which appear to be practically equivalent to Vp and Vs inversion. A separate inversion for Qp has been performed using the ray paths and source locations in the final velocity model. The resulting Vp, Vs and Qp distributions show complicated, essentially 3-D structure in the lithosphere and asthenosphere. P and S velocities appear to be well correlated, suggesting the important role of variations of composition, temperature, water content and degree of partial melting. [source] Constrained tomography of realistic velocity models in microseismic monitoring using calibration shotsGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 5 2010T. Bardainne ABSTRACT The knowledge of the velocity model in microseismic jobs is critical to achieving statistically reliable microseismic event locations. The design of microseismic networks and the limited sources for calibration do not allow for a full tomographic inversion. We propose optimizing a priori velocity models using a few active shots and a non-linear inversion, suitable to poorly constrained systems. The considered models can be described by several layers with different P- and S-wave velocities. The velocities may be constant or have 3D gradients; the layer interfaces may be simple dipping planes or more complex 3D surfaces. In this process the P- and S- wave arrival times and polarizations measured on the seismograms constitute the observed data set. They are used to estimate two misfit functions: i) one based on the measurement residuals and ii) one based on the inaccuracy of the source relocation. These two functions are minimized thanks to a simulated annealing scheme, which decreases the risk of converging to a local solution within the velocity model. The case study used to illustrate this methodology highlights the ability of this technique to constrain a velocity model with dipping layers. This was performed by jointly using sixteen perforation shots recorded during a multi-stage fracturing operation from a single string of 3C-receivers. This decreased the location inaccuracies and the residuals by a factor of six. In addition, the retrieved layer dip was consistent with the pseudo-horizontal trajectories of the wells and the background information provided by the customer. Finally, the theoretical position of each calibration shot was contained in the uncertainty domain of the relocation of each shot. In contrast, single-stage inversions provided different velocity models that were neither consistent between each other nor with the well trajectories. This example showed that it is essential to perform a multi-stage inversion to derive a better updated velocity model. [source] Local attachments and transnational everyday lives: second-generation Italians in SwitzerlandGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 3 2010SUSANNE WESSENDORF Abstract Many descendants of migrants grow up in the context of lively transnational social relations to their parents' homeland. Among southern Italian migrants in Switzerland, these relations are imbued with the wish to return among the first generation, a dream fostered since the beginning of their migration after the Second World War. Second-generation Italians have developed different ways of negotiating the transnational livelihoods fostered by their parents on the one hand, and the wish for local attachments on the other. In this article I discuss how the children of Italian migrants have created their own cultural repertoires of Italianità and belonging within Switzerland and with co-ethnic peers, and how, for some, this sense of belonging evokes the wish for ,roots migration', the relocation to the parents' homeland. With the example of two trajectories of local attachment and transnationalism among members of the second generation of the same origin, I question existing work on the second generation that assumes commonalities among them on the grounds of ethnicity and region of origin. [source] Reconfiguring ,post-socialist' regions: cross-border networks and regional competition in the Slovak and Ukrainian clothing industryGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 3 2008ADRIAN SMITH Abstract The global garment industry is currently being reshaped in dramatic ways through processes of trade liberalization, delocalization and interfirm and interregional competition. There has been much speculation about the increasing importance of factor (especially labour) costs in fuelling further rounds of de-localization of garment production towards low-cost production locations, such as China and India. However, the extent to which these processes mean the end to garment production in higher factor-cost locations, including those neighbouring the major clothing markets of the USA and the EU, is open to question. In this article we interrogate the interregional shifts in garment sourcing taking place in Europe and its surrounding regions. While factor costs (including labour) are important determinants of the geography of sourcing, a range of other costs (logistical and policy costs) are important in structuring the geographies of global and regional production. Firms in the Slovak Republic are responding to increasing competitive pressures and we assess how trans-border sourcing, subcontracting and FDI are being integrated into strategies to sustain European production networks. We highlight the emergence of cross-border production relocation to Ukraine as one specific strategy. We examine the product specificity of these changes and the ways in which they are embedded within already existing production networks, forms of cross-border contracting and central European trade regimes. In other words, we explore some of the forces that shape the somewhat tentative continuation of garment production for export to EU markets in central Europe despite the ,spectre of China'. [source] The cost effectiveness of specialised facilities for service users with persistent challenging behavioursHEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, Issue 6 2001Angela Hallam MSc Abstract Little systematic research relates specifically to the last people to leave a psychiatric hospital at the end of a closure programme. The long-running evaluation of the reprovision of services from Friern Hospital in North London allowed a special study to be made of such a group (67 people in all), whose range of problem behaviours made placement in community settings most difficult. The patients were relatively young, with a shorter length of stay than the remainder of the former long-stay hospital population. They were assessed three times: before leaving Friern, and one and 5 years after relocation. The social and clinical characteristics of each person were measured, and the full costs of their care calculated. The ,difficult-to-place' patients moved to four highly staffed rehabilitation facilities, where the total cost of their care was, on average, £1230 per week. There was no overall change in their psychiatric state over the 5 years after they left Friern Hospital although, in the longer-term, they gained skills in several areas of daily functioning. Most importantly, there was a fall of almost 50% in the number of challenging behaviours exhibited by the study group. At the five-year follow-up point, the cost of care had fallen, on average, by £170 per week, and 24 people had been able to move to more independent accommodation arrangements. Study participants had gained a new network of community service contacts, and used services provided by a greater variety of agencies. The indicators suggest that high expenditure on alternative care was justified retrospectively by overall long-term outcomes. An important policy lesson from the Friern Hospital reprovision study is that adequate funds should be reserved until the end of the closure programme to allow the investment of resources in provision for patients with the most severe problem behaviours. [source] Coherent corticomuscular oscillations originate from primary motor cortex: Evidence from patients with early brain lesionsHUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, Issue 10 2006Christian Gerloff Abstract Coherent oscillations of neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1) have been shown to be involved in the corticospinal control of muscle activity. This interaction between M1 and muscle can be measured by the analysis of corticomuscular coherence in the ,-frequency range (,-CMCoh; 14,30 Hz). Largely based on magnetoencephalographic (MEG) source-modeling data, it is widely assumed that ,-CMCoh reflects direct coupling between M1 and muscle. Deafferentation is capable of modulating ,-CMCoh, however, and therefore the influence of reafferent somatosensory signaling and corresponding neuronal activity in the somatosensory cortex (S1) has been unclear. We present transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and MEG data from three adult patients suffering from congenital hemiparesis due to pre- and perinatally acquired lesions of the pyramidal tract. In these patients, interhemispheric reorganization had resulted in relocation of M1 to the contralesional hemisphere, ipsilateral to the paretic hand, whereas S1 had remained in the lesioned hemisphere. This topographic dichotomy allowed for an unequivocal topographic differentiation of M1 and S1 with MEG (which is not possible if M1 and S1 are directly adjacent within one hemisphere). In all patients, ,-CMCoh originated from the contralesional M1, in accordance with the TMS-evoked motor responses, and in contrast to the somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) for which the sources (N20m) were localized in S1 of the lesioned hemisphere. These data provide direct evidence for the concept that ,-CMCoh reflects the motorcortical efferent drive from M1 to the spinal motoneuron pool and muscle. No evidence was found for a relevant contribution of neuronal activity in S1 to ,-CMCoh. Hum Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Homogeneity analysis of Turkish meteorological data setHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 8 2010Sinan Sahin Abstract The missing value interpolation and homogeneity analysis were performed on the meteorological data of Turkey. The data set has the observations of six variables: the maximum air temperature, the minimum air temperature, the mean air temperature, the total precipitation, the relative humidity and the local pressure of 232 stations for the period 1974,2002. The missing values on the monthly data set were estimated using two methods: the linear regression (LR) and the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. Because of higher correlations between test and reference series, EM algorithm results were preferred. The homogeneity analysis was performed on the annual data using a relative test and four absolute homogeneity tests were used for the stations where non-testable series were found due to the low correlation coefficients between the test and the reference series. A comparison was accomplished by the graphics where relative and absolute tests provided different outcomes. Absolute tests failed to detect the inhomogeneities in the precipitation series at the significance level 1%. Interestingly, most of the inhomogeneities detected on the temperature variables existed in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is considered that theseinhomogeneities were mostly caused by non-natural effects such as relocation. Because of changes at topography at short distance in this region intensify non-random characteristics of the temperature series when relocation occurs even in small distances. The marine effect, which causes artifical cooling effect due to sea breezes has important impact on temperature series and the orograhpy allows this impact go through the inner parts in this region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Rain-gauge network evaluation and augmentation using geostatisticsHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 14 2008Ke-Sheng Cheng Abstract Rain-gauge networks are often used to provide estimates of area average rainfall or point rainfalls at ungauged locations. The level of accuracy a network can achieve depends on the total number and locations of gauges in the network. A geostatistical approach for evaluation and augmentation of an existing rain-gauge network is proposed in this study. Through variogram analysis, hourly rainfalls are shown to have higher spatial variability than annual rainfalls, with hourly Mei-Yu rainfalls having the highest spatial variability. A criterion using ordinary kriging variance is proposed to assess the accuracy of rainfall estimation using the acceptance probability defined as the probability that estimation error falls within a desired range. Based on the criterion, the percentage of the total area with acceptable accuracy Ap under certain network configuration can be calculated. A sequential algorithm is also proposed to prioritize rain-gauges of the existing network, identify the base network, and relocate non-base gauges. Percentage of the total area with acceptable accuracy is mostly contributed by the base network. In contrast, non-base gauges provide little contribution to Ap and are subject to removal or relocation. Using a case study in northern Taiwan, the proposed approach demonstrates that the identified base network which comprises of approximately two-thirds of the total rain-gauges can achieve almost the same level of performance (expressed in terms of percentage of the total area with acceptable accuracy) as the complete network for hourly Mei-Yu rainfall estimation. The percentage of area with acceptable accuracy can be raised from 56% to 88% using an augmented network. A threshold value for the percentage of area with acceptable accuracy is also recommended to help determine the number of non-base gauges which need to be relocated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A combined rh -adaptive scheme based on domain subdivision.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2001Formulation, linear examples Abstract An adaptive scheme is proposed in which the domain is split into two subdomains. One subdomain consists of regions where the discretization is refined with an h -adaptive approach, whereas in the other subdomain node relocation or r -adaptivity is used. Through this subdivision the advantageous properties of both remeshing strategies (accuracy and low computer costs, respectively) can be exploited in greater depth. The subdivision of the domain is based on the formulation of a desired element size, which renders the approach suitable for coupling with various error assessment tools. Two-dimensional linear examples where the analytical solution is known illustrate the approach. It is shown that the combined rh -adaptive approach is superior to its components r - and h -adaptivity, in that higher accuracies can be obtained compared to a purely r -adaptive approach, while the computational costs are lower than that of a purely h -adaptive approach. As such, a more flexible formulation of adaptive strategies is given, in which the relative importance of attaining a pre-set accuracy and speeding-up the computational process can be set by the user. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||