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Reduction Effect (reduction + effect)
Selected AbstractsA research on used quantity of ground resistance reduction agent for ground systemsEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 4 2010Li-Hsiung Chen Abstract The ground resistance reduction agent can be used to decrease ground resistance for high soil resistivity. The ground resistance decreases and the ground resistance reduction rate increases with increasing quantity of ground resistance reduction agent used. However, the ground resistance reduction effect will display the saturation phenomenon when the quantity of ground resistance reduction agent used increases to a certain level. This research discusses the quantity of ground resistance reduction agent used for ground rod. The used quantity of ground resistance reduction agent should be avoided in saturated areas to maximize the efficiency of ground resistance reduction agent use. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Viscosity measurements of ethylene glycol solution with flow drag reduction additivesHEAT TRANSFER - ASIAN RESEARCH (FORMERLY HEAT TRANSFER-JAPANESE RESEARCH), Issue 8 2006Naoto Haruki Abstract The viscous characteristics of ethylene glycol (EG) solution with flow drag reduction additive have been investigated experimentally. In this study, oleyldihydoroxyetyl amineoxide (ODEAO) was used as the flow drag reduction additive, and an aqueous solution of EG was used as a secondary refrigerant. The viscosity of the EG solution with ODEAO was measured with a rotational rheometer. The experimental parameters of viscosity measurement were the temperature of the EG solution with ODEAO, the ODEAO concentration, and the EG concentration. From the experimental results, the apparent viscosity of the EG solution with ODEAO showed SIS (shear induced state). The non-linear dependence of shear stress on shear rate has been well approximated by the power-law model under high shear conditions. The power-law contents, pseudoplastic viscosity, and index number have been estimated for each experimental parameter. Using the measured viscosity and non-dimensional analysis, the flow drag and heat transfer reduction effect of the EG solution with ODEAO has been investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(8): 553,567, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20134 [source] The inhibitory effect of the components of Cornus officinalis on melanogenesisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008Yasuhiko Nawa Five known compounds were isolated from a Cornus officinalis 50% ethanol extract (C. officinalis extract) and a hot water extract. We investigated the photochemical and pharmacological active compounds of C. officinalis hot water extract and ethanol extract. We understood that C. officinalis is a medicinal plant with potent free-radical-scavenging activity not only against reactive oxygen species (H2O2, superoxiside anion, hydroxyl radical, etc.) in a narrow sense, but also against many other free radicals (peroxynitrate, peroxyradical). It is estimated that the reduction effect with C. officinalis extract can block oxidative reaction on melanogenesis. Loganin and cornuside, the components in C. officinalis, showed a significant free-radical-scavenging activity and inhibitory effects on melanogenesis. We report to prove the inhibitory effect of UVB-induced pigmentation in C. officinalis extract through its radical scavenging activity. [source] PALM OIL SHORTENING EFFECTS ON BAKING PERFORMANCE OF WHITE BREADJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2010NYUK LING CHIN ABSTRACT The effect of the addition of palm oil shortening up to 10% on baking performance of white breads in terms of volume, oven spring, weight, density, color, crumb texture and shelf life using strong and weak flour was investigated. Shortening improved the volume and oven spring of bread at an optimum level of 4% for both strong and weak flour. The strong flour illustrated the effects of shortening more significantly than the weak flour as it produced loaves with higher volumes, oven spring and weight. Bread density decreased to its lowest at 4% of shortening before increasing but porosity decreased linearly with shortening level. These findings suggest that shortening has the optimum capability of reducing bread density at 4% and further addition resulted in dense and coarse bread. Addition of shortening also gave signs of whiter breads and mold reduction effect, although there is no particular trend with its usage levels. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This research presents the improvement in baking characteristics of white bread with addition of palm oil shortening at an optimum level of 4% for all three types of shortening with melting points ranging from 36,52C. The baking characteristics such as volume, oven spring, weight, density, color, crumb texture and shelf life were evaluated using newly developed research methods and also by adopting industrial practices. It was observed that addition of shortening gave signs of whiter breads and mold reduction effect. [source] Reduction of Acrylamide and Its Kinetics by Addition of Antioxidant of Bamboo Leaves (AOB) and Extract of Green Tea (EGT) in Asparagine,Glucose Microwave Heating SystemJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2008Yu Zhang ABSTRACT:, This study investigated the effect of antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) and extract of green tea (EGT) on the formation and kinetics of acrylamide in an equimolar asparagine,glucose model system. The substrates spiked with AOB and EGT were microwave-heated at 180 °C and the acrylamide content in final reaction products was quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography,tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that both AOB and EGT could effectively reduce the formation of acrylamide in an asparagine,glucose microwave heating model system and achieved a maximum reduction rate when the addition levels of AOB and EGT were both 10,6 mg/mL reaction solution. To describe the kinetic behavior of acrylamide, a simplified kinetic model was optimized and relative kinetic rate constants were evaluated under isothermal conditions. The results indicated that the reduction effect of AOB and EGT on the acrylamide formation may partly be ascribed to the decrease of the formation rate constant (kF) in both AOB and EGT-spiked systems (43.4% and 32.3% of decrease, respectively, P < 0.05). The kinetic parameter kE, which represents the elimination rate of acrylamide in both AOB and EGT-spiked systems, was not significantly different (6.9% of increase and 10.9% of decrease, respectively, P > 0.05). The results of the kinetic study indicated that addition of AOB and EGT could significantly reduce the formation rate constant (kF) of acrylamide, but could not significantly affect the elimination rate constant (kE) of acrylamide. [source] Investigations of the optical and EPR spectra of V3+ ions in C(NH2)3Al(SO4)2 · 6H2O crystalPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (B) BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 8 2006Wen-Lin Feng Abstract By means of the diagonalization of the complete energy matrix of 3d2/d8 ions in trigonal symmetry and in consideration of the covalency reduction effect, the optical and EPR spectra of V3+ ions in C(NH2)3Al(SO4)2 · 6H2O crystal are calculated. The results are in agreement with the observed values. The difficulty about the too-large spin,orbit coupling parameter in the explanation of EPR parameters from the Abragam and Pryce model is removed. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Ion irradiation and reduction effect on the conductivity and optical absorption of heavily MgO-doped LiNbO3 single crystalsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 1 2005V.F. Pichugin Abstract The confirmation of MgNb defects in heavily MgO doped LiNbO3 single crystals were investigated through optical absorption, electrical conductivity measurements, optical spectroscopy with nanosecond time resolution, and Raman spectroscopy technique. An increase in the MgO concentration up to 10 mole% provides an essential change of the luminescence of LiNbO3, the appearance of a supplementary optical absorption band at the 1.1 eV, an alteration of the Raman spectra caused by the formation of (MgNb) defects, a shift of the edge of the supplementary optical absorption due to ion irradiation toward the shorter wavelength region as the MgO concentration increases. The effect of Ar+ ions irradiation on the conduction of the MgO doped LiNbO3 samples was studied. The important role of reduction in modification of the conducting properties of the ion-irradiated crystals was established. The increase of the MgO concentration leads to a decrease of the reduction efficiency. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Effects of a 10-week weight control program on obese patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: A 12-month follow upPSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES, Issue 1 2009Chih-Ken Chen md Aims:, Weight gain secondary to antipsychotic medication is associated with many serious conditions, including type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary heart disease, and also with poor medication compliance. Weight control programs may be of benefit to outpatients with schizophrenia, but also raise an issue of cost-effectiveness. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 10-week weight control program for outpatients taking atypical antipsychotics for treatment of schizophrenia, and to follow up the effects of this weight control program in controlling weight gain after termination of the program. Methods:, A total of 33 patients with schizophrenia and antipsychotic-related obesity were enrolled in a 10-week multimodal weight control program. The patients' weights were recorded at baseline, week 4, week 8, week 10 (end of the intervention), week 12, week 24, and week 48. Secondary measures included blood sugar levels, cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, quality of life and mental health. Results:, For those who completed the weight control program, there was a mean weight loss of 2.1 kg by the end of the intervention, 3.7 kg over 6 months, and 2.7 kg over 12 months. The mean body mass index decreased by 0.8, 1.5 and 1.1 at week 10, week 24 and week 48, respectively, all with statistical significance. Conclusions:, The 10-week weight control program was effective in terms of weight reduction among obese patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and the weight reduction effect lasted for up to 6 months, and up to 12 months in some cases. 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