Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Regime
Kinds of Regime Terms modified by Regime Selected AbstractsTHE ENTERPRISE ACT:ASPECTS OF THE NEW REGIME,ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 4 2002Derek Morris The forthcoming Enterprise Act makes the Competition Commission (CC) determinative in relation to merger and market inquiries. It also introduces new competition-based tests, the rationale for which is examined. Several procedural aspects of the new regime are explored, in particular the need for economic guidance to be published on the application of the new tests. A number of key economic considerations are then examined, including market definition, oligopoly pricing, entry and the scope for different perspectives as between economic analysis and business practice. [source] EVOLUTION OF PREY BEHAVIOR IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN PREDATION REGIME: DAMSELFLIES IN FISH AND DRAGONFLY LAKESEVOLUTION, Issue 3 2003R. Stoks Abstract In a large behavioral experiment we reconstructed the evolution of behavioral responses to predators to explore how interactions with predators have shaped the evolution of their prey,behavior. All Enallagma damselfly species reduced both movement and feeding in the presence of coexisting predators. Some Enallagma species inhabit water bodies with both fish and dragonflies, and these species responded to the presence of both predators, whereas other Enallagma species inhabit water bodies that have only large dragonflies as predators, and these species only responded to the presence of dragonflies. Lineages that shifted to live with large dragonflies showed no evolution in behaviors expressed in the presence of dragonflies, but they evolved greater movement in the absence of predators and greater movement and feeding in the presence of fish. These results suggest that Enallagma species have evolutionarily lost the ability to recognize fish as a predator. Because species coexisting with only dragonfly predators have also evolved the ability to escape attacking dragonfly predators by swimming, the decreased predation risk associated with foraging appears to have shifted the balance of the foraging/predation risk trade-off to allow increased activity in the absence of mortality threats to evolve in these lineages. Our results suggest that evolution in response to changes in predation regime may have greater consequences for characters expressed in the absence of mortality threats because of how the balance between the conflicting demands of growth and predation risk are altered. [source] EFFECTS OF DAM IMPOUNDMENT ON THE FLOOD REGIME OF NATURAL FLOODPLAIN COMMUNITIES IN THE UPPER CONNECTICUT RIVER,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 6 2002Keith H. Nislow ABSTRACT: Understanding the effects of dams on the inundation regime of natural floodplain communities is critical for effective decision making on dam management or dam removal. To test the implications of hydrologic alteration by dams for floodplain natural communities, we conducted a combined field and modeling study along two reaches in the Connecticut River Rapids Macrosite (CRRM), one of the last remaining flowing water sections of the Upper Connecticut River. We surveyed multiple channel cross sections at both locations and concurrently identified and surveyed the elevations of important natural communities, native species of concern, and nonnative invasive species. Using a hydrologic model, HEC-RAS, we routed estimated pre-and post-impoundment discharges of different design recurrence intervals (two year through 100 year floods) through each reach to establish corresponding reductions in elevation and effective wetted perimeter following post-dam discharge reductions. By comparing (1) the frequency and duration of flooding of these surfaces before and after impoundment and (2) the total area flooded at different recurrence intervals, our goal was to derive a spatially explicit assessment of hydrologic alteration, directly relevant to natural floodplain communities. Post-impoundment hydrologic alteration profoundly affected the subsequent inundation regime, and this impact was particularly true of higher floodplain terraces. These riparian communities, which were flooded, on average, every 20 to 100 years pre-impoundment, were predicted to flood at 100 , 100 year intervals, essentially isolating them completely from riverine influence. At the pre-dam five to ten year floodplain elevations, we observed smaller differences in predicted flood frequency but substantial differences in the total area flooded and in the average flood duration. For floodplain forests in the Upper Connecticut River, this alteration by impoundment suggests that even if other stresses facing these communities (human development, invasive exotics) were alleviated, this may not be sufficient to restore intact natural communities. More generally, our approach provides a way to combine site specific variables with long term gage records in assessing the restorative potential of dam removal. [source] LANGUAGE AND TOTALITARIAN REGIMESECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2002Magda Stroi The communist misappropriation of words for political purposes still makes people in Eastern Europe struggle to find unambiguous language of political and economic thought. This paper discusses the problem of language that distorts reality and focuses on traps that hinder communication between people from the West and people from the post-communist Eastern Europe. [source] KINETICS AND HYDROLYSIS PARAMETERS OF TOTAL FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES OF ONION BULBS: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE REGIMES AND CULTIVARSJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2007NOUREDDINE BENKEBLIA ABSTRACT This work studied the percentage of hydrolysis, observed hydrolysis rate constant (kobs), half-life time (t1/2) and kinetics of degradation of the total fructooligosaccharides (FOS) of three different onion bulb cultivars (Yellow Spanish, Red Amposta and Tenshin) kept during 6 months under three temperature regimes, 10, 15 and 20C. The percentage of hydrolysis of FOS was higher at 20C than at 10C and ranged from 47 to 58% at 10C, from 63 to 68% at 15C and from 74 to 83% at 20C. The kobs ranged from 27 × 10,3 to 36 × 10,3/week at 10C and from 41 × 10,3/week to 47 × 10,3/week at 15C, while at 20C, it was high and was about kobs 56 × 10,3/week.. The t1/2 decreased when temperature increased, and varied from 19.5 to 26.0 weeks at 10C, from 14.6 to 16.8 weeks at 15C and from 9.4 to 12.3 weeks at 20C, indicating that high degree of polymerization (DP) FOS have shorter lives than low DP FOS. Linear regression and kinetics of hydrolysis have shown that FOS hydrolysis is higher at 20C, with a coefficient of regression ranging between 0.87 and 0.99. Apparently, FOS hydrolysis is temperature independent, and storage time had more effect on the higher DP FOS than on the lower DP FOS. [source] INFLUENCE OF FLOW REGIMES ON TEMPERATURE HETEROGENEITIES WITHIN A SCRAPED SURFACE HEAT EXCHANGERJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2000ERIC DUMONT ABSTRACT In industrial applications, fluids processed in scraped surface heat exchangers often show large temperature heterogeneities at the exchanger outlet. Our study deals with the thermal evolution of model fluids, Newtonian and non-Newtonian in heating or cooling conditions and allows us to link the phenomena of appearance and disappearance of temperature heterogeneities with the changes in the flow pattern within the exchanger. Based on literature data dedicated to scraped surface heat exchangers as well as to annular spaces without blades, we have shown that thermally homogeneous products can be obtained when Taylor vortices appear in the exchanger. Studies done on the exchanger with and without blades show that the thermal behavior is basically the same for both geometries but with a difference in critical Taylor numbers value for change in heat transfer regime. The presence of blades promotes the appearance of instabilities at lower values of generalized Taylor number (Tag= 10 with blades; Tag= 39 without blades). It shows as well, that the value of critical Taylor number in scraped surface heat exchanger closely depends upon the flow-rate even for very low values for Reaxg (Reaxg < <1). [source] BUSINESS COMMUNITY STRUCTURES AND URBAN REGIMES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSISJOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Issue 4 2007MARK DE SOCIO ABSTRACT:,Regime theorists often present business interests as coherent and unified communities with unitary interests. A central principle of regime theory, however, is that business elites tend to occupy privileged positions within regime coalitions because of the scope of resources and expertise they command and cities require for economic development and/or fiscal solvency. Cities are generally home to a wide range of business activities operating at various scales, and business elites representing various corporations in different economic sectors arguably command different kinds of resources and expertise that are functional to the economic activities with which they are affiliated. Various mixes of business elites representing different economic activities might therefore produce differentially biased input regarding urban policy-making and affect the types of regime coalitions that cities develop.Utilizing compilations of interlocking directorates among major organizations across three sectors, profiles of the corporate and social community structures of 24 U.S. cities are generated and a correlation matrix comprised of business and social organizational categories is produced. Factor analysis of the correlation matrix identifies three separate mixes of corporate and social organizational categories that generally conform to descriptions of developmental, caretaker, and progressive regime typologies. These three factors serve as prototypes of the three broad regime types and their corporate community structures. Correlations of the 24 cities with each of the three regime prototypes generally match their regime types as identified through previous case studies. Variations in regime types among cities might therefore be attributed to varying degrees of diversity in the kinds of corporations headquartered or located within them. Closer attention to the economic base of cities,the producers, after all, of local business elites,may reveal internal biases and/or material predisposition towards some urban policies over others by local business elites in relation to the economic activities with which they are linked. [source] EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES AND MONETARY COOPERATION: LESSONS FROM EAST ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA,THE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2004TAKATOSHI ITO This paper analyses the mechanisms of, and draws lessons from, currency crises in Asian and Latin American countries in the 1990s and 2000s. In Asian countries fiscal deficits were insignificant in size, and were not part of a crisis trigger, while in Latin America they played a major role in the crisis story. Crisis management by international financial institutions has been evolving over the last 10 years, and private-sector involvement (PSI) has occupied centre-stage in efforts to reform the international financial architecture. Sovereign debts, a focus of PSI discussions, were neither a cause nor a propagation of the Asian crises. [source] EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES AND TRADETHE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 2007CHRISTOPHER ADAM A ,new version' of the gravity model is used to estimate the effect of a full range of de facto exchange rate regimes on bilateral trade. The results indicate that, while participation in a common currency union is typically strongly ,pro-trade', other exchange rate regimes which lower the exchange rate uncertainty and transactions costs associated with international trade are significantly more pro-trade than the default regime of a ,double float'. They suggest that the direct and indirect trade-creating effects of these regimes on uncertainty and transactions costs tend to outweigh the trade-diverting substitution effects. Tariff-equivalent monetary barriers associated with each exchange rate regime are also calculated. [source] INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN WATER UTILITY REGIMESANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2007Yeti Nisha Madhoo ABSTRACT,:,This paper provides the taxonomy of country experiences in managing their water utilities. Institutions for water supply for various uses and their financial implications are analysed. Different episodes of governmental intervention in water supply and charging are examined. From the survey of different regimes and the existing literature, cost recovery and affordability emerge as the major building blocks for any reform of water utilities. Privatization of water services in terms of ownership change, public-private arrangements and international involvement seems to be a mixed blessing and donor assistance to water projects raises issues in international inequality and does not increase cost recovery levels. Cost recovery is positively associated with economic development, institutional quality and performance of water utilities. [source] Incorporating multiple criteria into the design of conservation area networks: a minireview with recommendationsDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 2 2006Alexander Moffett ABSTRACT We provide a review of multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods that may potentially be used during systematic conservation planning for the design of conservation area networks (CANs). We review 26 methods and present the core ideas of 19 of them. We suggest that the computation of the non-dominated set (NDS) be the first stage of any such analysis. This process requires only that alternatives be qualitatively ordered by each criterion. If the criteria can also be similarly ordered, at the next stage, Regime is the most appropriate method to refine the NDS. If the alternatives can also be given quantitative values by the criteria, Goal Programming will prove useful in many contexts. If both the alternatives and the criteria can be quantitatively evaluated, and the criteria are independent of each other but may be compounded, then multi-attribute value theory (MAVT) should be used (with preferences conveniently elicited by a modified Analytic Hierarchy Process (mAHP) provided that the number of criteria is not large). [source] Financialization and the Role of Real Estate in Hong Kong's Regime of AccumulationECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2003Alan Smart Abstract: The greater dominance of finance in the global economic system is widely considered to have increased instability and created difficulties in constructing modes of regulation that could stabilize post-Fordist regimes of accumulation. Heightened competition and the discipline of global finance restrict the use of Fordist strategies that expand social wages to balance production and consumption. Robert Boyer suggested a model for a possible stable finance-led growth regime. His hypothesis is that once there are sufficient stocks of property in a nation, expenditures that are based on capital gains, dividends, interest, and pensions can compensate for diminished wage-based demand. We contend that the neglect of real estate is a serious limitation, since housing wealth is more significant than other forms of equity for most citizens, and thus that it fails to capture the impact of the perceptions and choices of ordinary citizens. We then argue that features of a finance-led regime of accumulation and a property-based mode of regulation appeared in Hong Kong relatively early. A case study of Hong Kong is used to extend Boyer's discussion, as well as to diagnose Hong Kong's experience for its lessons on the impact of such developments. [source] Austria's Demand for International Reserves and Monetary Disequilibrium: The Case of a Small Open Economy with a Fixed Exchange Rate RegimeECONOMICA, Issue 281 2004Harald Badinger Using a vector error correction approach, I estimate Austria's demand for international reserves over the period 1985:1,1997:4 and test for short-run effects of the disequilibrium on the national monetary market. I find that Austria's long-run reserve demand can be described as a stable function of imports, uncertainty and the opportunity cost of holding reserves with strong economies of scale. The speed of adjustment takes a value of 38 per cent. The results confirm that an excess of money demand (supply) induces an inflow (outflow) of international reserves as postulated by the monetary approach to the balance of payments. [source] Effect of Hydrogen on Fatigue Strength of High-Strength Steels in the VHCF Regime,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 7 2009Yongde Li Diffusible hydrogen or non-diffusible hydrogen can decrease the fatigue strength of high-strength steels. The hydrogen influence factor f(C) describes the hydrogen damage level of fatigue strength. Fatigue strength decreases with increasing non-diffusible hydrogen content in the range 1 ppm,<,Ci,<,3.0,ppm. Fatigue strength decreases significantly with increasing diffusible hydrogen content in the range 1 ppm,<,Cr,<,3.0,ppm, but shows almost no obvious change in the range 3.0 ppm,<,Cr,<,10.0,ppm. [source] Design and Implementation of Return on Capital Employed Performance Indicators Within a Trading Regime: The Case of Executive AgenciesFINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2002Brian A. Rutherford The financial regime under which trading executive agencies operate implies that return on capital employed (ROCE) is used to indicate that revenues meet but do not exceed costs, including the cost of capital; that is, that there is neither cross-subsidisation nor hidden taxation. This paper develops a model for measuring ROCE derived from this objective. It argues that users of ROCE indicators are likely to lack financial sophistication and to want to compare performance between entities, so that indicators should be clear, readily understandable and comparable. The range of measurement and presentation methods used in practice undermines clarity and comparability and some methods are inconsistent with the model. Performance is sometimes characterised as meeting the target when this is problematic. The paper also examines outturn performance and finds some very substantial excess returns, implying hidden taxation. [source] Civility, Male Friendship, and Masonic Sociability in Nineteenth-Century GermanyGENDER & HISTORY, Issue 2 2001Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann Largely neglected by historians who assume that its heyday passed in Europe with the demise of the Old Regime, Freemasonry in fact became a mass phenomenon among German (and French as well as American) middle-class men in the nineteenth century. Masonic secrecy made possible a form of sociability which allowed men to experience intimate relations with each other. Within the lodge, men could experience the emotional drama of the rituals while, both in public and in the family, men increasingly sought to comply with the ideal of a man ruled by reason. Masonic rituals entailed the implicit message that the most important presupposition for civility, moral improvement and a ,brotherhood of all men' was male friendship. [source] The European Union after 9/11: The Demise of a Liberal Democratic Asylum Regime?GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 1 2005Carl Levy This article examines the domestic and international pressures since 11 September 2001 on the liberal democratic asylum regime practised within the European Union. It looks at three areas of confrontation. The pressures exerted upon national governments by anti-immigrant and anti-asylum seeker/refugee far right populist parties. It examines the attempts by the European Union and its member states to arrive at a Common European Asylum System in light of policy developments over the past 20 years, and places these long-standing processes within the events of 11 September 2001. It discusses whether or not the liberal democratic tradition of asylum embodied in the Geneva Convention of 1951 been sacrificed to the dual pressures of the electoral victories of the far right in Europe and a new form of terrorism that threatens European societies. [source] Origins of the French RevolutionHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2007Gail Bossenga There is at present no comprehensive interpretation of the origins of the French Revolution. Because of the fragmented state of the argument, this article explores several perspectives that have influenced research on the Revolution's origins including Alexis de Tocqueville's view of the state; research on the politics of the court at Versailles and the parlements; fiscal origins by institutional economic historians; and cultural approaches, including the analysis of the public sphere by Jürgen Habermas. It concludes that the collapse of the Old Regime was the result of a variety of converging causes, many of which had deep roots in the institutional structure of the old regime. The state itself generated institutional contradictions by both reinforcing privilege and implementing policies that undercut privilege in the quest for greater administrative efficiency. Ministerial incompetence combined with new forces, including enhanced international pressure from efficient British war finance and the growing appeal to public opinion, made reform increasingly difficult and created conditions favorable to revolution when the state went bankrupt in 1789. [source] Magnetic Force Microscopy in the GHz RegimeIMAGING & MICROSCOPY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2007A Study of the Magnetic Contrast from Hard Disk Writer Poles Scanning force microscopy has become in the last two decades the most widely applied method within the field of scanning probe microscopy. In certain cases atomic resolution can be obtained and a lot of specialised modes of application allow the local detection of a variety of probe-sample-interactions. This opens the possibility to analyse physical, chemical and even biological phenomena with an unprecedented sensitivity and resolution. [source] A Proposed Monetary Regime for Small Commodity Exporters: Peg the Export Price (,PEP')INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, Issue 1 2003Jeffrey Frankel On the one hand, the big selling points of floating exchange rates , monetary independence and accommodation of terms of trade shocks , have not lived up to their promise. On the other hand, proposals for credible institutional monetary commitments to nominal anchors have each run aground on their own peculiar shoals. Rigid pegs to the dollar are dangerous when the dollar appreciates. Money targeting does not work when there is a velocity shock. CPI targeting is not viable when there is a large import price shock. And the gold standard fails when there are large fluctuations in the world gold market. This paper advances a new proposal called PEP: peg the export price. Most applicable for countries that are specialized in the production of a particular mineral or agricultural product, the proposal calls on them to commit to fix the price of that commodity in terms of domestic currency. A series of simulations shows how such a proposal would have worked for oil producers over the period 1970,2000. The paths of real oil prices, exports, and debt are simulated under alternative regimes. An illustrative finding is that countries that suffered a declining world market in oil or other export commodities in the late 1990s would under the PEP proposal have automatically experienced a depreciation and a boost to exports when it was most needed. The argument for PEP is that it simultaneously delivers automatic accommodation to terms of trade shocks, as floating exchange rates are supposed to do, while retaining the credibility-enhancing advantages of a nominal anchor, as dollar pegs are supposed to do. [source] State Project Europe: The Transformation of the European Border Regime and the Production of Bare LifeINTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Sonja Buckel Giorgio Agamben refers to a basic problem in the constitution of the modern nation state: the state as a nation implies that "bare life" becomes the foundation of sovereignty. With the loss of their citizenship, refugees lose not only all their rights, but more fundamentally the "right to have rights" (Arendt). This dilemma of modern statehood does not vanish under conditions of European integration; it is rather re-scaled. Applying a state-theoretical approach to the European border regime, we will concentrate on the two main techniques by which the EU produces "bare life": the "camp" and the invisible "police state." It will become apparent that the institutionalization of "the right of every human being to belong to mankind" is still lacking. Yet, in contrast to Agamben, we do not trace this constellation back to the collapse of the concept of human rights, but to hegemonies and power relations. [source] Taking Stock of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime: Using Social Psychology to Understand Regime EffectivenessINTERNATIONAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 3 2008Maria Rost Rublee Since the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) came into force almost 40 years ago, only four states have acquired nuclear weapons. What accounts for such near-universal compliance? This paper argues that social psychology can help us understand the puzzle of nuclear restraint in two ways. First, nuclear forbearance should be unpacked into three outcomes: persuasion (behavior resulting from genuine transformation of preferences), social conformity (behavior resulting from the desire to maximize social benefits and/or minimize social costs, without a change in underlying preferences), and identification (behavior resulting from the desire or habit of following the actions of an important other). Second, through social psychology, we can specify the mechanisms by which the norm of nonproliferation has influenced policymakers. Indeed, the case of Japan shows that both these contributions help us better understand nuclear decision-making and offer larger insights into regime compliance more generally. [source] Discussion of Assessing the Information Content of Mark-to-Market Accounting with Mixed Attributes: The Case of Cash Flow Hedges and Market Transparency and the Accounting RegimeJOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 2 2007HYUN SONG SHIN First page of article [source] Effects of Interactions of Moisture Regime and Nutrient Addition on Nodulation and Carbon Partitioning in Two Cultivars of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 4 2001T. Boutraa Major limitations of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in arid and semiarid regions are lack of moisture and low soil fertility. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of soil moisture and N : P : K (20 : 10 : 10) fertilizer on root and shoot growth of two cultivars of bean: cv. Carioca, an indeterminate Brazilian landrace, and cv. Prince, a determinate cultivar grown in Europe. Carioca appears generally stress-tolerant while Prince is intolerant. Seedlings were grown in pots of non-sterile soil at 30, 60 or 90 % field capacity (FC), and given 0, 0.1 or 1 g (kg soil),1 of compound fertilizer. The soil contained a population of effective Rhizobium. Growth of both cultivars was greatest in the high moisture and high nutrient treatments. Root fractions were highest at low nutrient supply; the effect of water was not significant. Leaf fraction decreased as root fraction increased. Numbers of nodules were highest at high and intermediate moisture when no fertilizer was applied. Numbers were lowest at 30 % FC and at the highest fertilizer rate. Masses of nodules and fractions followed the same pattern. Decreasing water regime reduced the relative growth rate (RGR) of Prince, while Carioca maintained high RGR at unfavourable conditions of water and nutrients. Net assimilation rates (NAR) were unaffected by nutrient addition, and reduced by low moisture regime. Water use efficiencies (WUEs) were reduced by water stress but increased by nutrient deficiency. The water utilization for dry matter production was optimal at 60 % FC. Einflüsse der Interaktionen von Bodendenfeuchte und Düngung auf die Knöllchenbildung und Kohlenstoff verteilung bei zwei Bohnenkultivaren (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Der begrenzende Hauptfaktor der Bohnenproduktion in ariden und semiariden Regionen sind der Feuchtigkeitsmangel und die Bodenfruchbarkeit. Es wurde ein Experiment durchgeführt, um die Wirkungen des Bodenwassers und von N : P : K (20 : 10 : 10) Dünger auf das Wurzel- und Sproßwachstum an zwei Kultivaren von Bohnen (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Carioca, eine brasilianischen, indeterminierte Landsorte und cv. Prince, eine determinierter in Europa angebauter Kultivar) zu untersuchen. Carioca erscheint grundsätzlich streßtoleranter im Vergleich zu Prince. Die Sämlinge wurden in Gefäßen mit nichtsterilisiertem Boden unter Feldkapazitäten von 30,60 oder 90 % mit 0, 0,1 oder 1 g eines Volldüngers angezogen. Der Boden enthielt eine Population von wirksamem Rhizobium. Das stärkste Wachstum wurde bei beiden Kultivaren unter dem Einfluß des höchsten Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes und der höchsten Düngermenge gefunden. Der Wurzelanteil war bei der geringen Düngermenge am niedrigsten. Der Einfluß der Bodenfeuchtigkeit war nicht signifikant. Der Blattanteil nahm mit zunehmendem Wurzelanteil ab. Die Anzahl der Knötchen war bei hoher und mittlerer Bodenfeuchte und ohne Düngeranwendung am höchsten. Die Anzahl war am geringsten bei 30 % FC und der höchsten Düngermenge. Die Knötchenmasse und ihr Anteil reagierte entsprechend. Abnehmende Bodenfeuchte reduzierte die relative Wachtumsrate (RGR) von Prince, während Carioca einen hohen RGR auch bei ungünstigen Bedingungen bezüglich Wasser und Düngung behielt. Die Nettoassimilationsraten wurden durch die Düngung nicht beeinflußt; sie gingen bei geringer Bodenfeuchte zurück. Die Wassernutzungseffiziens (WUE) wurde bei Wasserstreß reduziert, nahm aber bei Düngermangel zu. Die Wassernutzung für die Trockenmasseproduktion war bei 60 % Feldkapazität am höchsten. [source] ZIMBABWE: Sentiment Grows Against RegimeAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 12 2009Article first published online: 6 FEB 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Reversible addition,fragmentation chain-transfer graft polymerization of styrene: Solid phases for organic and peptide synthesisJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 23 2002Leonie Barner Abstract The ,-initiated reversible addition,fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT)-agent-mediated free-radical graft polymerization of styrene onto a polypropylene solid phase has been performed with cumyl phenyldithioacetate (CPDA). The initial CPDA concentrations range between 1 × 10,2 and 2 × 10,3 mol L,1 with dose rates of 0.18, 0.08, 0.07, 0.05, and 0.03 kGy h,1. The RAFT graft polymerization is compared with the conventional free-radical graft polymerization of styrene onto polypropylene. Both processes show two distinct regimes of grafting: (1) the grafting layer regime, in which the surface is not yet totally covered with polymer chains, and (2) a regime in which a second polymer layer is formed. Here, we hypothesize that the surface is totally covered with polymer chains and that new polymer chains are started by polystyrene radicals from already grafted chains. The grafting ratio of the RAFT-agent-mediated process is controlled via the initial CPDA concentration. The molecular weight of the polystyrene from the solution (PSfree) shows a linear behavior with conversion and has a low polydispersity index. Furthermore, the loading of the grafted solid phase shows a linear relationship with the molecular weight of PSfree for both regimes. Regime 2 has a higher loading capacity per molecular weight than regime 1. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 4180,4192, 2002 [source] Interregional Disparities in Productivity and the Choice of Fiscal RegimeJOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 3 2009KIMIKO TERAI Two districts with divergent productivity levels engage in policy-making on the provision of local public goods that enhance future income and hence create a dynamic linkage across periods. The policy choices of district representatives are derived under alternative fiscal systems, and the relative merits of the systems are evaluated. It is predicted that a decentralized system is more likely to be selected in a more equal society. On the other hand, when a great deal of benefit spills over from a local public good, or when policy makers are expected to care solely about the immediate effects of their decisions on their districts, a centralized system is more likely to be selected. [source] Ecologically Functional Floodplains: Connectivity, Flow Regime, and Scale,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 2 2010Jeffrey J. Opperman Opperman, Jeffrey J., Ryan Luster, Bruce A. McKenney, Michael Roberts, and Amanda Wrona Meadows, 2010. Ecologically Functional Floodplains: Connectivity, Flow Regime, and Scale. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):211-226. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00426.x Abstract:, This paper proposes a conceptual model that captures key attributes of ecologically functional floodplains, encompassing three basic elements: (1) hydrologic connectivity between the river and the floodplain, (2) a variable hydrograph that reflects seasonal precipitation patterns and retains a range of both high and low flow events, and (3) sufficient spatial scale to encompass dynamic processes and for floodplain benefits to accrue to a meaningful level. Although floodplains support high levels of biodiversity and some of the most productive ecosystems on Earth, they are also among the most converted and threatened ecosystems and therefore have recently become the focus of conservation and restoration programs across the United States and globally. These efforts seek to conserve or restore complex, highly variable ecosystems and often must simultaneously address both land and water management. Thus, such efforts must overcome considerable scientific, technical, and socioeconomic challenges. In addition to proposing a scientific conceptual model, this paper also includes three case studies that illustrate methods for addressing these technical and socioeconomic challenges within projects that seek to promote ecologically functional floodplains through river-floodplain reconnection and/or restoration of key components of hydrological variability. [source] Effect of Snow Cover Conditions on the Hydrologic Regime: Case Study in a Pluvial-Nival Watershed, Japan,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 4 2008Andrew C. Whitaker Abstract:, Hydrologic monitoring in a small forested and mountainous headwater basin in Niigata Prefecture has been undertaken since 2000. An important characteristic of the basin is that the hydrologic regime contains pluvial elements year-round, including rain-on-snow, in addition to spring snowmelt. We evaluated the effect of different snow cover conditions on the hydrologic regime by analyzing observed data in conjunction with model simulations of the snowpack. A degree-day snow model is presented and applied to the study basin to enable estimation of the basin average snow water equivalent using air temperature at three representative elevations. Analysis of hydrological time series data and master recession curves showed that flow during the snowmelt season was generated by a combination of ground water flow having a recession constant of 0.018/day and diurnal melt water flow having a recession constant of 0.015/hour. Daily flows during the winter/snowmelt season showed greater persistence than daily flows during the warm season. The seasonal water balance indicated that the ratio of runoff to precipitation during the cold season (December to May) was about 90% every year. Seasonal snowpack plays an important role in defining the hydrologic regime, with winter precipitation and snowmelt runoff contributing about 65% of the annual runoff. The timing of the snowmelt season, indicated by the date of occurrence of the first significant snowmelt event, was correlated with the occurrence of low flow events. Model simulations showed that basin average snow water equivalent reached a peak around mid-February to mid-March, although further validation of the model is required at high elevation sites. [source] Mathematical Model on Flow Regime and Water Harvesting in Inundation Plains,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 3 2007Manasmani Dev Goswami Abstract:, A mathematical model on flow regime and water harvesting in inundation plains is presented. The flow profile is a free over-fall at the end of the desired inundation. The flow front in the plain is on-line for the entire coverage, in a sense that there is initiation of flow mass after each small reach of the flow traverse, and it is continuing to the extreme point of coverage. The water-harvesting phenomenon depends upon the occurrences of the hydrologic events, the nature of surface flows in the valley, the expected favorable time of flood incidence, and the soil characteristics of the plains. The model has been tested for three micro-watersheds of different soil characteristics. It is best suited to platykurtic nature of flood phenomenon in the study area, with the correlation co-efficient in-between computed and observed amount of water harvesting above 0.90. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||