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Red
Kinds of Red Terms modified by Red Selected AbstractsGeneralized window advertising for TCP congestion control,EUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS, Issue 6 2002Mario Gerla Congestion in the Internet is a major cause of network performance degradation. The Generalized Window Advertising (GWA) scheme proposed in this paper is a new approach for enhancing the congestion control properties of TCP. GWA requires only minor modifications to the existing protocol stack and is completely backward compatible, allowing GWA-hosts to interact with non-GWA hosts without modifications. GWA exploits the notion of end-host-network cooperation, with the congestion level notified from the network to end hosts. It is based on solid control theory results mat guarantee performance and stable network operation. GWA is able to avoid window oscillations and the related fluctuations in offered load and network performance. This makes it more robust to sustained network overload due to a large number of connections competing for the same bottleneck, a situation where traditional TCP implementations fail to provide satisfactory performance. GWA-TCP is compared with traditional TCP, TCP with RED and also ECN using the ns-2 simulator. Results show that in most cases GWA-TCP outperforms the traditional schemes. In particular, when compared with ECN, it provides smoother network operation and increased fairness. [source] PAQM: an adaptive and proactive queue management for end-to-end TCP congestion controlINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 8 2004Seungwan RyuArticle first published online: 2 SEP 200 Abstract Two functions, the congestion indicator (i.e. how to detect congestion) and the congestion control function (i.e. how to avoid and control congestion), are used at a router to support end-to-end congestion control in the Internet. Random early detection (RED) (IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking 1993; 1(4):397,413) enhanced the two functions by introducing queue length averaging and probabilistic early packet dropping. In particular, RED uses an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) queue length not only to detect incipient congestion but also to smooth the bursty incoming traffic and its resulting transient congestion. Following RED, many active queue management (AQM)-based extensions have been proposed. However, many AQM proposals have shown severe problems with detection and control of the incipient congestion adaptively to the dynamically changing network situations. In this paper, we introduce and analyse a feedback control model of TCP/AQM dynamics. Then, we propose the Pro-active Queue Management (PAQM) mechanism, which is able to provide proactive congestion avoidance and control using an adaptive congestion indicator and a control function under a wide range of traffic environments. The PAQM stabilizes the queue length around the desired level while giving smooth and low packet loss rates and high network resource utilization. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Low pass filter/over drop avoidance (LPF/ODA): an algorithm to improve the response time of RED gatewaysINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 10 2002Bing Zheng Abstract The low pass filter (LPF) algorithm, which is used to calculate the average queue length in the random early detection (RED) algorithm, results in a poor response time when RED recovers from congestion. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm, called low pass filter/over drop avoidance (LPF/ODA), to improve the response time of RED. LPF/ODA is based on reducing the time required by RED to recover from long-term congestion. Simulation results have been used to show that the proposed LPF/ODA algorithm significantly improves the response time, throughput and delay of RED gateways. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] DRED: a random early detection algorithm for TCP/IP networksINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 4 2002James Aweya Abstract It is now widely accepted that a RED [2] controlled queue certainly performs better than a drop-tail queue. But an inherent weakness of RED is that its equilibrium queue length cannot be maintained at a preset value independent of the number of TCP active connections. In addition, RED's optimal parameter setting is largely correlated with the number of connections, the round-trip time, the buffer space, etc. In light of these observations, we propose DRED, a novel algorithm which uses the basic ideas of feedback control to randomly discard packets with a load-dependent probability when a buffer in a router gets congested. Over a wide range of load levels, DRED is able to stabilize a router queue occupancy at a level independent of the number of active TCP connections. The benefits of stabilized queues in a network are high resources utilization, predictable maximum delays, more certain buffer provisioning, and traffic-load-independent network performance in terms of traffic intensity and number of connections. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Service differentiation using a multi-level RED mechanismINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NETWORK MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2002Dr. James Aweya This paper describes a multi-level active queue management scheme that combines packet classification and random early detection (RED) capabilities to provide differentiated performance characteristics for different classes of service. The proposed RED scheme uses a simple control-theoretic algorithm to randomly discard packets with a load-dependent probability when a buffer in a router gets congested. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] EVALUATION OF RED CURRANTS (RIBES RUBRUM L.), BLACK CURRANTS (RIBES NIGRUM L.), RED AND GREEN GOOSEBERRIES (RIBES UVA-CRISPA) FOR POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION USING IN VITRO MODELSJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2010MARCIA DA SILVA PINTO ABSTRACT Red currants (Ribes rubrum L.), black currants (Ribes nigrum L.), red and green gooseberries (Ribes uva-crispa) were evaluated for the total phenolics, antioxidant capacity based on 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and functionality such as in vitro inhibition of ,-amylase, ,-glucosidase and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) relevant for potential management of hyperglycemia and hypertension. The total phenolics content ranged from 3.2 (green gooseberries) to 13.5 (black currants) mg/g fruit fresh weight. No correlation was found between total phenolics and antioxidant activity. The major phenolic compounds were quercetin derivatives (black currants and green gooseberries) and chlorogenic acid (red currants and red gooseberries). Red currants had the highest ,-glucosidase, ,-amylase and ACE inhibitory activities. Therefore red currants could be good dietary sources with potential antidiabetes and antihypertension functionality to compliment overall dietary management of early stages of type 2 diabetes. [source] Transitioning the patient with acute coronary syndrome from inpatient to primary care,JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL MEDICINE, Issue S4 2010FACPE, Tomás Villanueva DO Abstract Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergo several transitions in care throughout the hospital stay, from prehospitalization to the postdischarge period when patients return to primary care. Hospitalist core competencies promote safe transitions in care for patients with ACS, including hospital discharge. These competencies also highlight the central role of the hospitalist in facilitating the continuity of care and as a key link between the patient and the primary care provider (PCP). Core competencies address key decision points and processes that occur during hospitalization for ACS including the initial evaluation and risk stratification, medication reconciliation, and discharge planning. Discharge is a crucial transition and one where hospitalists can both facilitate the transition to primary care and improve adherence to quality measures established for ACS. Poor communication during discharge reportedly results in postdischarge adverse events, most often related to medications and lack of follow-up related to pending test results. Standards for a safe discharge such as Project RED (Re-Engineered Discharge), initiatives to improve outcomes after discharge like Project BOOST (Better Outcomes for Older Adults Through Safe Transitions), and adaptive tools including the ACS Transitions Tool support timely and accurate communication of complex information between the hospitalist, the PCP, and the patient. While the role of hospitalists is evolving, it is clear that they have a central role in ensuring safe transitions in care for ACS. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:S8,S14. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine. [source] In situ evaluation of the protein value of wheat grain corrected for ruminal microbial contaminationJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 4 2009José M Arroyo Abstract BACKGROUND: Uncorrected and microbial corrected in situ estimates of ruminal effective degradability (RED) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) and intestinal effective digestibility (IED) of DM and CP of a wheat grain sample were obtained by a simplified method using a sample pooled from rumen-incubated residues representing rumen outflow of undegraded food. Uncorrected values of RED of DM and CP were also obtained by the usual mathematical integration method. The study was performed in three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers. RESULTS: Uncorrected values of RED of CP were similar either for the mathematical integration or this simplified method (82.4% vs. 82.2%). Microbial contamination in the rumen led to small underestimations (P < 0.05) of RED of DM (87.9% vs. 88.1%) and CP (82.2% vs. 82.8%) and to small overestimations (P < 0.05) of IED for DM (66.5% vs. 66.1%) and CP (87.7% vs. 87.3%). Accumulative errors resulted in overestimations (P < 0.05) of the intestinal digested fractions of DM (1.8%) and CP (4.0%). CONCLUSION: Corrected values of intestinal digested CP show that the protein value of wheat is closely related to the microbial protein synthesis derived from its OM rumen fermentation. This synthesis and the content of intestinal digested undegraded protein may be respectively higher and lower than is usually assumed in feed tables. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Testing an Individual Systems Model of Response Evaluation and Decision (RED) and Antisocial Behavior Across AdolescenceCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2008Reid Griffith Fontaine This study examined the bidirectional development of aggressive response evaluation and decision (RED) and antisocial behavior across five time points in adolescence. Participants (n = 522) were asked to imagine themselves behaving aggressively while viewing videotaped ambiguous provocations and answered a set of RED questions following each aggressive retaliation (administered at Grades 8 and 11 [13 and 16 years, respectively]). Self- and mother reports of antisocial behavior were collected at Grades 7, 9/10, and 12 (12, 14/15, and 17 years, respectively). Using structural equation modeling, the study found a partial mediating effect at each hypothesized mediational path despite high stability of antisocial behavior across adolescence. Findings are consistent with an individual systems perspective by which adolescents' antisocial conduct influences how they evaluate aggressive interpersonal behaviors, which affects their future antisocial conduct. [source] Optimization of a finned heat sink array based on thermoeconomic analysisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 5 2007S. Z. Shuja Abstract The design and specification of heat sinks for electronic systems is not easily accomplished through the use of standard thermal design and analysis tools since geometric and boundary conditions are not typically known in advance. A second-law based thermoeconomic optimization procedure is presented for a finned heat sink array. This involves including costs associated with material, and irreversible losses due to heat transfer and pressure drop. The influence of important physical, geometrical and unit cost parameters on the overall finned array are optimized for some typical operating conditions that are representative of electronic cooling applications. The optimized cost results are presented in terms of ReD, ReL, ,P / ,H, and q for a finned system in a graphical form. In addition the methodology of obtaining optimum parameters for a finned heat sink system which will result in minimum operating cost is demonstrated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Implementation, performance, and science results from a 30.7 TFLOPS IBM BladeCenter clusterCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 2 2010Craig A. Stewart Abstract This paper describes Indiana University's implementation, performance testing, and use of a large high performance computing system. IU's Big Red, a 20.48 TFLOPS IBM e1350 BladeCenter cluster, appeared in the 27th Top500 list as the 23rd fastest supercomputer in the world in June 2006. In spring 2007, this computer was upgraded to 30.72 TFLOPS. The e1350 BladeCenter architecture, including two internal networks accessible to users and user applications and two networks used exclusively for system management, has enabled the system to provide good scalability on many important applications while being well manageable. Implementing a system based on the JS21 Blade and PowerPC 970MP processor within the US TeraGrid presented certain challenges, given that Intel-compatible processors dominate the TeraGrid. However, the particular characteristics of the PowerPC have enabled it to be highly popular among certain application communities, particularly users of molecular dynamics and weather forecasting codes. A critical aspect of Big Red's implementation has been a focus on Science Gateways, which provide graphical interfaces to systems supporting end-to-end scientific workflows. Several Science Gateways have been implemented that access Big Red as a computational resource,some via the TeraGrid, some not affiliated with the TeraGrid. In summary, Big Red has been successfully integrated with the TeraGrid, and is used by many researchers locally at IU via grids and Science Gateways. It has been a success in terms of enabling scientific discoveries at IU and, via the TeraGrid, across the US. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Contact allergy to textile dyes in southern SwedenCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 6 2006K. Ryberg Contact allergy to disperse dyes in textiles is documented in prevalence studies from southern Europe. To evaluate the prevalence of allergic patch test reactions to different textile dyes in southern Sweden, and to look at the sites of dermatitis in individuals hypersensitive to textile dyes, we retrospectively investigated 3325 consecutively patch-tested patients. They had all been patch tested with the standard test series supplemented with a textile dye mix (TDM) consisting of 8 disperse dyes, i.e. Disperse (D) Blue 35, 106 and 124, D Yellow 3, D Orange 1 and 3 and D Red 1 and 17. All but 3 of the TDM-positive patients were additionally tested with the separate dyes included in the mix. The frequency of contact allergy to TDM was 1.5%, which is comparable with studies from southern Europe. The most common dye allergen was D Orange 1. The high prevalence of allergic reactions to D Orange 1 was unexpected, whereas test reactions to D Blue 106 and 124 were lower than expected from other studies. Compared to all tested patients, the TDM-positive patients more often had dermatitis on their arms, face, neck and axillary folds, and women also had a higher frequency of hand dermatitis. [source] FS01.3 Disperse (yes), orange (yes), 3 (no): what do we test in textile dye dermatitis?CONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2004Christophe J Le Coz Introduction:, Patients sensitized to para-phenylenediamine (PPD) have a high degree of patch test reactivity to Disperse Orange 3 (DO3), and a lesser one to Disperse Red 1 and Red 17. Two successive patients positive to PPD, Disperse Red 1 and 17, negative to DO3 were real eye-openers for our considerations about purity of our current allergen DO3. Materials and methods:, We realized comparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC), with DO3 from Chemotechnique®(DO3-Chem) and Trolab®(both extracted from petrolatum), and "pure" DO3 from two chemical providers. TLC clearly indicated that DO3-Chem was not DO3. HPLC analysis with pure DO3 from Chemotechnique® and comparison of structures by NMR with samples of DO3, revealed that DO3-Chem was Disperse Orange 31 (DO31). In addition, signals through the GERDA network allowed the collection of test materials and observations. Among other members, only 2 used DO3-Chem (from 2 different batches) that was DO31 too, according to TLC Results: According to their data, they observed no or a lower reactivity to DO3 than expected (4 patients DO3-Chem + among 23 PPD+ e.g.). Finally, the error was proved to be due to the provider of the dye to Chemotechnique®, who likely deleted the 1 of Disperse Orange 31 on his packaging. Discussion:, Chemical structure of DO31 indicates a possible in vivo hydrolysis into nitroaniline and a second compound, a substituted PPD derivative that clearly does not frequently react in PPD positive patients. Like drugs, patch tests are submitted to post-commercialization controls. In addition to allergens providers who should enhance their quality controls, dermato-allergologists have to be vigilant, and must active networks when they observe a rare bird. [source] P01 Contact dermatitis from textile colours in three Spanish townsCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2004Begoña Garcia-Bravo Objective:, Prevalence of textile dye contact dermatitis (TD-CD) are lacking in many countries. Our aim is to know the frequency of TD-CD in three different areas of Spain. Methods:, 100 patients were tested with Spanish standard series and the five most frequent TD in each city. D. Orange 1, D. Orange 3, D. Blue 35, D. Blue 106, D. Blue 124 were included in Murcia and Seville, and the three last and D. Red 1, D. Red 17 in Santiago. Results:, 23/300 (15 women and 8 men) were positives to one or more TD. D. Blue 124 was the most frequent allergen (18/300), followed by D. Blue 106 (17/300). D. Red 1, D. Red 17 and D. Orange 1 were positives in 2/200. D. Orange 3 and D. Blue 35 were positives in 1/200. Eczema was located on hands in 13 cases. Clinical picture was variable. Origin of sensitization was clothing and occupational. Relevance was obtained in 20/23 cases. Conclusions:, The study confirm an high frequency of disperse dye allergy in Spain with a very different prevalence in the three areas: Seville 14%, Murcia 5% and Santiago 4%, that are probably due to social and cultural factors. We recommend the inclusion of D. Blue 106, D. Blue 124, D. Blue 35, D. Red 1, D. Red 17, D. Orange 1 and D. Orange 3 in standard series in order to detect sensitivity to textile colours that is most frequent than previously suspected. [source] Skin Repair Using a Porcine Collagen I/III Membrane,Vascularization and Epithelization PropertiesDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 6 2010FALK WEHRHAN MD BACKGROUND Collagen membranes have been developed to overcome the problem of limited availability of skin grafts. Vascularization and restricted functional epithelization limit the success of bioartificial constructs. OBJECTIVE To compare the vascularization, epithelization, and integration of a porcine collagen I/III membrane with that of split-thickness skin grafts on skin wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 21 adult pigs, full-thickness skin defects on the rear side of the ear healed by split-thickness skin grafting, by covering with the membrane, or by free granulation. Skin samples on postoperative days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 were evaluated histologically (hematoxylin-eosin, Sirius Red) and using immunohistochemistry (cytokeratin 5/6, transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGF,R-III) and immunoblot (TGF,1,3, Smad2/3). Epithelial thickness and TGF,R-III-positive capillary area were quantitatively assessed. RESULTS Epithelization and vascularization in the membrane group were not significantly different from in the group treated with a split-thickness skin graft. Free granulation showed significantly slower epithelization and vascularization (p<.05). TGF,1 and Smad2/3 complex expression were high during free granulation. Matrix was distinguishable until day 7. CONCLUSIONS This membrane serves as a suitable full-thickness dermal substitute, because the membrane is vascularized faster than free granulation tissue and enables early epithelization. Geistlich Biomaterials (Wolhusen, Switzerland) provided the collagen membrane used in this study [source] Forest blowdown impacts of Hurricane Rita on fluvial systemsEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 8 2009Jonathan D. Phillips Abstract Hurricane Rita, a category three hurricane which struck the US Gulf Coast near the Louisiana/Texas border in 2005, did not cause extensive river flooding. However, the storm did result in extensive forest damage and tree blowdown. High-resolution post-storm aerial photography allowed an inventory of river bank trees blown into the channel along the lower Neches and Sabine Rivers of southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana. Blowdowns directly into the channel averaged 9·3 per kilometer in the lower Neches and 13·4 in the lower Sabine River, but individual reaches 10 to 20 km in length had rates of 20 to 44 blowdowns per kilometer. Though large woody debris (LWD) from Hurricane Rita was widely perceived to reduce the capacity of channels to convey flow, no strong evidence exists of increased flooding or significant reductions in channel conveyance capacity due to LWD from the storm. The Rita blowdown inventory also allowed an assessment of whether similar blowdown events could account for major logjams and rafts on Red, Atchafalaya, and Colorado Rivers on the Gulf Coast, which blocked navigation from tens to hundreds of kilometers in the 1800s. Results from Hurricane Rita suggest that blowdown into channels alone , not withstanding blowdown elsewhere in the river valleys or along tributaries which could deliver LWD to the river , is sufficient to completely block channels, thus providing a plausible mechanism for initiating such (pre)historic log rafts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Development of Novel Glucose and Pyruvate Biosensors at Poly(Neutral Red) Modified Carbon Film Electrodes.ELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 8 2006Application to Natural Samples Abstract Amperometric biosensors based on the corresponding oxidase enzyme with poly(neutral red) redox mediator have been developed for the determination of glucose and pyruvate. The enzymes have been immobilized on top of poly(neutral red) modified carbon film electrodes with glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent. The biosensors were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The glucose biosensor exhibited a linear response in the range 90,,M to 1.8,mM with a detection limit of 22,,M and the pyruvate biosensor in the range 90 to 600,,M with a detection limit of 34,,M. The relative standard deviations were found to be 2.1% (n=3) and 2.8% (n=4) respectively. The interference effects of various compounds were also studied. The glucose content of several types of wine and the amount of pyruvate in onion and garlic were determined and the results were compared with those obtained by standard spectrophotometric methods. [source] Fourier Transformed Large Amplitude Square-Wave Voltammetry as an Alternative to Impedance Spectroscopy: Evaluation of Resistance, Capacitance and Electrode Kinetic Effects via an Heuristic ApproachELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 15-16 2005Abstract A detailed simulation of Fourier transformed large amplitude square-wave voltammetry is presented in the frequency domain for the process Red,Ox+e,. The simulation takes into account the influence of the electrode kinetics (Butler,Volmer model), uncompensated resistance (Ru) and double layer capacitance (Cdl). Of particular significance is the prediction that the even harmonic responses are only detected in the presence of quasi-reversibility or uncompensated resistance, and also are essentially devoid of charging current. In contrast, the DC and odd harmonic AC components exhibit much larger faradaic currents and also contain charging current. Conveniently, detailed analysis of the simulated DC and AC harmonic components reveals the presence of readily recognised patterns of behaviour with unique levels of sensitivity to electrode kinetics, Ru and Cdl, that facilitate quantitative analysis of these terms. These electrochemical parameters are generally calculated by small amplitude impedance spectroscopy and utilisation of linear analysis of equivalent circuits. Experimental studies on the one electron oxidation of ferrocene in dichloromethane (0.1,M Bu4NPF6) and the one electron reduction of [Fe(CN)6]3, in aqueous 0.5,M KCl electrolyte analysed via heuristic forms of data analysis based on recognition of patterns of behaviour, are presented as examples of a reversible process with significant uncompensated resistance and a quasi-reversible process with minimal ohmic drop, respectively. Results demonstrate the advantages of a more intuitively implemented form of data analysis than presently available with conventional forms of impedance spectroscopy. [source] Decolorization of simulated textile dye baths by crude laccases from Trametes hirsuta and Cerrena unicolorENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2010Ulla Moilanen Abstract In this study crude laccases from the white-rot fungi Cerrena unicolor and Trametes hirsuta were tested for their ability to decolorize simulated textile dye baths. The dyes used were Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) (100,mg/L), Congo Red (12.5,mg/L), Lanaset Grey (75,mg/L) and Poly R-478 (50,mg/L). The effect of redox mediators on dye decolorization by laccases was also assessed. C. unicolor laccase was able to decolorize all the dyes tested. It was especially effective towards Congo Red and RBBR with 91 and 80% of color removal in 19.5,h despite the fact that simulated textile dye baths were used. Also Poly R-478 and Lanaset Grey were partially decolorized (69 and 48%, respectively). C. unicolor laccase did not need any mediators for removing the dyes. However, T. hirsuta laccase was only able to decolorize simulated Congo Red and RBBR dye baths (91 and 45%, respectively) in 19.5,h without mediators. When using mediators the decolorization capability was enhanced substantially, e.g. Poly R-478 was decolorized by 78% in 25.5,h. On the whole, both laccases showed potential to be used in industrial applications. [source] Potential Applications of Oxidoreductases for the Re-oxidation of Leuco Vat or Sulfur Dyes in Textile DyeingENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2008F. Xu Abstract Conventional textile dyeing by vat and sulfur dyes includes reduction and re-oxidation steps (with chemical reductants and oxidants), so that the insoluble dyes can be solubilized in the dyeing solution, adsorbed by the fabric, and fixed onto the dyed fabric. The treatments often involve hazardous chemicals, expensive catalysts, or conditions that are suboptimally effective, energy-intensive, caustic, or polluting. Improving these steps with enzyme technology could be of significant interest in terms of better dyeing, handling of hazardous chemicals, disposal of waste, or production economy. The idea of an enzymatic re-oxidation step for vat and sulfur dyeings was tested under simplified laboratory conditions. Selected vat and sulfur dyes, including Vat Blue,43, Vat Orange,7, Vat Green,3, Vat Orange,2, Vat Red,13, Vat Yellow,2, and Sulfur Black,1, were first chemically reduced. The reduced (leuco) dyes were then re-oxidized by aerated buffer solutions or H2O2, in the presence or absence of an oxidoreductase, selected from seven laccases from Myceliophthora thermophila, Scytalidium thermophilum, Coprinus cinereus, Trametes villosa, Rhizoctonia solani, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Botrytis cinerea, a bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria, and a heme peroxidase from Coprinus cineresu. It was shown that the enzymes were able to catalyze and accelerate the re-oxidation of the reduced dyes, even when they were adsorbed on cotton fabric, by dissolved air (O2) or H2O2. Small redox-active mediators could facilitate the enzymatic re-oxidation. For Sulfur Black,1, a higher conversion of the leuco dye was achieved with laccase-catalyzed re-oxidation. The further development of this potential enzyme application is discussed. [source] Trying to See Red Through Stickleback Photoreceptors: Functional Substitution of Receptor SensitivitiesETHOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Mickey P. Rowe A key to understanding animal behavior is knowledge of the sensory information animals extract from their environment. For visually motivated tasks, the information animals obtain through their eyes is often assumed to be essentially the same as that perceived by humans. However, known differences in structure and processing among the visual systems of different animals clearly indicate that the world seen by each is different. A well-characterized difference between human and other animal visual systems is the number of types and spectral sensitivities of their photoreceptors. We are developing a technique, functional substitution, that exploits knowledge of these differences to portray for human subjects, colors as they would appear through the photoreceptors of another animal. In a specific application, we ask human subjects to rank hues of male threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) throats viewed through stickleback photopigments. We compare these ranks to ranks of the same throat hues viewed through normal human photoreceptors. We find essentially no difference between the two sets of rankings. This suggests that any differences in human and stickleback rankings of such hues would result from differences in post-receptoral neural processing. Using a previously developed model of stickleback neural processing, we established another ranking of the hues which was again essentially the same as the rankings produced by the human subjects. A growing literature indicates that stickleback do rank such hues in the evaluation of males as potential mates or threats. Although our results do not demonstrate that humans and stickleback use the same mechanisms to assess color, our experiments significantly failed to show that stickleback and human rankings of throat hues should be different. Nevertheless, a comparison of all these rankings to ranks derived from subjective color scoring by human observers suggests that color scoring may utilize other cues and should thus be used cautiously. [source] An assay system for the detection of phospholipase C activityEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 10 2003Markus Durban Abstract Phospholipase C (PLC, EC 3.1.4.3) enzymes specifically hydrolyze the C-O-P-bond in phospholipids, yielding sn -1, 2(2, 3)-diglycerides and a phosphate residue bearing the corresponding head group. Biochemical characterization of PLC requires methods for determination of activity. During characterization and purification, proteins are separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). For direct identification and visualization of PLC, a new assay for activity staining in native and renatured SDS-PAGE is described. Incubation of a gel containing an active PLC in the presence of ,-naphthylphosphorylcholine leads to ,-naphthol formation. This reacts with the diazonium salt Fast Red, forming a red dye which allows clear determination of PLC purity, molecular weight and substrate specificity. The assay was verified using commercially available PC-PLC and new PC-PLC-producing Bacillus cereus strains. The substrate ,-NPC was prepared by chemical synthesis at an overall yield of 12%. [source] Noxious heat-induced CGRP release from rat sciatic nerve axons in vitroEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 8 2001S. K. Sauer Abstract Noxious heat may act as an endogenous activator of the ionotropic capsaicin receptor (VR1) and of its recently found homologue VRL1, expressed in rat dorsal root ganglion cells and present along their nerve fibres. We have previously reported that capsaicin induces receptor-mediated and Ca++ -dependent calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from axons of the isolated rat sciatic nerve. Here we extended the investigation to noxious heat stimulation and the transduction mechanisms involved. Heat stimulation augmented the CGRP release from desheathed sciatic nerves in a log,linear manner with a Q10 of ,,15 and a threshold between 40 and 42 °C. The increases were 1.75-fold at 42 °C, 3.8-fold at 45 °C and 29.1-fold at 52 °C; in Ca++ -free solution these heat responses were abolished or reduced by 71 and 92%, respectively. Capsazepine (10 µm) and Ruthenium Red (1 µm) used as capsaicin receptor/channel antagonists did not significantly inhibit the heat-induced release. Pretreatment of the nerves with capsaicin (100 µm for 30 min) caused complete desensitization to 1 µm capsaicin, but a significant heat response remained, indicating that heat sensitivity is not restricted to capsaicin-sensitive fibres. The sciatic nerve axons responded to heat, potassium and capsaicin stimulation with a Ca++ -dependent CGRP release. Blockade of the capsaicin receptor/channels had little effect on the heat-induced neuropeptide release. We conclude therefore that other heat-activated ion channels than VR1 and VRL1 in capsaicin-sensitive and -insensitive nerve fibres may cause excitation, axonal Ca++ influx and subsequent CGRP release. [source] Red and romantic behavior in men viewing womenEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2010Daniela Niesta Kayser In many non-human primate species, a display of red by a female increases attraction behavior in male conspecifics. In two experiments, we investigate an analogous effect in humans, specifically, whether red on a woman's shirt increases attraction behavior in men. In Experiment 1, men who viewed an ostensible conversation partner in a red versus a green shirt chose to ask her more intimate questions. In Experiment 2, men who viewed an ostensible interaction partner in a red versus a blue shirt chose to sit closer to her. These effects were observed across participants' perceptions of their own attractiveness (Experiment 1) and general activation and mood (Experiment 2). Our findings suggest that red acts as a basic, non-lexical prime, influencing reproduction-relevant behavior in like manner across species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Biophysical studies of the development of amyloid fibrils from a peptide fragment of cold shock protein BFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 9 2000Deborah K. Wilkins The peptide CspB-1, which represents residues 1,22 of the cold shock protein CspB from Bacillus subtilis, has been shown to form amyloid fibrils when solutions containing this peptide in aqueous (50%) acetonitrile are diluted in water [M. Großet al. (1999) Protein Science8, 1350,1357] We established conditions in which reproducible kinetic steps associated with the formation of these fibrils can be observed. Studies combining these conditions with a range of biophysical methods reveal that a variety of distinct events occurs during the process that results in amyloid fibrils. A CD spectrum indicative of ,,structure is observed within 1 min of the solvent shift, and its intensity increases on a longer timescale in at least two kinetic phases. The characteristic wavelength shift of the amyloid-binding dye Congo Red is established within 30 min of the initiation of the aggregation process and corresponds to one of the phases observed by CD and to changes in the Fourier transform-infrared spectrum indicative of ,,structure. Short fibrillar structures begin to be visible under the electron microscope after these events, and longer, well-defined amyloid fibrils are established on a timescale of hours. NMR spectroscopy shows that there are no significant changes in the concentration of monomeric species in solution during the events leading to fibril formation, but that soluble aggregates too large to be visible in NMR spectra are present throughout the process. A model for amyloid formation by this peptide is presented which is consistent with these kinetic data and with published work on a variety of disease-related systems. These findings support the concept that the ability to form amyloid fibrils is a generic property of polypeptide chains, and that the mechanism of their formation is similar for different peptides and proteins. [source] Toric duality, Seiberg duality and Picard-Lefschetz transformationsFORTSCHRITTE DER PHYSIK/PROGRESS OF PHYSICS, Issue 7-8 2003S. Franco Toric Duality arises as an ambiguity in computing the quiver gauge theory living on a D3-brane which probes a toric singularity. It is reviewed how, in simple cases Toric Duality is Seiberg Duality. The set of all Seiberg Dualities on a single node in the quiver forms a group which is contained in a larger group given by a set of Picard-Lefschetz transformations. This leads to elements in the group (sometimes called fractional Seiberg Duals) which are not Seiberg Duality on a single node, thus providing a new set of gauge theories which flow to the same universality class in the Infra Red. [source] Juggling Burdens of Representation: Black, Red, Gold and TurquoiseGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 4 2006Tom Cheesman ABSTRACT This essay suggests an alternative to the usual practice of categorising migrant writers by generation, in order to counter the teleological tendency in some recent commentaries on German-Turkish writing which celebrate the youngest writers as the most ,advanced'. Instead I put forward the idea that different writers (and writers at different stages in their careers) adopt different strategies in order to cope with the ,burden of representation' which is imposed on them as migrant/minority artists by the public. I survey German-Turkish novelists, outlining a tentative typology of such strategies. ,Axial writing' (directly thematising migrant experience) is the commonest, and has many sub-varieties, but the alternatives are just as interesting. [source] Red,Yellow Fluorescence Patterning of a Polymer Film Containing Phthalimido Carbamate GroupsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 17 2007H. Chae Abstract Bicolor fluorescent micro-patterns in the polymer film are prepared through the use of a new group of photobase generator containing phthalimido carbamate groups. The photobase generation from phthalimide carbamates is studied by examining the changes in pH, fluorescence intensity, and photo-crosslinking of poly(glycidyl methacrylate). The product analysis of a model compound indicates that amine groups are produced from the photolytic cleavage of the C,N bond of the phthalimide carbamate groups. A copolymer containing phthalimide carbamate groups is applied to a bicolor fluorescent imaging material. Red-yellow fluorescent micropatterns are obtained by treating the copolymer film, which is irradiated with 254 nm UV light through a photomask, with fluorescamine and rhodamine, consecutively. Various colored fluorescent micropatterns , green, red, or red-yellow, are obtained on a single polymer film by varying the excitation wavelength. [source] A Strange Likeness: Becoming Red and White in Eighteenth-Century North America By Nancy ShoemakerHISTORY, Issue 304 2006PHILIP RANLET No abstract is available for this article. [source] A case of erythema elevatum diutinum associated with breast carcinomaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 11 2005Fikriye Yilmaz MD A 53-year-old woman diagnosed with invasive ductal-type breast carcinoma was referred to our clinic with red,purple lesions on the hands and legs. She had neither pruritus nor pain. The first lesion developed on the dorsal hand. In the following days, new lesions appeared on the extensor surface of the legs. The patient had been treated with modified radical mastectomy and three courses of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and fluorouracil chemotherapy. Dermatologic examination revealed reddish-violaceous papules and plaques ranging from a few millimeters to 2 cm in diameter, bilaterally located on the dorsal hands, especially over the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints (Fig. 1). Multiple red,purple, circumscribed papules and plaques of various diameters were observed bilaterally over the shins (Fig. 2). The largest of these plaques showed an annular configuration. The nails showed distal subungual keratosis and yellow discoloration. The rest of the physical examination was normal. Figure 1. Violaceous papules and plaques on the dorsal hands Figure 2. Red,purple, circumscribed, papules and plaques over the shins A biopsy taken from the medial side of the shin revealed a predominantly neutrophilic infiltrate and nuclear dust around the dermal vessels and orthokeratotic stratum corneum (Fig. 3). Figure 3. Predominantly neutrophilic infiltrate and nuclear dust around the dermal vessels and orthokeratotic stratum corneum (hematoxylin and eosin stain, ×100) Complete blood count, routine biochemical tests and fasting lipids, serologic tests of bacterial and viral agents, serum electrophoresis, and serologic profiles for autoimmune connective tissue diseases revealed normal results. Mycologic examination of nail clippings did not show any evidence of fungal infection. In the light of our clinical and histopathologic findings, a diagnosis of erythema elevatum diutinum was made, and the patient was given topical clobetasol propionate therapy. Complete clearance was achieved in 3 weeks (Fig. 4). After six courses of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and fluorouracil chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, no recurrence of erythema elevatum diutinum lesions was observed. Figure 4. Healed lesion 3 weeks after high-potency topical glucocorticoids [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||