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Red Pigment (red + pigment)
Selected AbstractsPigment and amylase production in Penicillium sp NIOM-02 and its radical scavenging activityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2009Mohan Appasaheb Dhale Abstract Penicillium sp NIOM-02 was isolated from the marine sediment, produced red pigment. The pigment extracted from this fungus scavenged 2, 2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Penicillium sp NIOM-02 grown in media containing corn steep liquor scavenged 72,88% of DPPH radical. During solid-state fermentation on wheat (S1), the fungus produced more pigment (9.232 OD Units). Penicillium sp NIOM-02 grown on sugarcane bagasse scavenged 91% of DPPH radicals. It secreted more amylase (246 U mg,1) in culture medium No. 5 and the zymogram analysis revealed its molecular mass (53 kDa). The taka-amylase like character of amylase was determined by acarbose incorporated studies in the culture media. Production of pigment and radical scavenging activity of Penicillium sp NIOM-02, suggested its applications in food, pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical industries. [source] The burial of Bad Dürrenberg, Central Germany: osteopathology and osteoarchaeology of a Late Mesolithic shaman's graveINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 5 2006M. Porr Abstract The isolated burial of Bad Dürrenberg is one of the richest Mesolithic graves in Europe. Although it was excavated in the 1930s, new spectacular anthropological and archaeological evidence has emerged during a recent re-study. Firstly, we present here the results of an anthropological re-evaluation of certain features of the skull base and the foramen magnum. Our work has clearly established that the observable features are caused by an anatomical variation that also includes an atlar anomaly. This developmental variation possibly caused various neuropathological symptoms. The Bad Dürrenberg burial consequently represents a unique case of the possible interpretation of abnormal behaviours in a shamanistic fashion in a prehistoric context. Secondly, we have identified the LSAMAT phenomenon (Lingual Surface Attrition of the Maxillary Anterior Teeth) in the adult individual of the burial. The activities leading to this condition are unknown so far. Thirdly, a split roe deer metatarsus among the burial goods was identified as being involved in the preparation or application of red pigment. The lack of polish and other use wear make it likely that it was produced and used as part of the burial ritual. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Profiling of neuropeptides released at the stomatogastric ganglion of the crab, Cancer borealis with mass spectrometryJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2005Cyrus P. Billimoria Abstract Studies of release under physiological conditions provide more direct data about the identity of neuromodulatory signaling molecules than studies of tissue localization that cannot distinguish between processing precursors and biologically active neuropeptides. We have identified neuropeptides released by electrical stimulation of nerves that contain the axons of the modulatory projection neurons to the stomatogastric ganglion of the crab, Cancer borealis. Preparations were bathed in saline containing a cocktail of peptidase inhibitors to minimize peptide degradation. Both electrical stimulation of projection nerves and depolarization with high K+ saline were used to evoke release. Releasates were desalted and then identified by mass using MALDI,TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization,time-of-flight) mass spectrometry. Both previously known and novel peptides were detected. Subsequent to electrical stimulation proctolin, Cancer borealis tachykinin-related peptide (CabTRP), FVNSRYa, carcinustatin-8, allatostatin-3 (AST-3), red pigment concentrating hormone, NRNFLRFa, AST-5, SGFYANRYa, TNRNFLRFa, AST-9, orcomyotropin-related peptide, corazonin, Ala13-orcokinin, and Ser9-Val13-orcokinin were detected. Some of these were also detected after high K+ depolarization. Release was calcium dependent. In summary, we have shown release of the neuropeptides thought to play an important neuromodulatory role in the stomatogastric ganglion, as well as numerous other candidate neuromodulators that remain to be identified. [source] Phosphate availability regulates biosynthesis of two antibiotics, prodigiosin and carbapenem, in Serratia via both quorum-sensing-dependent and -independent pathwaysMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Holly Slater Summary Serratia sp. ATCC 39006 produces two secondary metabolite antibiotics, 1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid (Car) and the red pigment, prodigiosin (Pig). We have previously reported that production of Pig and Car is controlled by N -acyl homoserine lactone (N -AHL) quorum sensing, with synthesis of N -AHLs directed by the LuxI homologue SmaI, and is also regulated by Rap, a member of the SlyA family. We now describe further characterization of the SmaI quorum-sensing system and its connection with other regulatory mechanisms. We show that the genes responsible for biosynthesis of Pig, pigA,O, are transcribed as a single polycistronic message in an N -AHL-dependent manner. The smaR gene, transcribed convergently with smaI and predicted to encode the LuxR homologue partner of SmaI, was shown to possess a negative regulatory function, which is uncommon among the LuxR-type transcriptional regulators. SmaR represses transcription of both the pig and car gene clusters in the absence of N -AHLs. Specifically, we show that SmaIR exerts its effect on car gene expression via transcriptional control of carR, encoding a pheromone-independent LuxR homologue. Transcriptional activation of the pig and car gene clusters also requires a functional Rap protein, but Rap dependency can be bypassed by secondary mutations. Transduction of these suppressor mutations into wild-type backgrounds confers a hyper-Pig phenotype. Multiple mutations cluster in a region upstream of the pigA gene, suggesting this region may represent a repressor target site. Two mutations mapped to genes encoding pstS and pstA homologues, which are parts of a high-affinity phosphate transport system (Pst) in Escherichia coli. Disruption of pstS mimicked phosphate limitation and caused concomitant hyper-production of Pig and Car, which was mediated, in part, through increased transcription of the smaI gene. The Pst and SmaIR systems define distinct, yet overlapping, regulatory circuits which form part of a complex regulatory network controlling the production of secondary metabolites in Serratia ATCC 39006. [source] Sulfur isotope analysis of cinnabar from Roman wall paintings by elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry , tracking the origin of archaeological red pigments and their authenticityRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 19 2010Jorge E. Spangenberg The most valuable pigment of the Roman wall paintings was the red color obtained from powdered cinnabar (Minium Cinnabaris pigment), the red mercury sulfide (HgS), which was brought from mercury (Hg) deposits in the Roman Empire. To address the question of whether sulfur isotope signatures can serve as a rapid method to establish the provenance of the red pigment in Roman frescoes, we have measured the sulfur isotope composition (,34S value in , VCDT) in samples of wall painting from the Roman city Aventicum (Avenches, Vaud, Switzerland) and compared them with values from cinnabar from European mercury deposits (Almadén in Spain, Idria in Slovenia, Monte Amiata in Italy, Moschellandsberg in Germany, and Genepy in France). Our study shows that the ,34S values of cinnabar from the studied Roman wall paintings fall within or near to the composition of Almadén cinnabar; thus, the provenance of the raw material may be deduced. This approach may provide information on provenance and authenticity in archaeological, restoration and forensic studies of Roman and Greek frescoes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Formation of zinc protoporphyrin IX in Parma-like ham without nitrate or nitriteANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Jun-ichi WAKAMATSU ABSTRACT Zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZPP) is a characteristic red pigment in meat products that are manufactured without the addition of a curing agent such as nitrate or nitrite. To examine the effects of impurities such as mineral components in sea salt on the formation of ZPP, we manufactured Parmatype dry-cured hams that were salted with refined salt or sea salt and examined the involvement of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in the formation of ZPP. The content of ZPP was increased drastically after 40 weeks. Microscopic observation showed strong fluorescence caused by ZPP muscle fiber after 40 weeks. Conversely, heme content varied considerably during processing. ORP increased during processing. However, there was no obvious difference between ham salted with refined salt and that salted with sea salt. Therefore, it was concluded that impurities in sea salt were not involved in the formation of ZPP. [source] ROMANO-EGYPTIAN RED LEAD PIGMENT: A SUBSIDIARY COMMODITY OF SPANISH SILVER MINING AND REFINEMENT*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 5 2009M. S. WALTON Samples of red pigment from a group of seven Roman-period Egyptian mummies, known as red-shroud mummies, are investigated. Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ICP,TOFMS) shows that the samples contain mostly Pb (83,92% by weight), along with 0.2,2.0% Sn. All of the samples are found to have similar trace element distributions when normalized to the continental crust, suggesting that they share a common geological origin. Lead isotope ratios are found to match the mixed lead sources typically associated with Rio Tinto, Spain , a site extensively mined for silver during the first century ad. Raman microspectroscopy identifies the major phase of each sample to be red lead (Pb3O4) with a minor phase of lead tin oxide (Pb2SnO4). Lead tin oxide does not occur naturally, and its incidental occurrence within the sample indicates that the material was heated under oxidative conditions at temperatures in excess of 650°C. In archaeological contexts, the high-temperature oxidative treatment of lead is typically associated with metallurgical refinement processes such as cupellation. Based on this evidence, it is argued that the pigment was produced out of litharge associated with silver cupellation at the Rio Tinto site. [source] Red Pyrroloquinoline Alkaloids from the Mushroom Mycena haematopusEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2008Silke Peters Abstract Four so far unknown red alkaloid pigments, haematopodin B (1) and the mycenarubins D (3), E (5) and F (6), were isolated from fruiting bodies of Mycena haematopus. The structures of these pyrroloquinoline alkaloids were established by 2D NMR spectroscopic and MS (ESI) methods. Their absolute configurations were determined by comparison of their CD spectra with that of haematopodin (2) or mycenarubin A (4). Metabolic profiling of the red pigments of intact and injured fruiting bodies revealed that the known degradation product haematopodin (2) originates from haematopodin B (1), which is the native main pigment of M. haematopus.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] Batch and fed-batch carotenoid production by Rhodotorula glutinis,Debaryomyces castellii co-cultures in corn syrupJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2001P. BuzziniArticle first published online: 21 DEC 200 Aims: Investigations on the production of red pigments by Rhodotorula glutinis on raw substrates of agro-industrial origin may be considered of interest because they represent the first approach to the utilization of these raw materials for biotechnological purposes. Methods and Results:Rhodotorula glutinis DBVPG 3853 was batch and fed-batch co-cultured with Debaryomyces castellii DBVPG 3503 in a medium containing corn syrup as the sole carbon source. Fed-batch co-cultures gave a volumetric production of 8·2 mg total carotenoid l,1, about 150% of that observed in batch co-cultures. The different carotenoid pigments (,-carotene, torulene, torularhodin) were quantified. Conclusions: Oligosaccharides and dextrins of corn syrup could be used profitably for pigment production by R. glutinis DBVPG 3853,D. castellii DBVPG 3503 in co-culture. Significance and Impact of the Study: The above results suggest that the red yeasts belonging to the genus Rhodotorula may have industrial relevance as carotenoid producers. [source] Chemistry and some biological effects of model melanoidins and pigments as Maillard intermediatesMOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 12 2006Fumitaka Hayase Abstract Various pigments were formed in the D -xylose-glycine reaction system. Blue pigments (Blue-M1 and Blue-M2) and red pigments (Red-M1 and Red-M2) were generated in the Maillard reaction. Blue-M2 is presented to have been generated by the reaction between Blue-M1, which involved two pyrrolopyrrole structures as the major blue pigment, and di- D -xyluloseglycine. We identified red pigments as the isomers of addition compounds of D -xyluloseglycine to condensated compound between pyrroropyrrole-2-carbaldehyde and pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde compounds. These pigments have polymerizing activities, suggesting that they are important Maillard reaction intermediates through the formation of melanoidins. Blue-M1 as well as melanoidins effectively suppressed the peroxidation of linoleic acid. The scavenging activity toward Blue-M1 on hydroxyl and DPPH radicals was also as strong as that of melanoidins. Furthermore, Blue-M1 prevents the oxidative cell injury. Therefore, Blue-M1 will be an antioxidant which protects against the oxidative stress in biological systems. Melanoidins induced IFN-, mRNA and IL-12 mRNA expressions in spleen cells exposed to allergen and in macrophage-like J774.1 cells, respectively. These findings suggest that melanoidins have suppressive effect on allergic reaction as a novel physiological effect. [source] Sulfur isotope analysis of cinnabar from Roman wall paintings by elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry , tracking the origin of archaeological red pigments and their authenticityRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 19 2010Jorge E. Spangenberg The most valuable pigment of the Roman wall paintings was the red color obtained from powdered cinnabar (Minium Cinnabaris pigment), the red mercury sulfide (HgS), which was brought from mercury (Hg) deposits in the Roman Empire. To address the question of whether sulfur isotope signatures can serve as a rapid method to establish the provenance of the red pigment in Roman frescoes, we have measured the sulfur isotope composition (,34S value in , VCDT) in samples of wall painting from the Roman city Aventicum (Avenches, Vaud, Switzerland) and compared them with values from cinnabar from European mercury deposits (Almadén in Spain, Idria in Slovenia, Monte Amiata in Italy, Moschellandsberg in Germany, and Genepy in France). Our study shows that the ,34S values of cinnabar from the studied Roman wall paintings fall within or near to the composition of Almadén cinnabar; thus, the provenance of the raw material may be deduced. This approach may provide information on provenance and authenticity in archaeological, restoration and forensic studies of Roman and Greek frescoes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||