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Recourse
Selected AbstractsSynthesis of the Cyclopentyl Nucleoside (,)-Neplanocin A from D -Glucose via Zirconocene-Mediated Ring ContractionHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 6 2005Two approaches for the conversion of d- glucose to (,) -neplanocin A (2), both based on the zirconocene-promoted ring contraction of a vinyl-substituted pyranoside, are herein evaluated (Scheme,1). In the first pathway (Scheme,2), the substrate possesses the , - d- allo configuration (see 6) such that ultimate introduction of the nucleobase would require only an inversion of configuration. However, this precursor proved unresponsive to Cp2Zr (=[ZrCl2(Cp)2]), an end result believed to be a consequence of substantive nonbonded steric effects operating in a key intermediate (Scheme,5). In contrast, the C(2) epimer (see 7) experienced the desired metal-promoted conversion to an enantiomerically pure polyfunctional cyclopentane (see 5 in Scheme,3). The substituents in this product are arrayed in a manner such that conversion to the target nucleoside can be conveniently achieved by a double-inversion sequence (Scheme,4). Recourse to palladium(0)-catalyzed allylic alkylation did not provide an alternate means of generating 2. [source] On the online shortest path problem with limited arc cost dependenciesNETWORKS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 4 2002S. Travis Waller Abstract This paper is concerned with the stochastic shortest path problem with recourse when limited forms of spatial and temporal arc cost dependencies are accounted for. Recourse is defined as the opportunity for a decision maker to reevaluate his or her remaining path when en-route information is available. Formulations with recourse typically provide opportunities for corrective actions when information becomes available; information here is modeled as arc cost dependencies, defined as spatial and temporal. System properties are stated and proved and solution algorithms are developed for limited cases of spatial and temporal arc cost dependencies. The numerical results verify some of the theoretical insights and demonstrate the applicability of the introduced algorithms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] The spectrum of substance abuse in bipolar disorder: reasons for use, sensation seeking and substance sensitivityBIPOLAR DISORDERS, Issue 3 2007Jacopo V Bizzarri Objectives:, To examine the spectrum of alcohol and substance abuse, including reasons for use, in patients with bipolar I disorder, compared with patients with substance use disorder and healthy controls, with a specific focus on the relationship between substance use, substance sensitivity, other comorbid psychiatric symptoms and traits related to sensation seeking. Methods:, This study included 104 patients with bipolar I disorder (BPD I), of whom 57 (54.8%) met DSM-IV criteria for lifetime alcohol or substance use disorder (BPD + SUD), 35 patients with substance use disorder (SUD) and no psychiatric disorder and 50 healthy controls. Assessments included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID) and the Structured Clinical Interview for the Spectrum of Substance Use (SCI-SUBS). Results:, Patients with BPD + SUD and SUD had significantly higher scores on the SCI-SUBS domains of self-medication, substance sensitivity and sensation seeking compared with patients with BPD and healthy controls. Reasons for substance use did not differ between patients with BPD + SUD and patients with SUD. Those most frequently cited were: improving mood; relieving tension; alleviating boredom; achieving/maintaining euphoria; and increasing energy. Conclusions:, Recourse to substances is associated with increased mood and anxiety symptoms, substance sensitivity, and sensation seeking among patients with BPD + SUD and SUD. Substance sensitivity and sensation seeking traits should be investigated in all patients with BPD as possible factors associated with a development of SUD, in order to warn patients of the specific risks related to improper use of medications and substances. [source] Don't kill the messenger: writing history and warCRITICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2005RICHARD TOBIAS This article explores the effort to invert Edmund Burke's Sublime and the Beautiful to talk about the Hell and the Ugly of warfare. Official histories fall into the 'rotted language' (Wallace Stevens) of ancient heroics. Since the actual experience of warfare is beyond language, irony - a dangerous and difficult force - is the recourse. Since no Thucydides can write our history of the thirty-one-year war between August of 1914 and August of 1945, a few participants have sufficient irony to find language to convey the actual horror of our inhumanity. The public, however, prefers to obliterate this message. [source] Knowledge, trust and recourse: imperfect substitutes as sources of assurance in emerging economiesECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2001Bruce L. Benson Uncertainty prevents voluntary interactions, but institutions of trust and/or recourse can substitute for knowledge by making promises relatively credible. Trust and various sources of recourse are imperfect substitutes, however, as demonstrated by consideration of the trade-offs between trust based on repeated dealings, recourse to informal private sanctions such as reputation threats, ostracism sanctions and third-party dispute resolution through formal commercial organizations operating under customary law, and the state's coercive legal system. The problems of knowledge and interest imply that, though not perfect, private sources of trust and recourse are superior in emerging markets to state-provided recourse. [source] Addressing complex ethical issues in the treatment of children and adolescents with eating disorders: application of a framework for ethical decision-makingEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 3 2001Ronald S. Manley Abstract Ethically problematic situations frequently arise in the care of children and adolescents with eating disorders. The younger person with anorexia nervosa can often deteriorate quickly, therefore the child who is in denial with respect to the seriousness of her condition and/or markedly ambivalent regarding renourishment is at grave risk. Involuntary treatment is likely to be a consideration during such a medical crisis. In this paper we outline an ethical decision-making framework that can assist the clinician in engaging the young patient and her family well in advance of a crisis, so that decisions can be made at a time when recourse to establishing incompetency or enforcing involuntary treatment are unnecessary. We have adopted a narrative approach in our application of the decision-making framework, and safety is emphasized as the central concept underlying the application of this model. Finally, a number of recommendations are made regarding application of the ethical decision-making framework with younger persons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] A simplified method for HPLC-MS analysis of sterols in vegetable oilEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2008Antonio Segura Carretero Abstract We have developed a liquid-chromatographic method using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-mass spectrometry (MS) detection in positive mode. This method was used to separate and identify 15,sterols and 2,dihydroxy triterpenes in saponified oils, enabling the analysis of these compounds directly from saponified samples without recourse to thin-layer chromatography; this fact thus significantly simplifies the process. The analyses were made using a Waters Atlantis 5,µm dC18 150×2.1,mm column with a gradient of acetonitrile/water (0.01% acetic acid) at a flow rate of 0.5,mL/min and a column temperature of 30,°C. The quantification of several of these compounds in soybean oil, palm oil, seed oil, sunflower oil, olive-pomace oil and virgin olive oil was carried out using their commercial standards, and the results were compared satisfactorily with the official method. [source] Perspectivism, Criticism and Freedom of SpiritEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2000Bernard Reginster The paper examines the view that Nietzsche's perspectivism about practical judgments, understood as a form of internalism about practical reasons, implies that any legitimate criticism of judgments emanating from a foreign perspective must be in terms that are internal to this perspective. Insofar as it is thought to be motivated by certain general theoretical strictures of perspectivism, this view is incoherent. The paper argues that, on the contrary Nietzsche's recourse to a strategy of internal criticism is motivated by his own particular commitment to preserving the freedom of spirit of his interlocutors. The paper concludes with a discussion of how freedom of spirit is preserved by internal criticism, and how the nature of freedom of spirit affects the particular form such criticism will assume. [source] Employee Rights on Transfer of Undertakings: Italian Legislation and EC LawEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 1 2008Marco Novella The investigation takes place on the assumption that the principle of primacy of Community law applies, which first and foremost means that it must be verified whether the domestic legislation in question complies with the interpretation given to the relative provisions of Community law. According to the authors' opinion, domestic law could be judged as non-conforming to the interpretation that has been given by the Court of Justice, so that the question may be brought before the Court of Justice ex Article 226 EC or by recourse to the preliminary ruling procedure under Article 234 EC, which reveal cases of incorrect implementation of the Directive. [source] OF SAILORS AND POETS: ON CELAN, GRÜNBEIN, AND BRODSKYGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 3 2007Michael Eskin ABSTRACT In this essay, I trace the metamorphoses of the trope of poetry as ,message in a bottle' in the works of Paul Celan, Durs Grünbein, and Joseph Brodsky. Beginning from a juxtaposition of Osip Mandelstam's conception of the poetic text as a ,letter in a bottle' with Bertolt Brecht's depiction of lyric poetry as ,Flaschenpost' in light of their conceptual discrepancies, I inquire into the different ways in which three of Brecht's and, above all, Mandelstam's most notable successors , Celan, Grünbein, and Brodsky , have appropriated and deployed the trope in response to their singular socio-historical situations. Through a number of close readings of contextually relevant texts (including Celan's Bremen Prize Speech, Grünbein's discussion of Celan and Mandelstam as avatars of what he calls the ,new Robinson', and Brodsky's programmatic poem, ,Letter in a Bottle'), I disclose important differences, poetic and ethical, between Celan's, Grünbein's, and Brodsky's (and, by extension, others') recourse to the ostensibly monosemous figure of poetry as ,Flaschenpost', as it was signally launched, in the twentieth century, by Mandelstam in particular. [source] Novel results obtained by freezing berry pseudorotation of phosphoranes (10-P-5)HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2002Kin-ya Akiba By freezing Berry pseudorotation of spirophosphoranes with recourse to the rigidity of the Martin bidentate ligand, we successfully prepared configurationally stable enantiomeric pairs of optically active phosphoranes, and could isolate "anti-apicophilic" C-apical O-equatorial (O-cis) phosphoranes. The effect of ,*PO orbital of the O-cis phosphorane was investigated both experimentally and theoretically. O-cis phosphoranes were revealed to be much more electrophilic at the phosphorus atom than O-trans isomers by experimental studies. The acidity of the ,-proton of an O-cis benzylphosphorane was found to be higher than that of the corresponding O-trans isomer. By the reaction of the ,-carbanion of an O-cis benzylphosphorane with PhCHO, we succeeded in the first isolation and full structural characterization of a 12-P-6 phosphate bearing an oxaphosphetane ring, the intermediate in the Wittig type reaction using a 10-P-5 phosphorane. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:390,396, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10072 [source] Health and Safety in the Medieval Monasteries of BritainHISTORY, Issue 309 2008JULIE KERR The arduous nature of monastic life could impact on the monks' physical and mental well-being, causing minor injuries but also fatalities. Back problems might develop from ringing the heavy monastery bells, digestive disorders could result from years of fasting, and those holding important offices invariably suffered from stress and strain. There has been significant discussion of healthcare in the monastery , of disease and illness, the treatment of the sick, the infirmary, and the role of professional practitioners within the monastery. Less consideration has been given to the various hazards that might affect the monks on a daily basis, from the obstacles that caused them to trip and tumble to the injuries and fatalities that could result from natural disasters, outbreaks of fire and faulty repair work. This article seeks to explore more fully the perils and pitfalls that the religious community might face, but includes a brief discussion of the general impact of monastic observance on the monks' well-being, and the spiritual and physical recourse they sought to prevent mishaps and to treat casualties. Analysis centres on the monastic houses of Britain in the high middle ages, but refers to later and continental examples for comparative purposes and where they are likely to be indicative of conditions in Britain in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. [source] On the effect of the local turbulence scales on the mixing rate of diffusion flames: assessment of two different combustion modelsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 10 2002Jose Lopes Abstract A mathematical model for the prediction of the turbulent flow, diffusion combustion process, heat transfer including thermal radiation and pollutants formation inside combustion chambers is described. In order to validate the model the results are compared herein against experimental data available in the open literature. The model comprises differential transport equations governing the above-mentioned phenomena, resulting from the mathematical and physical modelling, which are solved by the control volume formulation technique. The results yielded by the two different turbulent-mixing physical models used for combustion, the simple chemical reacting system (SCRS) and the eddy break-up (EBU), are analysed so that the need to make recourse to local turbulent scales to evaluate the reactants' mixing rate is assessed. Predictions are performed for a gaseous-fuelled combustor fired with two different burners that induce different aerodynamic conditions inside the combustion chamber. One of the burners has a typical geometry of that used in gaseous fired boilers,fuel firing in the centre surrounded by concentric oxidant firing,while the other burner introduces the air into the combustor through two different swirling concentric streams. Generally, the results exhibit a good agreement with the experimental values. Also, NO predictions are performed by a prompt-NO formation model used as a post-processor together with a thermal-NO formation model, the results being generally in good agreement with the experimental values. The predictions revealed that the mixture between the reactants occurred very close to the burner and almost instantaneously, that is, immediately after the fuel-containing eddies came into contact with the oxidant-containing eddies. As a result, away from the burner, the SCRS model, that assumes an infinitely fast mixing rate, appeared to be as accurate as the EBU model for the present predictions. Closer to the burner, the EBU model, that establishes the reactants mixing rate as a function of the local turbulent scales, yielded slightly slower rates of mixture, the fuel and oxidant concentrations which are slightly higher than those obtained with the SCRS model. As a consequence, the NO concentration predictions with the EBU combustion model are generally higher than those obtained with the SCRS model. This is due to the existence of higher concentrations of fuel and oxygen closer to the burner when predictions were performed taking into account the local turbulent scales in the mixing process of the reactants. The SCRS, being faster and as accurate as the EBU model in the predictions of combustion properties appears to be more appropriate. However, should NO be a variable that is predicted, then the EBU model becomes more appropriate. This is due to the better results of oxygen concentration yielded by that model, since it solves a transport equation for the oxidant concentration, which plays a dominant role in the prompt-NO formation rate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Use of the internet and of the NHS direct telephone helpline for medical information by a cognitive function clinic populationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 2 2003A. J. Larner Abstract Background Internet websites and medical telephone helplines are relatively new and huge resources of medical information (,cybermedicine' and ,telemedicine', respectively) accessible to the general public without prior recourse to a doctor. Study Objectives To measure use of internet websites and of the NHS Direct telephone helpline as sources of medical information by patients and their families and/or carers attending a cognitive function clinic. Design and Setting Consecutive patients seen by one consultant neurologist over a six-month period in the Cognitive Function Clinic at the Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, a regional neuroscience centre in Liverpool, UK. Results More than 50% of patients and families/carers had internet access; 27% had accessed relevant information, but none volunteered this. 82% expressed interest in, or willingness to access, websites with relevant medical information if these were suggested by the clinic doctor. Although 61% had heard of the NHS Direct telephone helpline, only 10% of all patients had used this service and few calls related to the reason for attendance at the Cognitive Function Clinic. Conclusions Internet access and use is common in a cognitive function clinic population. Since information from internet websites may shape health beliefs and expectations of patients and families/carers, appropriately or inappropriately, it may be important for the clinic doctor to inquire about these searches. Since most would use websites suggested by the doctor, a readiness to provide addresses for appropriate sites may prove helpful. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Uncivil aviation: a review of the air rage phenomenonINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH, Issue 6 2001Michelle Morgan Abstract This article examines the issue of air rage. Attempting to define and identify the extent of this phenomenon provides the context in which to review contributory factors. The analysis of violence or aggression directed at flight attendants is developed with recourse to the work of Poyner and Warne, who offer a framework for understanding violence to staff. Use of this framework suggests that air rage remains a multifaceted phenomenon, with a number of contributory factors. Identification of a variety of factors is then used to develop an analysis of possible solutions to the air rage phenomenon. These solutions are concerned with controlling the assailant and, more proactively, supporting flight attendants through initiatives such as enhanced training programmes. Finally, the article suggests a number of areas for future research that may add to an understanding of a so-far under investigated phenomenon. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Reproductive Health of Young people in Côte d'Ivoire: Issues and ProspectsINTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 164 2000Aminata Touré In Côte d'Ivoire, young people aged between 14 and 24 represent 25% of the population, and this is the age group that is particularly vulnerable to reproductive health problems. Sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS in the main affect 15 to 18-year-olds; the early pregnancy rate is high; and the widespread recourse to illegal abortion by women at an increasingly young age reflects the emergence of an unfilled need for family planning services among the young. To cope with this situation, the Côte d'Ivoire authorities have adopted several strategies, which include launching wide-ranging information campaigns and making condoms generally available. However, over and beyond such actions, which are beginning to bear fruit, it seems that particular attention needs to be focused on young people not at school and on girls, whose social status is low. The promotion of equality between the sexes and the legalisation of abortion could give added force to strategies to promote the reproductive health of young people. [source] Soft Power and State,Firm Diplomacy: Congress and IT Corporate Activity in ChinaINTERNATIONAL STUDIES PERSPECTIVES, Issue 3 2009Jade Miller In today's globalized political economy, diplomacy between nation-states (state,state diplomacy) now exists alongside state,firm diplomacy, the negotiations between multinational corporations (MNCs) and the countries in which they do business. While the state must be committed to the interests of its MNCs in the interest of domestic state,firm diplomacy (maintaining a supportive business environment), it still has recourse to address failures in corporate diplomacy and to maintain the appearance of dominance on the world stage. This paper examined these strategies through a critical analysis of prepared testimony at the February 2006 congressional hearing regarding the controversial actions of four U.S. IT MNCs (Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, and Cisco) operating in China. I conclude that when the government is constrained from using its hard power on its MNCs, soft power becomes its most effective tool. Image, suggestion, and appearance,soft power,can be considered more important than legislation itself,hard power,and perhaps even the currency of current state,firm relations. [source] The voice of historical biogeographyJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2001Jorge V. Crisci Historical biogeography is going through an extraordinary revolution concerning its foundations, basic concepts, methods, and relationships to other disciplines of comparative biology. There are external and internal forces that are shaping the present of historical biogeography. The external forces are: global tectonics as the dominant paradigm in geosciences, cladistics as the basic language of comparative biology and the biologist's perception of biogeography. The internal forces are: the proliferation of competing articulations, recourse to philosophy and the debate over fundamentals. The importance of the geographical dimension of life's diversity to any understanding of the history of life on earth is emphasized. Three different kinds of processes that modify the geographical spatial arrangement of the organisms are identified: extinction, dispersal and vicariance. Reconstructing past biogeographic events can be done from three different perspectives: (1) the distribution of individual groups (taxon biogeography) (2) areas of endemism (area biogeography), and (3) biotas (spatial homology). There are at least nine basic historical biogeographic approaches: centre of origin and dispersal, panbiogeography, phylogenetic biogeography, cladistic biogeography, phylogeography, parsimony analysis of endemicity, event-based methods, ancestral areas, and experimental biogeography. These nine approaches contain at least 30 techniques (23 of them have been proposed in the last 14 years). The whole practice and philosophy of biogeography depend upon the development of a coherent and comprehensive conceptual framework for handling the distribution of organisms and events in space. [source] A tutorial comparison of the NMRIT and LAOCOON approaches for analyses of complex solution-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectraMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2002Stanley L. Manatt Abstract For spin ½ nuclei the two most frequently used iterative approaches for determinations of NMR chemical shifts (hi) and coupling constants (Ji), NMRIT and LAOCOON, are discussed. When multiple pulse techniques for extraction of these parameters fail or lead to complicated spectra in the cases of very strongly coupled spin systems and systems involving magnetically nonequivalent, chemical shift equivalent nuclei, recourse to these iterative methods is necessary. The former approach employs the energy levels derived from the observed transition frequencies, whereas the latter approach uses the observed transition frequencies. Derivations of the general iterative equations for both approaches are given, along with the specific equations for the ABC spin system. The matrix nature of the derivation of these equations is stressed. Also discussed is the modified NMRIT program, NMRENIT, which has major advantages over the former in cases with symmetry and in cases where not enough lines can be assigned to link all the energy levels. The advantages of the latter program over LAOCOON in certain cases are discussed. Some general advice on the use of both approaches is presented. The Hoffman energy level approach is also discussed and it is shown that it yields the same iterative equations as the LAOCOON approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Bauteiloberfläche und Schwingfestigkeit , Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Randschicht auf die Dauerschwingfestigkeit von Bauteilen aus StahlMATERIALWISSENSCHAFT UND WERKSTOFFTECHNIK, Issue 5 2006U. Kleemann Dipl.-Ing. surface; surface layer; fatigue strength; surface stress-concentration factor Abstract Die Berechnung der Schwingfestigkeit hat in den letzten Jahren für die Bauteilentwicklung an Bedeutung gewonnen. Aus Zeit- und Kostengründen wird angestrebt, den experimentellen Festigkeitsnachweis auf die Freigabe von Sicherheitsteilen zu beschränken. Die Schwingfestigkeit von glatten, polierten Werkstoffproben (Spannungs- und Dehnungswöhlerlinie) kann heute mit guter Treffsicherheit abgeschätzt bzw. entsprechenden Katalogen entnommen werden. Die Übertragbarkeit der Schwingfestigkeit von Werkstoffproben auf reale Bauteile ist jedoch mit erheblichen Schwierigkeiten verbunden, da eine Reihe von Einflussgrößen zu berücksichtigen sind wie Geometrie und Größe, Mittelspannung, Beanspruchungsart, Mehrachsigkeit, Randschicht (Oberflächentopographie, Eigenspannungen, Gefüge, Härte), Temperatur, korrosive Medien u.,a.. Der Einfluss dieser Größen ist komplex und lässt sich nur sehr grob durch eine Multiplikation von Einflussfaktoren beschreiben. Der heutige Stand im Technischen Regelwerk zum Oberflächeneinfluss, z.,B. FKM-Richtlinie ,Rechnerischer Festigkeitsnachweis für Maschinenbauteile", basiert auf einem Kenntnisstand, der 50 Jahre zurückliegt. Der Ausgang für das Forschungsvorhaben war die Forderung der Industrie nach einer verbesserten rechnerischen Erfassung des Einflusses der Oberflächenbearbeitung bei Zerspanung. Hierzu wurde auf einen Vorschlag von Liu zurückgegriffen, der die Oberflächentopographie neben der Rauheit durch eine Oberflächenformzahl kennzeichnet. Zur Erfassung des Werkstoffes wird eine charakteristische Strukturlänge eingeführt, die sich aus der Werkstoffwechselfestigkeit und dem Schwellenwert für makroskopischen Rissfortschritt berechnet. Weiterhin wurde überprüft, welche Festigkeitshypothesen in der Lage sind, den biaxialen Eigenspannungszustand an der zerspanten Oberfläche realistisch zu erfassen. Damit kann ein Konzept vorgeschlagen werden, mit dem die Dauerfestigkeit zutreffend berechnet werden kann, wenn die statische Festigkeit, die Oberflächentopographie und die Eigenspannungen bekannt sind. Zur Validierung werden Schwingversuche an drei Stählen und zwei Sphärogusslegierungen bei unterschiedlichen Randschichteigenschaften durchgeführt. Structural component surface and fatigue strength , Investigations on the effect of the surface layer on the fatigue strength of structural steel components For the development of structural components, the importance of calculating the fatigue strength has steadily increased during recent years. In order to save time and cost, efforts are in progress for limiting experimental strength testing to the release of safety components. The fatigue strength of smooth, polished material specimens (stress and strain S-N curve) can now be estimated with high accuracy, or can be obtained from the corresponding catalogs. However, the results of fatigue strength determinations on material specimens cannot be applied to real components without considerable difficulty, since a number of decisive parameters must be taken into account. These factors include the geometry and size, mean stress, type of load, multiaxiality, surface layer (surface topography, residual stresses, structure, hardness), temperature, corrosive media, etc. The effect of these parameters is complex, and a multiplication of the various decisive factors yields only a very rough description. The current state of the art in the catalog of technical rules on surface effects, such as the FKM guideline, "Computational Demonstration of Strength for Machine Components", is based on results which were obtained 50 years ago. The original incentive for the research project was the industrial demand for an improved computational method for determining the effect of surface machining by cutting processes. For this purpose, recourse was made to a proposal by Liu, who characterises the surface topography, besides the roughness, with the use of a surface stress-concentration factor. A characteristic structural length is introduced for describing the material; this length is calculated from the fatigue strength of the material and the threshold value for macroscopic crack propagation. Moreover, a check was made to determine which strength hypotheses are capable of realistically describing the biaxial residual stress state on the machined surface. Thus, a concept can be proposed for accurately calculating the fatigue strength, provided that the static strength, the surface topography, and the residual stresses are known. For validation, alternating-load tests are to be performed on three types of steel and two nodular cast alloys with different surface layer properties. [source] The point source method for inverse scattering in the time domainMATHEMATICAL METHODS IN THE APPLIED SCIENCES, Issue 13 2006D. Russell Luke Abstract Many recent inverse scattering techniques have been designed for single frequency scattered fields in the frequency domain. In practice, however, the data is collected in the time domain. Frequency domain inverse scattering algorithms obviously apply to time-harmonic scattering, or nearly time-harmonic scattering, through application of the Fourier transform. Fourier transform techniques can also be applied to non-time-harmonic scattering from pulses. Our goal here is twofold: first, to establish conditions on the time-dependent waves that provide a correspondence between time domain and frequency domain inverse scattering via Fourier transforms without recourse to the conventional limiting amplitude principle; secondly, we apply the analysis in the first part of this work toward the extension of a particular scattering technique, namely the point source method, to scattering from the requisite pulses. Numerical examples illustrate the method and suggest that reconstructions from admissible pulses deliver superior reconstructions compared to straight averaging of multi-frequency data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The historical dynamics of ethnic conflicts: confrontational nationalisms, democracy and the Basques in contemporary Spain,NATIONS AND NATIONALISM, Issue 2 2010FERNANDO MOLINA ABSTRACT. All the historical moments in which the Basque debate reached political protagonism in contemporary Spain coincided with political contexts of institutional democratisation. The debate on patriotism in the Basque Country is connected with a uniform narrative regarding the Basques and their moral distance from the Spanish nation: the ,Basque problem'. This narrative has fostered a confrontational discourse between Spanish and Basque nationalism. It has also promoted recourse to specific stereotypical images of the Basques, which bind ethnicity to collective identity. Such representations reveal that the invention of the Basque country as a uniform ethnic collective had much more to do with the internal contradictions of Spanish national identity , and later of Basque identity , than with the existence of a secular conflict between Basques and Spaniards. The Basque case shows that every ,ethnic conflict' requires adequate contextualisation in order to avoid simplifying its origins and past pathways to make it conform to present uses. [source] Robust tower location for code division multiple access networksNAVAL RESEARCH LOGISTICS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007Jay M. Rosenberger Abstract Designing Code Division Multiple Access networks includes determining optimal locations of radio towers and assigning customer markets to the towers. In this paper, we describe a deterministic model for tower location and a stochastic model to optimize revenue given a set of constructed towers. We integrate these models in a stochastic integer programming problem with simple recourse that optimizes the location of towers under demand uncertainty. We develop algorithms using Benders' reformulation, and we provide computational results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007 [source] A polynomial-time algorithm to find shortest paths with recourseNETWORKS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2003J. Scott Provan Abstract The Shortest Path with Recourse Problem involves finding the shortest expected-length paths in a directed network, each of whose arcs have stochastic traversal lengths (or delays) that become known only upon arrival at the tail of that arc. The traveler starts at a given source node and makes routing decisions at each node in such a way that the expected distance to a given sink node is minimized. We develop an extension of Dijkstra's algorithm to solve the version of the problem where arclengths are nonnegative and reset after each arc traversal. All known no-reset versions of the problem are NP-hard. We make a partial extension to the case where negative arclengths are present. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] On the online shortest path problem with limited arc cost dependenciesNETWORKS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 4 2002S. Travis Waller Abstract This paper is concerned with the stochastic shortest path problem with recourse when limited forms of spatial and temporal arc cost dependencies are accounted for. Recourse is defined as the opportunity for a decision maker to reevaluate his or her remaining path when en-route information is available. Formulations with recourse typically provide opportunities for corrective actions when information becomes available; information here is modeled as arc cost dependencies, defined as spatial and temporal. System properties are stated and proved and solution algorithms are developed for limited cases of spatial and temporal arc cost dependencies. The numerical results verify some of the theoretical insights and demonstrate the applicability of the introduced algorithms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Unified multipliers-free theory of dual-primal domain decomposition methodsNUMERICAL METHODS FOR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, Issue 3 2009Ismael Herrera Abstract The concept of dual-primal methods can be formulated in a manner that incorporates, as a subclass, the non preconditioned case. Using such a generalized concept, in this article without recourse to "Lagrange multipliers," we introduce an all-inclusive unified theory of nonoverlapping domain decomposition methods (DDMs). One-level methods, such as Schur-complement and one-level FETI, as well as two-level methods, such as Neumann-Neumann and preconditioned FETI, are incorporated in a unified manner. Different choices of the dual subspaces yield the different dual-primal preconditioners reported in the literature. In this unified theory, the procedures are carried out directly on the matrices, independently of the differential equations that originated them. This feature reduces considerably the code-development effort required for their implementation and permit, for example, transforming 2D codes into 3D codes easily. Another source of this simplification is the introduction of two projection-matrices, generalizations of the average and jump of a function, which possess superior computational properties. In particular, on the basis of numerical results reported there, we claim that our jump matrix is the optimal choice of the B operator of the FETI methods. A new formula for the Steklov-Poincaré operator, at the discrete level, is also introduced. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2009 [source] INTUITIVE NON-NATURALISM MEETS COSMIC COINCIDENCEPACIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2009MATTHEW S. BEDKE Having no recourse to ways of knowing about the natural world, ethical non-naturalists are in need of an epistemology that might apply to a normative breed of facts or properties, and intuitionism seems well suited to fill that bill. Here I argue that the metaphysical inspiration for ethical intuitionism undermines that very epistemology, for this pair of views generates what I call the defeater from cosmic coincidence. Unfortunately, we face not a happy union, but a difficult choice: either ethical intuitionism or ethical non-naturalism, but not both. [source] External Freedom in Kant's Rechtslehre: Political, Metaphysical,PHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2004JENNIFER K. ULEMAN External freedom is the central good protected in Kant's legal and political philosophy. But external freedom is perplexing, being at once freedom of spatio-temporal movement and a form of noumenal or ,intelligible'freedom. Moreover, it turns out that identifying impairments to external freedom nearly always involves recourse to an elaborated system of positive law, which seems to compromise external freedom's status as a prior, organizing good. Drawing heavily on Kant's understanding of the role of empirical ,anthropological'information in constructing a Doctrine of Right, or Rechtslehre, this essay offers an interpretation of external freedom that makes sense of its simultaneous spatio-temporality, dependence on positive law, intelligibility (or ,noumenality'), and a priority. The essay suggests that this account of Kantian external freedom has implications both for politics and for the metaphysics of everyday objects and institutions. [source] Predicting solid compounds via global exploration of the energy landscape of solids on the ab initio level without recourse to experimental informationPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (B) BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 1 2010J. Christian Schön Abstract Predicting which crystalline modifications can exist in a chemical system requires the global exploration of its energy landscape. Due to the large computational effort involved, in the past this search for sufficiently stable minima has been performed employing a variety of empirical potentials and cost functions followed by a local optimization on the ab initio level. However, this might introduce some bias favoring certain types of chemical bonding and entails the risk of overlooking important modifications that are not modeled accurately using empirical potentials. In order to overcome this critical limitation, it is necessary to employ ab initio energy functions during the global optimization phase of the structure prediction. In this paper, we review the current state of the field of structure prediction on the ab initio level. [source] Abortion, Family Planning, and Population Policy: Prospects for the Common-Ground ApproachPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 3 2009Dennis Hodgson For the past several decades those engaged in shaping the Program of Action documents at international conferences on population have muted their voices when the topic of abortion has been raised. In a desire to side-step entanglement in a bitter debate over the morality of abortion, great care has been taken to define "family planning" in ways that explicitly exclude abortion. The "common-ground" approach to treating abortion can be summarized in two directives found in all contemporary international population documents: "in no case should abortion be promoted as a method of family planning"; and all governments should work "to reduce the recourse to abortion through expanded and improved family-planning services." This article has three goals: first, to examine the appropriateness of these directives with respect to what is currently known about the relationship between abortion, family planning, and population policy; second, to trace how this "contraception-only" definition of family planning became de rigueur at international population conferences; and third, to discuss the prospects for the emergence of a more appropriate "common-ground" approach to abortion and population policy. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||