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Reformation
Kinds of Reformation Selected AbstractsThe Bible among Lutherans in America: The ELCA as a Test CaseDIALOG, Issue 1 2006By Erik M. Heen Abstract:, This article describes the biblical hermeneutics that inform the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America by comparing the ELCA's tradition of biblical interpretation with that of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. It sets both against the great social and intellectual challenges of the early twentieth century, including the modernist/fundamentalist controversy. One commonality that surfaces is that both church bodies appropriated pre-modern hermeneutical impulses for "counter modern" biblical apologetics. In this process the LC-MS privileged the period of Lutheran Orthodoxy (17th century) while the ELCA constructed its hermeneutical paradigm through a recovery of the early Reformation (Luther). This observation suggests that both interpretive trajectories need further historical as well as theological review and revision. [source] Theology is not Mere Sociology: A Theological Reflection on the Reception of the Christian Religion in Mainland ChinaDIALOG, Issue 3 2004By Pilgrim W.K. Abstract:, Post-Maoist China retains its loyalty to Marxist principles; yet voices are being heard that interpret religion much more positively. Both government spokespersons and Religious Studies scholars measure the value of religion according to its social function. Such a criterion of evaluation fails to take account of what is essential to Christian theology, namely, appeal to divine transcendence. Yet, Christian theology in the tradition of the Lutheran Reformation begins with transcendence and turns toward human responsibility for the world through loving the neighbor. This may mark a common cause between Chinese sociology of religion and Christian commitments to social well-being. [source] The Johnson family and the Reformation, 1542,52HISTORICAL RESEARCH, Issue 210 2007Danae Tankard The Johnsons were a family of merchants who left behind an extensive body of correspondence, covering the period 1542,52, preserved in The National Archives. By 1542 the Johnsons and many of their social network were already ,Protestant', although when they converted and why is unknown. Through their letters we get a first-hand account of many of the events of the Reformation, both in England and Europe, and their authors' opinions on them. Using the correspondence, which remains almost completely unknown, this article analyses the nature of their Protestantism within the context of the early Reformation. [source] The culture of judgement: art and anti-Catholicism in England, c.1660,c.1760*HISTORICAL RESEARCH, Issue 202 2005Clare Haynes Art produced in Italy and France was highly prized in England during the long eighteenth century even though much of it was Catholic in subject matter. A number of strategies of mediation were developed to manage this problem that allowed the prestige of this culture to accrue to the English élite. At the same time, the role of visual culture in the Church of England was being contested between those who were confident that the Reformation had been effected and those who believed it to be still incomplete. Central to both these phenomena was the idea that popish pictures and art in churches could be acceptable if, and only if, the spectator could be trusted to look ,properly'. [source] Henry VIII's ecclesiastical and collegiate foundationsHISTORICAL RESEARCH, Issue 190 2002Richard Rex This article investigates Henry VIII's ecclesiastical foundations in order to assess their significance and to see what they can tell us about the king's personal religious convictions,a relatively under,explored area. After sketching the medieval background, the article catalogues Henry's foundations, and then explores their perceived and stated purposes, and their implications for the general course of the Reformation under Henry VIII. The main original sources are the patent rolls (here referred to mainly via the calendar of Letters and Papers of Henry VIII). Henry's choices about the dedications of his foundations are found to cast interesting new light on his devotional tastes and development. More broadly, the history of his foundations illustrates his hesitancy in breaking with traditional religion, and leads the authors to take issue with interpretations of Henry VIII's religious development advanced by G. W. Bernard. [source] A Mirror for Magistrates and the Politics of the English Reformation , By Scott C. LucasHISTORY, Issue 320 2010KIMBERLEY J. HACKETT No abstract is available for this article. [source] Education of the Laity and Advocacy of Violence in Print during the French Wars of ReligionHISTORY, Issue 318 2010LUC RACAUT At the turn of the seventeenth century King Henri IV of France sought to reconcile his Catholic and Protestant subjects by blaming the violent excesses of the French Wars of Religion on religious radicalism. In particular, Catholic preachers and pamphleteers were accused retrospectively of having poured oil on the fire of religious violence through vitriolic sermons and pamphlets. Historians have tended to reproduce this charge while at the same time emphasizing the ,modernity' of Protestantism, particularly in view of religious education. A review of books printed in the sixteenth century enables historians to test empirically the extent to which violence was fuelled by religious polemic. From the beginning of the Reformation the Catholic Church had been torn between educating the laity in correct doctrine on one hand and denouncing heresy on the other. A closer look at the book trade reveals that these concerns were reflected in the kinds of books that were published in the vernacular in the second half of the sixteenth century. While the clergy increasingly saw the merits of educating the laity, it had to compete with the public's taste for polemic that printers were keen to cater for. [source] Reformation and Religious Identity in Cambridge, 1590,1644 By David HoyleHISTORY, Issue 312 2008TOM WEBSTER No abstract is available for this article. [source] Mother, Martyr and Mary Magdalene: German Female Pamphleteers and their Self-imagesHISTORY, Issue 291 2003Ulrike Zitzlsperger Female pamphleteers who involved themselves in the German Reformation faced a double challenge: they had to argue why a lay person needed to enter into public debate and, still more controversially, why a woman should brave the consequences of going into print. In this article two noblewomen, Argula von Grumbach and Elisabeth von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, and two middle-class Protestants, Katharina Schütz Zell and Ursula Weida, serve as case studies of how women with noticeably different backgrounds dealt with the challenge. The article focuses on the images they projected of themselves. While some of these images derived from traditional idealized and biblical female figures, others show a creative attempt to argue the case for long-term participation in public debate. The most striking concept within this second category is Katharina Schütz Zell's role as ,Kirchenmutter' (Churchmother). The impact of such an image becomes obvious when Katharina Schütz Zell is compared with the Nuremberg shoemaker-poet, Hans Sachs. An equally outspoken lay participant of the Reformation, his mounting disappointment with religious politics and the decline of his home town led him to withdraw into privacy. In contrast, Katharina Schütz Zell, whose remit was the more closely defined Strasbourg parish, remained actively involved until her death. [source] The Taming of Reformation: Preachers, Pastors and Parishioners in Elizabethan and Early Stuart EnglandHISTORY, Issue 280 2000Christopher Haigh Many of the godly preachers of late Elizabethan England encountered resistance from their parishioners. There were often objections to their divisiveness, to their preaching of predestination, and to their liturgical nonconformity. This article argues that parochial responses prompted some clergy to adjust their strategies, and encouraged younger ministers to adopt new ways. A more comprehensive pastorate, a proto-Arminian doctrine of justification, and a more ceremonialist approach to services resulted. The Calvinist Reformation was contained and domesticated by consumer resistance as much as by conformist bishops and Arminianizing theologians. The people had their say too. [source] Protestant Conceptions of the Devil in Early Stuart EnglandHISTORY, Issue 278 2000Darren Olderidge The central thesis of this article is that a distinctively Protestant idea of the Devil had emerged in England by the early seventeenth century. This emphasized the role of Satan as a spiritual force, with great power over human affairs. This image was not universally accepted, however. An older tradition, which depicted the Devil in crudely physical form, persisted throughout the seventeenth century in folklore and cheap literature. This article argues that godly Protestants were willing to utilize folk images of the Devil in order to promote their own religious agenda, and explores this process in several different contexts, including exorcisms and anti-Catholic propaganda. The result of this process was an interesting compromise between Protestant ideals and traditional beliefs, which illustrates the wider achievements and limitations of the English Reformation. [source] What Happened to English Catholicismafter theEnglish Reformation?HISTORY, Issue 277 2000M. C. Questier This article looks again at how historians have discussed Roman Catholicism in England after Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558. Some scholarly treatments of the topic have represented it as a popular but essentially introspective parish religion. Others have taken it to be an active clericalist force in early modern English national politics. This has made it difficult to define Catholicism's place in Elizabethan and early Stuart England. Of course, Catholicism in this period clearly had a range of meanings. This article tries to draw some of them together by probing a series of contemporary opinions about Catholicism, and how contemporaries thought it could be expressed and practised. [source] Teaching & Learning Guide for: The Origins of English PuritanismHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2007Karl Gunther Author's Introduction This essay makes the familiar observation that when one part of an historiography changes, so must other parts. Here the author observes that the phenomenon known as puritanism has dramatically changed meanings over the past quarter century, though the change has focused on the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods. He asks that we consider the impact of that change on the earlier period, when puritanism in England had its origins. Focus Questions 1Why is the author unable to posit an answer to his question? 2If new study of the origins of puritanism were to reveal that it was not a mainstream Calvinist movement, but a radical critique of the Henrician and early Elizabethan church, how would that affect the new orthodoxy in Puritan studies? Author Recommends * A. G. Dickens, The English Reformation (Batsford, 1989). The starting place for all modern discussions of the English Reformation and the origins of both conservative and radical protestantism in England. Dicken's view is that the reformation was a mixture of German ideas, English attitudes, and royal leadership. * Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c.1400,1580 (Yale Univeristy Press, 2005). What was it that the Reformation reformed? In order to understand early English protestantism, one needs to see it within the context of Catholicism. Eamon Duffy rejects the narrative of the Catholic church told by Protestant reformers and demonstrates the ruthlessness of the reformation. * Ethan Shagen, Popular Politics and the English Reformation (Cambridge University Press, 2003). Shagan asks the question, how is a conservative population energized to undertake the overthrow of their customs and beliefs? He too is centrally concerned with the issue of how radical was the English Reformation. * Brad Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (Harvard University Press, 1999). Nothing better expressed the radicalism of religious belief than the dual process of martyrdom, the willingness of the established religion to make martyrs of its enemies and of dissendents to be martyrs to their cause. Gregory explores this phenomenon across the confessional divide and comes to surprising conclusions about similarities and differences. Online Materials 1. Puritan Studies on the Web http://puritanism.online.fr A site of resources for studies of Puritanism, this contains a large number of primary sources and links to other source sites. The Link to the English Reformation is particularly useful. 2. The Royal Historical Society Bibliography http://www.rhs.ac.uk/bibl/dataset.asp The bibliography of the Royal Historical Society contains a complete listing of articles and books on all aspects of British history. Subject searches for Puritanism or the English Reformation will yield hundreds of works to choose from. [source] Self-sustained reformation of diesel fuel using a SiC block with penetrating wallsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 5 2010Min Kook Ko Abstract Reformation of diesel fuel was performed using a silicon carbide (SiC) block with penetrating walls. The atomized fuel was spray injected to the electrically heated block. The fuel,air mixture was reformed by partial oxidation and changed to synthesis gas including CO, CO2, H2O, O2 and H2. The composition of the reformed gas was measured with varying fuel,air ratios. The degree of reformation or conversion changes with the temperature and a maximum conversion efficiency of ,90% is attained at around 850°C. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Reformation of the Eyes: Apparitions and Optics in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century EuropeJOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY, Issue 2 2003Stuart Clark Apparitions were the subject of fierce theological and philosophical debate in the period after the Reformation. But these controversies also raised issues fundamental to the nature and organization of human vision. They crossed and recrossed the boundaries between religion and the science and psychology of optics. Apparitions, after all, are things that appear, and spectres are things that are seen. Before they could mean anything to anyone they had to be correctly identified as phenomena. Their religious role, whether Protestant or Catholic, presupposed a perceptual judgement , essentially visual in character , about just what they were. During the early modern period this judgement , this visual identification , became vastly more complex and contentious than ever before, certainly much more so than in the case of medieval ghosts. The sceptics, natural magicians, and atheists turned apparitions into optical tricks played by nature or human artifice; the religious controversialists and demonologists thought that demons might also be responsible. This essay argues that the debate that ensued, irrespective of the confessional allegiances of the protagonists, was the occasion for some of the most sustained and sophisticated of the early modern arguments about truth and illusion in the visual world. [source] Visionary Eschatology: Piers PlowmanMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 1 2000David Aers In its later versions Piers Plowman is a long, complex poem of extraordinary formal, theological, and political complexity. It is one of the greatest Christian poems. Written in a period of unprecedented conflict in English polities, including the Church, it was passionately involved in exploring many of these conflicts while seeking to imagine projects of Reformation. The poem includes fascinating reflections on diverse eschatological traditions within the late medieval Church, including neo-Joachite ones. Subjecting both the contemporary Church and such eschatologies to sustained critique, the author evolves a profoundly Christocentric vision in the light of which triumphant narratives of the Church would emerge as among the opiates threatening the Church at the poem's close. [source] English Catholics on the English ReformationNEW BLACKFRIARS, Issue 1011 2006Fergus Kerr OP No abstract is available for this article. [source] Practical Identities and Autonomy: Korsgaard's Reformation of Kan's Moral PhilosophyPHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2002CHRISTOPHER W. GOWANS Kant has long been taxed with an inability to explain the detailed normative content of our lives by making universalizability the sole arbiter of our values. Korsgaard addresses one form of this critique by defending a Kantian theory amended by a seemingly attractive conception of practical identities. Identities are dependent on the contingent circumstances of each person's world. Hence, obligations issuing from them differ from Kantian moral obligations in not applying to all persons. Still, Korsgaard takes Kantian autonomy to mean the normativity of all obligations is rooted in universalizability. The wealth of values informing our lives is thus said to be accommodated within a Kantian framework. After briefly explaining Korsgaard's understanding of practical identities and their role in her reformation of Kant's moral philosophy, I argue that she gives an inadequate explanation of how the obligations that arise from a person's practical identities derive their authority from the person's will. I then consider how her position might be developed to meet this objection in accordance with her allegiance to "constructivism" and I argue that the epistemic commitments of people's actual identities makes it unlikely that such a development could preserve Kantian autonomy as she interprets it. [source] Church in China: Faith, Ethics, Structure: The Heritage of the Reformation for the Future of the Chinese Church , By Aiming WangRELIGIOUS STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 3 2010Amos Yong No abstract is available for this article. [source] Jean Gerson, moral certainty and the Renaissance of ancient ScepticismRENAISSANCE STUDIES, Issue 4 2009Rudolf Schüssler The early modern revival of scepticism and new scholastic trends in guiding uncertain consciences originated in the 15th century. This paper explores the motivating role of the Great Western Schism (1378,1417) on these developments, focusing on the work of the eminent theologian and philosopher Jean Gerson (1363,1429). The Schism created a rationale for a pluralistic handling of opinions and for a positive attitude towards scepticism, as Gerson's writings document. Moreover, innovations in the scholastic treatment of uncertainty, culminating in Gerson's concept of a moral certainty, made ancient scepticism palatable for scholastics. Hence, two major early modern traditions of dealing with uncertainty, the sceptic and the scholastic, were interrelated at the beginning. Gerson also addressed the problem of a reliable criterion of religious truth which Richard Popkin tied to the Reformation. The problem was much discussed well before the Reformation, notably in connection with the question of distinguishing true from false prophetic knowledge. The Schism, however, disqualified the Catholic hierarchy as arbiter of truth and motivated a reconsideration of established notions of epistemic uncertainty. [source] The Imaginative World of the Reformation.THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 5 2007By Peter Matheson No abstract is available for this article. [source] Alteration and Reformation of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Prediction of Remaining Potential Resources in Superimposed BasinsACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 5 2010PANG Hong Abstract: Complex hydrocarbon reservoirs developed widely in the superimposed basins of China formed from multiple structural alterations, reformation and destruction of hydrocarbon reservoirs formed at early stages. They are characterized currently by trap adjustment, component variation, phase conversion, and scale reformation. This is significant for guiding current hydrocarbon exploration by revealing evolution mechanisms after hydrocarbon reservoir formation and for predicting remaining potential resources. Based on the analysis of a number of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs, there are four geologic features controlling the degree of destruction of hydrocarbon reservoirs formed at early stages: tectonic event intensity, frequency, time and caprock sealing for oil and gas during tectonic evolution. Research shows that the larger the tectonic event intensity, the more frequent the tectonic event, the later the last tectonic event, the weaker the caprock sealing for oil and gas, and the greater the volume of destroyed hydrocarbons in the early stages. Based on research on the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon reservoir destruction mechanisms, a geological model of tectonic superimposition and a mathematical model evaluating potential remaining complex hydrocarbon reservoirs have been established. The predication method and technical procedures were applied in the Tazhong area of Tarim Basin, where four stages of hydrocarbon accumulation and three stages of hydrocarbon alteration occurred. Geohistorical hydrocarbon accumulation reached 3.184 billion tons, of which 1.271 billion tons were destroyed. The total volume of remaining resources available for exploration is ,1.9 billion tons. [source] Bone Reformation and Implant Integration following Maxillary Sinus Membrane Elevation: An Experimental Study in PrimatesCLINICAL IMPLANT DENTISTRY AND RELATED RESEARCH, Issue 1 2006Vinicius C Palma DDS ABSTRACT Background:, Recent clinical studies have described maxillary sinus floor augmentation by simply elevating the maxillary sinus membrane without the use of adjunctive grafting materials. Purpose:, This experimental study aimed at comparing the histologic outcomes of sinus membrane elevation and simultaneous placement of implants with and without adjunctive autogenous bone grafts. The purpose was also to investigate the role played by the implant surface in osseointegration under such circumstances. Materials and Methods:, Four tufted capuchin primates had all upper premolars and the first molar extracted bilaterally. Four months later, the animals underwent maxillary sinus membrane elevation surgery using a replaceable bone window technique. The schneiderian membrane was kept elevated by insertion of two implants (turned and oxidized, Brånemark System®, Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) in both sinuses. The right sinus was left with no additional treatment, whereas the left sinus was filled with autogenous bone graft. Implant stability was assessed through resonance frequency analysis (OsstellTM, Integration Diagnostics AB, Göteborg, Sweden) at installation and at sacrifice. The pattern of bone formation in the experimental sites and related to the different implant surfaces was investigated using fluorochromes. The animals were sacrificed 6 months after the maxillary sinus floor augmentation procedure for histology and histomorphometry (bone-implant contact, bone area in threads, and bone area in rectangle). Results:, The results showed no differences between membrane-elevated and grafted sites regarding implant stability, bone-implant contacts, and bone area within and outside implant threads. The oxidized implants exhibited improved integration compared with turned ones as higher values of bone-implant contact and bone area within threads were observed. Conclusions:, The amount of augmented bone tissue in the maxillary sinus after sinus membrane elevation with or without adjunctive autogenous bone grafts does not differ after 6 months of healing. New bone is frequently deposited in contact with the schneiderian membrane in coagulum-alone sites, indicating the osteoinductive potential of the membrane. Oxidized implants show a stronger bone tissue response than turned implants in sinus floor augmentation procedures. [source] Italian Reform and English Reformations, c. 1535,c.HISTORY, Issue 319 2010By Anne Overell No abstract is available for this article. [source] Micro-focus X-ray computed tomography images of the 3D structure of the cranium of a fetus with asymmetric double malformationCONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 1 2006Takashi Shibata ABSTRACT,, Reconstructed micro computed tomography (Micro-CT, µ-CT) images have revealed the detailed three-dimensional structure of the cranium of human fetal congenital anomalies for the first time. The objects were a head and a cervix of female autosite and a parasite consisting of only a head conjoined to the scapular region of the autosite of an asymmetric double malformation (asymmetric conjoined twins, heteropagus twinning) at a gestational age of 8 months. The cranium of the autosite was normal, but that of the parasite was characterized by otocephaly (agnathia, synotia, and monorhina) and almost all the cranial bones were of an abnormal shape. It is suggested that a part of occipital bone (the basioccipital and exoccipital bones), the vomer and cribriform plate were absent and this resulted in the fusion and overlapping of bilateral temporal and craniofacial bones that should have been adjacent to them. This resulted in a reformation and relocation of most of the cranial bones. Micro-CT is a useful tool to visualize the detailed bone structure which has not been clarified by the conventional dissection methods and other imaging technologies and is a powerful instrument for studying congenital anomalies. [source] ROCK inhibitor (Y27632) increases apoptosis and disrupts the actin cortical mat in embryonic avian corneal epitheliumDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 3 2004Kathy K.H. Svoboda Abstract The embryonic chicken corneal epithelium is a unique tissue that has been used as an in vitro epithelial sheet organ culture model for over 30 years (Hay and Revel [1969] Fine structure of the developing Avian cornea. Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger A.G.). This tissue was used to establish that epithelial cells could produce extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as collagen and proteoglycans (Dodson and Hay [1971] Exp Cell Res 65:215,220; Meier and Hay [1973] Dev Biol 35:318,331; Linsenmayer et al. [1977] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74:39,43; Hendrix et al. [1982] Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 22:359,375). This historic model was also used to establish that ECM proteins could stimulate actin reorganization and increase collagen synthesis (Sugrue and Hay [1981] J Cell Biol 91:45,54; Sugrue and Hay [1982] Dev Biol 92:97,106; Sugrue and Hay [1986] J Cell Biol 102:1907,1916). Our laboratory has used the model to establish the signal transduction pathways involved in ECM-stimulated actin reorganization (Svoboda et al. [1999] Anat Rec 254:348,359; Chu et al. [2000] Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:3374,3382; Reenstra et al. [2002] Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:3181,3189). The goal of the current study was to investigate the role of ECM in epithelial cell survival and the role of Rho-associated kinase (p160 ROCK, ROCK-1, ROCK-2, referred to as ROCK), in ECM and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) -mediated actin reorganization. Whole sheets of avian embryonic corneal epithelium were cultured in the presence of the ROCK inhibitor, Y27632 at 0, 0.03, 0.3, 3, or 10 ,M before stimulating the cells with either collagen (COL) or LPA. Apoptosis was assessed by Caspase-3 activity assays and visualized with annexin V binding. The ROCK inhibitor blocked actin cortical mat reformation and disrupted the basal cell lateral membranes in a dose-dependent manner and increased the apoptosis marker annexin V. In addition, an in vitro caspase-3 activity assay was used to determine that caspase-3 activity was higher in epithelia treated with 10 ,M Y-27632 than in those isolated without the basal lamina or epithelia stimulated with fibronectin, COL, or LPA. In conclusion, ECM molecules decreased apoptosis markers and inhibiting the ROCK pathway blocked ECM stimulated actin cortical mat reformation and increased apoptosis in embryonic corneal epithelial cells. Developmental Dynamics 229:579,590, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Recovery of two independent sweet taste systems during regeneration of the mouse chorda tympani nerve after nerve crushEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 6 2007Keiko Yasumatsu Abstract In rodents, section of the taste nerve results in degeneration of the taste buds. Following regeneration of the cut taste nerve, however, the taste buds reappear. This phenomenon can be used to study the functional reformation of the peripheral neural system responsible for sweet taste. In this study we examined the recovery of sweet responses by the chorda tympani (CT) nerve after nerve crush as well as inhibition of these responses by gurmarin (Gur), a sweet response inhibitor. After about 2 weeks of CT nerve regeneration, no significant response to any taste stimuli could be observed. At 3 weeks, responses to sweet stimuli reappeared but were not significantly inhibited by Gur. At 4 weeks, Gur inhibition of sweet responses reached statistically significant levels. Thus, the Gur-sensitive (GS) component of the sweet response reappeared about 1 week later than the Gur-insensitive (GI) component. Moreover, single CT fibers responsive to sucrose could be classified into distinct GS and GI groups at 4 weeks. After 5 weeks or more, responses to sweet compounds before and after treatment with Gur became indistinguishable from responses in the intact group. During regeneration, the GS and GI components of the sucrose response could be distinguished based on their concentration-dependent responses to sucrose. These results suggest that mice have two different sweet-reception systems, distinguishable by their sensitivity to Gur (the GS and GI systems). These two sweet-reception systems may be reconstituted independently during regeneration of the mouse CT nerve. [source] Producing Supramolecular Functional Materials Based on Fiber Network ReconstructionADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 14 2009Shaokun Tang Abstract Here, the creation of new supramolecular functional materials based on the reconstruction of three-dimensional interconnecting self-organized nanofiber networks by a surfactant is reported. The system under investigation is N -lauroyl- L -glutamic acid di- n -butylamide in propylene glycol. The architecture of networks is implemented in terms of surfactants, e.g. sorbitan monolaurate. The elastic performance of the soft functional material is either weakened or strengthened (up to 300% for the current system) by reconstructing the topology of a fiber network. A topology transition of gel fiber network from spherulite-like to comb-like to spherulite-like is performed with the introduction of this surfactant. The Span 20 molecules are selectively adsorbed on the side surfaces of the crystalline fibers and promote the nucleation of side branches, giving rise to the transformation of the network architecture from spherulite-like topology to comb-like topology. At high surfactant concentrations, the occurrence of micelles may provide an increasing number of nucleation centers for spherulitic growth, leading to the reformation of spherulite-like topology. An analysis on fiber network topology supports and verifies a perfect agreement between the topological behavior and the rheological behavior of the functional materials. The approach identified in this study opens up a completely new avenue in designing and producing self-supporting supramolecular functional materials with designated macroscopic properties. [source] Geographies of Housing Finance: The Mortgage Market in Milan, ItalyGROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 2 2007MANUEL B. AALBERS ABSTRACT The geography of financial exclusion has mainly focused on exclusion from retail banking. Alternatively, and following the work of David Harvey, this paper presents a geography of access to and exclusion from home mortgage finance. The case of Milan shows that capital switching to the built environment is partly a sign of economic crisis and partly a sign of the intrinsic opportunities that the built environment provides. A major factor in both is the deregulation of the mortgage market that has enabled the loosening of historically stringent lending criteria, leading to a tremendous growth of the mortgage market, while leaving the co-evolution of family and home ownership intact. In addition, capital switches within sectors of the economy and between places. In Milan, once "unattractive" but currently gentrified nineteenth-century districts underwent cycles of devalorisation and revalorisation. Even though access to mortgages has increased throughout Milan, geographical disparities in mortgage lending persist: at present, yellowlining (differential access, based on less favourable terms) is common in parts of the Milanese periphery. The creation of boundaries makes the realisation of class-monopoly rent possible; while the subsequent redrawing of these boundaries creates new submarkets in which surplus value can be extracted. Based on the Milan case, one cannot explain the timing and geography of formation and reformation of submarkets in other cities, but it helps us to see how Harvey's abstract ideas of class-monopoly rent, submarket creation, and capital switching take place in the real world. [source] ,Settling the Hearts and Quieting the Minds of All Good People': The Major-Generals and the Puritan Minoritiesof Interregnum EnglandHISTORY, Issue 278 2000Christopher Durston In 1655 Cromwell dispatched the major-generals to the provinces with the aims of improving security and bringing about a moral reformation. Commissioners for securing the peace of the commonwealth were appointed to work with them in every county. While a few of these commissioners were career politicians, most were zealous Puritans who welcomed the major-generals with open arms and embraced their work with enthusiasm. They imposed the decimation tax on their royalist neighbours with vigour, frequently expressing disappointment if the government exempted any individual from the exaction. In some counties they also participated eagerly in efforts to remove suspect clergymen from the ministry and to suppress immorality by closing down unlicensed alehouses and rounding up the idle and dissolute. While some of them believed that their work was paying dividends, during the election campaign of August 1656 their enemies united against them and returned to parliament members who were deeply hostile to them. In January 1657 the rule of the major-generals came to an abrupt end and the local influence of the Puritan commissioners waned. Their activities between November 1655 and September 1656 had, however, re-opened the wounds of the 1640s and deepened the nation's antipathy to Puritan rule. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||