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Recombinant Inbred Lines (recombinant + inbred_line)
Selected AbstractsSpecific resistances against Pseudomonas syringae effectors AvrB and AvrRpm1 have evolved differently in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), soybean (Glycine max), and Arabidopsis thalianaNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 4 2010Nicolas W. G. Chen Summary ,In plants, the evolution of specific resistance is poorly understood. Pseudomonas syringae effectors AvrB and AvrRpm1 are recognized by phylogenetically distinct resistance (R) proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) and soybean (Glycine max, Fabaceae). In soybean, these resistances are encoded by two tightly linked R genes, Rpg1-b and Rpg1-r. To study the evolution of these specific resistances, we investigated AvrB- and AvrRpm1-induced responses in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, Fabaceae). ,Common bean genotypes of various geographical origins were inoculated with P. syringae strains expressing AvrB or AvrRpm1. A common bean recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was used to map R genes to AvrRpm1. ,No common bean genotypes recognized AvrB. By contrast, multiple genotypes responded to AvrRpm1, and two independent R genes conferring AvrRpm1-specific resistance were mapped to the ends of linkage group B11 (Rpsar-1, for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrRpm1 number 1) and B8 (Rpsar-2). Rpsar-1 is located in a region syntenic with the soybean Rpg1 cluster. However, mapping of specific Rpg1 homologous genes suggests that AvrRpm1 recognition evolved independently in common bean and soybean. ,The conservation of the genomic position of AvrRpm1-specific genes between soybean and common bean suggests a model whereby specific clusters of R genes are predisposed to evolve recognition of the same effector molecules. [source] Potential for effective marker-assisted selection of three quantitative trait loci conferring adult plant resistance to powdery mildew in elite wheat breeding populationsPLANT BREEDING, Issue 5 2006D. M. Tucker Abstract Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with adult plant resistance (APR) to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar ,Massey' were mapped in a previous study. The three QTL were located on chromosomes 2A, 2B and 1B, and explained 50% of the total phenotypic variation. A 293 recombinant inbred line (RIL) breeding population (UJ) derived from the cross of ,USG 3209', a derivative of ,Massey', and ,Jaypee' was used to evaluate the potential effectiveness of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for APR. Powdery mildew severities of the 293 UJ RILs were evaluated in 2002 (F5 : 6) and 2003 (F6 : 7) under natural disease pressure in the field. The 293 RILs were also evaluated for disease severity in a 2004 (F7 : 8) greenhouse experiment using a composite of five different isolates of B. graminis. Selection of RILs possessing the QTL on chromosome 2A, and to a lesser extent, the one on chromosome 1B was effective in identifying powdery mildew resistance in both greenhouse and field experiments. Overall, selecting RILs with QTL on chromosomes 2A and 2B was most successful in identifying highly resistant RILs, which had mean mildew severities of 4.4% and 3.2% in 2002 and 2003 field experiments, respectively. Breeders implementing MAS programs for APR to powdery mildew via selection of RILs containing the two QTL on chromosomes 2A and 2B likely will obtain RILs having high levels of resistance in the field, however combining all three QTL may ensure greater durability. [source] Identification of QTL controlling root growth response to phosphate starvation in Arabidopsis thalianaPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 1 2006MATTHIEU REYMOND ABSTRACT One of the responses of plants to low sources of external phosphorus (P) is to modify root architecture. In Arabidopsis thaliana plantlets grown on low P, the primary root length (PRL) is reduced whereas lateral root growth is promoted. By using the Bay-0 × Shahdara recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, we have mapped three quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in the root growth response to low P. The Shahdara alleles at these three QTL promote the response of the primary root to low P (i.e. root length reduction). One of these QTL, LPR1, located in a 2.8 Mb region at the top of chromosome 1, explains 52% of the variance of the PRL. We also detected a single QTL associated with primary root cell elongation in response to low P which colocalizes with LPR1. LPR1 does not seem to be involved in other typical P-starvation responses such as growth and density of root hairs, excretion of acid phosphatases, anthocyanin accumulation or the transcriptional induction of the P transporter Pht1;4. LPR1 might highlight new aspects of root growth that are revealed specifically under low P conditions. [source] Identification of a Chr 11 quantitative trait locus that modulates proliferation in the rostral migratory stream of the adult mouse brainEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 4 2010Anna Poon Abstract Neuron production takes place continuously in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) of the adult mammalian brain. The molecular mechanisms that regulate progenitor cell division and differentiation in the RMS remain largely unknown. Here, we surveyed the mouse genome in an unbiased manner to identify candidate gene loci that regulate proliferation in the adult RMS. We quantified neurogenesis in adult C57BL/6J and A/J mice, and 27 recombinant inbred lines derived from those parental strains. We showed that the A/J RMS had greater numbers of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled cells than that of C57BL/6J mice with similar cell cycle parameters, indicating that the differences in the number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells reflected the number of proliferating cells between the strains. AXB and BXA recombinant inbred strains demonstrated even greater variation in the numbers of proliferating cells. Genome-wide mapping of this trait revealed that chromosome 11 harbors a significant quantitative trait locus at 116.75 ± 0.75 Mb that affects cell proliferation in the adult RMS. The genomic regions that influence RMS proliferation did not overlap with genomic regions regulating proliferation in the adult subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. On the contrary, a different, suggestive locus that modulates cell proliferation in the subgranular zone was mapped to chromosome 3 at 102 ± 7 Mb. A subset of genes in the chromosome 11 quantitative trait locus region is associated with neurogenesis and cell proliferation. Our findings provide new insights into the genetic control of neural proliferation and an excellent starting point to identify genes critical to this process. [source] A genetic linkage map for Tribolium confusum based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs and recombinant inbred linesINSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2003A. Yezerski Abstract Tribolium beetles provide an excellent and easily manipulated model system for the study of genetics. However, despite significant increases in the availability of molecular markers for the study of genetics in recent years, a significant genetic linkage map for these beetles remains undeveloped. We present the first molecular genetic linkage map for Tribolium confusum using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. The linkage map contains 137 loci mapped on to eight linkage groups totaling 968.5 cM. [source] Heritable variation and genetic correlation of quantitative traits within and between ecotypes of Avena barbataJOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008K. M. GARDNER Abstract We examined heritable variation for quantitative traits within and between naturally occurring mesic and xeric ecotypes of the slender wild oat (Avena barbata), and in 188 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the ecotypes. We measured a suite of seedling and adult traits in the greenhouse, as well as performance-related traits in field sites native to the two ecotypes. Although the ecotypes were genetically diverged for most traits, few traits showed significant heritable variation within either ecotype. In contrast, considerable heritable variation was released in the recombinant progeny of the cross, and transgressive segregation was apparent in all traits. Heritabilities were substantially greater in the greenhouse than in the field, and this was associated with an increase in environmental variance in the field, rather than a decrease in genetic variance. Strong genetic correlations were evident among the recombinants, such that 22 measured traits could be well represented by only seven underlying factors, which accounted for 80% of the total variation. The primary axis of variation in the greenhouse described a trade-off between vegetative and reproductive allocation, mediated by the date of first flowering, and fitness was strongly correlated with this trade-off. Other factors in the greenhouse described variation in size and in seedling traits. Lack of correlation among these factors represents the release of multivariate trait variation through recombination. In the field, a separate axis of variation in overall performance was found for each year/site combination. Performance was significantly correlated across field environments, but not significantly correlated between greenhouse and field. [source] The genetics of adaptation to novel environments: selection on germination timing in Arabidopsis thalianaMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 7 2010BROOK T. MOYERS When studying selection during adaptation to novel environments, researchers have often paid little attention to an organism's earliest developmental stages. Despite this lack of attention, early life history traits may be under strong selection during colonization, as the expression of adaptive phenotypes at later points is contingent upon early survival. Moreover, the timing of early developmental transitions can constrain the timing of later transitions, with potentially large effects on fitness. In this issue, Huang et al. (2010) underscore the importance of early life history traits in the adaptation of Arabidopsis thaliana to old-field sites in North America. Using a new population of mapped recombinant inbred lines, the authors examined germination timing and total lifetime fitness of A. thaliana while varying site latitude, dispersal season, and maternal photoperiod. Huang et al. (2010) discovered several Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) with large effects on fitness that colocalized with QTL for field germination timing and seed dormancy,demonstrating that fitness is genetically associated with these early life history traits, and that these loci are likely under strong selection during adaptation to novel environments. In the epistatic interactions of some loci, recombinant genotypes outperformed parental genotypes, supporting the potentially adaptive role of recombination. This study provides elegant evidence that traits expressed early in an organism's development can play an important role during adaptive evolution. [source] Genetic analysis identifies quantitative trait loci controlling rosette mineral concentrations in Arabidopsis thaliana under droughtNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 1 2009Artak Ghandilyan Summary ,,Rosettes of 25 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions and an Antwerp-1 (An-1) × Landsberg erecta (Ler) population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) grown in optimal watering conditions (OWC) and water deficit conditions (WDC) were analysed for mineral concentrations to identify genetic loci involved in adaptation of mineral homeostasis to drought stress. ,,Correlations between mineral concentrations were determined for accessions and a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed for the RIL population. ,,Plant growth and rosette mineral contents strongly decreased in WDC compared with OWC. Mineral concentrations also generally decreased, except for phosphorus (P), which remained constant, and potassium (K), which increased. Large variations in mineral concentrations were observed among accessions, mostly correlated with total rosette leaf area. Mineral concentration QTLs were identified in the RIL population, but only a few were common for both conditions. Clusters of mineral concentration QTLs often cosegregated with dry weight QTLs. ,,Water deficit has a strong effect on rosette mineral status. This is genetically determined and seems largely a pleiotropic effect of the reduction in growth. The low number of common mineral concentration QTLs, shared among different RIL populations, tissues and conditions in Arabidopsis, suggests that breeding for robust, mineral biofortified crops will be complex. [source] Genetic control over silica deposition in wheat awnsPHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, Issue 1 2010Zvi Peleg Awns are long, stiff filamentous extensions of glumes in many grasses. In wheat, awns contribute up to 40% of the grain's photosynthetic assimilates, and assist in seed dispersal. Awns accumulate silica in epidermal hairs and papillae, and silica has been positively associated with yield and environmental stress tolerance. Here, the awns of a set of domesticated wheat genotypes and their direct progenitor, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides were characterized. In addition, the silica concentration in awns was genetically dissected in a tetraploid wheat population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between durum wheat (cv. Langdon) and wild emmer (accession G18-16). Scanning electron micrographs revealed a continuous silica layer under the cuticle. Extended silicification was identified in the epidermis cell wall and in sclerenchyma cells near the vascular bundles, but not in the stomata, suggesting that an active process directs the soluble silica away from the water evaporation stream. The number of silicified cells was linearly correlated to silica concentration in dry weight (DW), suggesting cellular control over silicification. Domesticated wheat awns contained up to 19% silica per DW, as compared with 7% in the wild accessions, suggesting selection pressure associated with the domestication process. Six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for silica were identified in the awns, with a LOD score of 3.7,6.3, three of which overlapped genomic regions that contribute to high grain protein. Localization of silica in the awns and identification of QTLs help illuminate mechanisms associated with silica metabolism in wheat. [source] Quantitative trait loci associated with soybean tolerance to low phosphorus stress based on flower and pod abscissionPLANT BREEDING, Issue 3 2010D. Zhang With 2 figures and 5 tables Abstract Low phosphorus (P) stress limits soybean production. A population of 152 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between ,Bogao' (P sensitive variety) and ,Nannong 94-156' (P tolerant variety) and 248 markers were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for low-P tolerance. Two pot culture trials were conducted and low-P tolerance evaluated using flower and pod abscission rate under low P and normal P. Conditional QTLs and epistasis for tolerance to low P were also analysed. A conditional QTL (near Satt274) on linkage group D1b+W was identified which conferred low-P tolerance epistatic effects and coincided with previously discovered QTLs. An additive QTL, qFARLPG-07, for flower abscission rate under low P was detected with a LOD score of 7.79 and explained 32.3% of phenotypic variation. It was detected at the same interval of the corresponding QTL for other traits across years. This region coincided with two conditional QTLs (cqFARLPG-07 and cqPARLPG-07), from the P-tolerant parent ,Nannong 94-156' related to low-P tolerance. These results will provide a basis for further fine mapping and eventual cloning of the P-efficiency genes in soybean. [source] Detection of QTLs for bread-making quality in wheat using a recombinant inbred line populationPLANT BREEDING, Issue 3 2009Y. Li Abstract Whereas gluten fraction accounts for 30,60% of the variation in wheat bread-making quality, there remains substantial variation determined by non-gluten factors. The objective of this study was to detect new loci for wheat quality. The genetics of sodium dodecyl sulphate-sedimentation volume (Ssd), grain hardness (GH), grain protein content, wet gluten content (WGC) and water absorption (Abs) in a set of 198 recombinant inbred lines derived from two commercial varieties was studied by quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. A genetic map based on 255 marker loci, consisting of 250 simple sequence repeat markers and five glutenin loci, Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1, Glu-B3 and Glu-D3, was constructed. A total of 73 QTLs were detected for all traits. A major QTL for GH was detected on chromosome 1B and its relative contribution to phenotypic variation was 27.7%. A major QTL for Abs on chromosome 5D explained more than 30% of the phenotypic variation. Variations in Ssd were explained by four kinds of genes. Some QTLs for correlated traits mapped to the same regions forming QTL clusters or indicated pleiotropic effects. [source] Development of STS markers and QTL validation for common bacterial blight resistance in common beanPLANT BREEDING, Issue 1 2008S. Liu Abstract Common bacterial blight (CBB) of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), is one of the major diseases that decrease yield and quality. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for CBB resistance from line XAN 159 was transferred into two bean lines, HR45 and HR67. Previous studies identified that two markers are linked to this QTL but the chromosome location was not consistent. To identify more tightly linked markers and to verify the chromosome location, 65 additional markers were mapped using 81 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross HR67 × OAC95-4. The QTL was mapped to a 13 cM region on chromosome 1 and defined by eight molecular markers that explained 25,52% of the phenotypic variation. Six tightly linked amplified fragment length polymorphism markers (0.6,9.7 cM from the QTL peak) were converted into seven sequence tagged site markers, three of which were mapped to this QTL. Five tightly linked markers were used to screen 907 F2 plants derived from a cross HR45 × ,OAC Rex' and four of them were linked to each other within 4.2 cM. These markers may be useful in marker-assisted selection and map-based cloning of this major QTL. [source] The influence of a spring habit gene, Vrn-D1, on heading time in wheatPLANT BREEDING, Issue 2 2001H. Kato Abstract The adaptability of wheat cultivars to environmental conditions is known to be associated with a vernalization requirement, that is, spring/winter habit. To clarify the genetic effect of the spring habit gene, Vrn-D1, on heading time in the field, recombinant inbred lines (RILs) with or without the Vrn-D1 gene were produced from F2 plants of the cross between ,Nanbukomugi' and ,Nishikazekomugi', non-carrier and carrier cultivars of this gene, respectively. Using growth chambers with a controlled temperature and photoperiod, three components of heading time, i.e. vernalization requirement, photoperiodic sensitivity and narrow-sense earliness (earliness per se), were evaluated in each RIL. RILs with the Vrn-D1 gene (E lines) showed greatly reduced vernalization requirements and slightly shorter narrow-sense earliness than RILs without Vrn-D1 (L lines), although no difference in photoperiodic sensitivity was observed between the two groups. RILs were planted at four different sites in Japan and examined for their heading time in the field. E lines headed significantly earlier than L lines at all locations, indicating that the earliness of E lines is stable in various environmental conditions. These results indicated that spring habit caused by Vrn-D1 gene, as well as narrow-sense earliness, was responsible for heading time in the field. [source] Integration of AFLP markers into an RFLP-based map of durum wheatPLANT BREEDING, Issue 5 2000C. Lotti Abstract Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a powerful technique which can readily be applied to a wide range of species for mapping purposes. AFLPs were added to a linkage map of durum wheat constructed using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The mapping population included 65 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the durum wheat cultivar ,Messapia' and accession ,MG4343' of the wild Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (Körn.). Genomic DNA was digested with MseI (4-cutter) and Sse83871 (8-cutter). Using a silver-staining protocol, 14 primer combinations revealed 421 clearly scorable amplicons including 100 polymorphisms. The presence of nine pairs of bands linked in repulsion phase with each pair generated by one primer combination suggested the presence of codominant alleles; sequence analysis of four band pairs confirmed their codominant nature. The integration of 80 AFLP loci extended the map in several telomeric regions, reduced the size of four large gaps present in the previous map, and eliminated one gap. The new map obtained after the inclusion of the 80 AFLP loci and eight additional RFLP loci spans 2063cM which represent a 52.6% increment compared with the previous map. Compared with the distribution of RFLPs, no significant clustering of AFLP markers was observed. [source] Stay green trait in grain sorghum: relationship between visual rating and leaf chlorophyll concentrationPLANT BREEDING, Issue 4 2000W. Xu Abstract Post-flowering drought tolerance is referred to as the stay green trait in sorghum. Plants with stay green resist drought-induced premature plant senescence. In breeding programmes, stay green is evaluated under limited irrigation, post-flowering moisture-stress field conditions and visually scored at or soon after physiological grain maturity. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the stay green rating and total leaf chlorophyll content. The parents B35 and Tx7000, and their 98 F, recombinant inbred lines were evaluated in replicated field trials under limited (post-flowering stress) and full-irrigation (non-stress) conditions. After scoring the stay green trait of stressed plants, total leaf chlorophyll contents were measured with a chlorophyll meter (SPAD values) and a spectrophotometer method. The SPAD value had a significant linear relationship with total leaf chlorophyll (R2= 0.91) and with visual stay green rating (with R2= 0.82). Relative water content in top leaves of the stay green lines was about 81%, much higher than non-stay green lines (38%), indicating that the stay green lines kept the stalk transporting system functioning under severe drought conditions, The results indicate that visual stay green ratings were a reliable indicator of leaf senescence an should be useful to sorghum breeders in evaluating progeny when breeding for drought tolerance. [source] Relation among plant growth, carbohydrates and flowering time in the Arabidopsis Landsberg erecta × Kondara recombinant inbred line populationPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 8 2010MOHAMED E. EL-LITHY ABSTRACT Arabidopsis thaliana natural variation was used to study plant performance viewed as the accumulation of photo-assimilates, their allocation and storage, in relation to other growth-related features and flowering-related traits. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between Landsberg erecta (originating from Poland) and Kondara (originating from Tajikistan) grown on hydroponics, revealed QTLs for the different aspects of plant growth-related traits, sugar and starch contents and flowering-related traits. Co-locations of QTLs for these different aspects were detected at different regions, mainly at the ER locus; the top of chromosomes 3, 4 and 5; and the bottom of chromosome 5. Increased plant growth was associated with early flowering and leaf transitory starch, and correlated negatively with the levels of soluble sugar at early phases of development. From the significant correlations and the co-locations of the QTLs for these aspects, we conclude that there is a complex relationship between plant growth-related traits, carbohydrate content and flowering-related traits. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||