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Rechargeable Batteries (rechargeable + battery)
Kinds of Rechargeable Batteries Selected AbstractsCombined First-Principle Calculations and Experimental Study on Multi-Component Olivine Cathode for Lithium Rechargeable BatteriesADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 20 2009Hyeokjo Gwon Abstract The electrochemical properties and phase stability of the multi-component olivine compound LiMn1/3Fe1/3Co1/3PO4 are studied experimentally and with first-principles calculation. The formation of a solid solution between LiMnPO4, LiFePO4, and LiCoPO4 at this composition is confirmed by XRD patterns and the calculated energy. The experimental and first-principle results indicate that there are three distinct regions in the electrochemical profile at quasi-open-circuit potentials of ,3.5,V, ,4.1,V, and ,4.7,V, which are attributed to Fe3+/Fe2+, Mn3+/Mn2+, and Co3+/Co2+ redox couples, respectively. However, exceptionally large polarization is observed only for the region near 4.1,V of Mn3+/Mn2+ redox couples, implying an intrinsic charge transfer problem. An ex situ XRD study reveals that the reversible one-phase reaction of Li extraction/insertion mechanism prevails, unexpectedly, for all lithium compositions of LixMn1/3Fe1/3Co1/3PO4 (0,,,x,,,1) at room temperature. This is the first demonstration that the well-ordered, non-nanocrystalline (less than 1% Li,M disorder and a few hundred nanometer size particle) olivine electrode can be operated solely in a one-phase mode. [source] A Critical Size of Silicon Nano-Anodes for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 12 2010Hyejung Kim Feindispergierte Si-Nanokristalle von ungefähr 5, 10 und 20,nm Größe wurden bei hohem Druck und 380,°C in reversen Micellen hergestellt und als Anodenmaterial für Lithiumbatterien getestet. Die 10-nm-Nanokristalle wiesen eine Anfangs-Ladungskapazität y von 3380,mAh,g,1 auf, und selbst nach 40 Zyklen war die Kapazität nur auf 81,% gesunken, bei Kohlenstoffbeschichtung sogar nur auf 96,% (siehe Bild). [source] ChemInform Abstract: Density Functional Calculation for Li2CuSn as an Electrode Material for Rechargeable Batteries.CHEMINFORM, Issue 52 2009Ali Hussain Reshak Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Emerging N-Type Redox-Active Radical Polymer for a Totally Organic Polymer-Based Rechargeable BatteryADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 16 2009Takeo Suga A n-type and redox-active radical polymer bearing galvinoxyl radicals, poly(galvinoxylstyrene), is utilized as an anode-active material, which enabled, for the first time, the fabrication of a totally organic polymer- based rechargeable battery in conjunction with p-type redox-active radical polymer. This battery was characterized by its remarkably high power rate capability. [source] Lithium Batteries: (Adv. Funct.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 10 2009Mater. The cover picture is a scanning electron microscopy image of uncoated and 0.5 wt% TiO2 nanoparticle-coated LiCoO2 cathode particles, which are investigated in the research and development of lithium rechargeable batteries that require high power, high capacity, and high safety. TiO2 nanoparticles with sizes below 100 nm are mixed with LiCoO2 particles with an average particle size of 20,µm in a rotating jar at 200 rpm. The mixed particles are then fired at 1000°C for 5 h in air. The uncoated and 0.5 wt% coated particles show similar surface morphologies to each other. Despite the use of dry coating, Ti atoms appear to distribute uniformly throughout the particles. The advantage of this method is a simplified and cost-effective coating procedure, and these electrochemical enhancements can lead to versatile potential applications of the batteries, and provide breakthroughs in the power supply of mobile electronics. [source] 1D and 3D Ionic Liquid,Aluminum Hydroxide Hybrids Prepared via an Ionothermal Process,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 14 2007S. Park Abstract Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are used as hierarchically multifunctional components by employing them not only as templates and co-solvents for fabricating nanostructured materials but also proton conductors for electrochemical devices. RTIL/aluminum hydroxide (RTIL,Al) hybrids containing various nanometer-sized shapes, including 1D nanorods with hexagonal tips, straight and curved nanofibers, nanofibers embedded in a porous network, and 3D octahedral-, polyhedral-, and angular spherical shapes are synthesized via a one-pot ionothermal process. The structures or shapes of the RTIL,Al hybrids are related to the anionic moieties, alkyl chain length of the RTILs, and the humidity during fabrication. In particular, the introduction of water molecules into the interface led to 3D isotropic growth of the hybrids by influencing intermolecular interactions between the RTILs and the building blocks. The shapes of the nanohybrids fabricated from RTILs containing short alkyl chains were dependent on the types of anions and on the level of humidity. These results indicate that the cooperative interactions between RTILs and aluminum hydroxides induces emerging shape-controlled hybrids. The shape-controlled nanohybrids show enhanced electrochemical properties compared to those of a conventional hybrid prepared by mixing RTILs and aluminum hydroxides, exhibiting tenfold or higher proton conductivity under anhydrous condition and thermal stability as a result of the continuous proton conduction channel and the one-pot-assembled nanoconfinement. This method is expected to be a useful technique for controlling the diverse shapes of nanometer-sized crystalline inorganic materials for a variety of applications, such as fuel cells, solar cells, rechargeable batteries, and biosensors. [source] Recycling of nickel,metal hydride batteries.JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2004I: Dissolution, solvent extraction of metals Abstract Nickel,metal hydride batteries contain valuable metallic components and although they are not considered a hazardous waste, recovery of these materials is necessary from an economic point of view. In this work a hydrometallurgical method for the dissolution and separation of the metals from cylindrical nickel,metal hydride rechargeable batteries was investigated. Hydrochloric acid was employed as the leaching agent to dissolve the metals from the batteries. Dissolution of metals was investigated as a function of acid concentration, leaching time and temperature. Suitable conditions for maximum metal dissolution were 3 h leaching with 4.0 mol dm,3 hydrochloric acid solutions at 95 °C. Extraction of 98% of nickel, 100% of cobalt and 99% of rare earth elements was achieved under these conditions. Separation of the rare earths from nickel and cobalt was preliminarily investigated by single batch solvent extraction with 25% bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid. Efficient separation via complete extraction of the rare earths was obtained at a pH of approximately 2.5 while leaving nickel and cobalt in the raffinate. A shrinking particle model which can enable, under certain conditions, evaluation of the extent of metal dissolution present in nickel,metal hydride batteries was developed. A proposed electrochemical recovery of nickel and cobalt is also briefly discussed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Recycling of nickel,metal hydride batteries.JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2004II: Electrochemical deposition of cobalt, nickel Abstract A combination of hydrometallurgical and electrochemical processes has been developed for the separation and recovery of nickel and cobalt from cylindrical nickel,metal hydride rechargeable batteries. Leaching tests revealed that a 4 mol dm,3 hydrochloric acid solution at 95 °C was suitable to dissolve all metals from the battery after 3 h dissolution. The rare earths were separated from the leaching solution by solvent extraction with 25% bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in kerosene. The nickel and cobalt present in the aqueous phase were subjected to electrowinning. Galvanostatic tests on simulated aqueous solutions investigated the effect of current density, pH, and temperature with regard to current efficiency and deposit composition and morphology. The results indicated that achieving an NiCo composition with desirable properties was possible by varying the applied current density. Preferential cobalt deposition was observed at low current densities. Galvanostatic tests using solutions obtained from treatment of batteries revealed that the aqueous chloride phase, obtained from the extraction, was suitable for recovery of nickel and cobalt through simultaneous electrodeposition. Scanning electron micrography and X-ray diffraction analysis gave detailed information of the morphology and the crystallographic orientation of the obtained deposits. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Physical and Electrochemical Properties of PVdF-HFP/SiO2 -Based Polymer Electrolytes Prepared Using Dimethyl Acetamide Solvent and Water Non-SolventMACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 8 2007Kwang Man Kim Abstract Poly[(vinylidene fluoride)- co -hexafluoropropylene]/SiO2 polymer electrolytes were prepared by a phase inversion technique using DMAc solvent and water non-solvent. Cast film electrolytes filled with the same amount of SiO2 using DMAc were also made to compare physical and electrochemical properties. DMAc had a higher solubility to PVdF-based polymers than NMP, and DMAc produced highly porous structures with bigger cavities and influenced the reduction of crystallinity. Due to the highly porous nature of phase inversion membranes, the uptake of electrolyte solution reached more than 400% and room-temperature ionic conductivity was more than 10,3 S,·,cm,1. All of the liquid absorbed, however, did not necessarily contribute to increases in ionic conductivity. This was due to the different conduction modes of lithium cations in a complicated porous structure. Comprehensively optimizing all the properties measured, the phase inversion membrane electrolytes with 10,30 wt.-% SiO2 were the best candidates for use as the polymer electrolyte of lithium rechargeable batteries. [source] A study on the behavior of a cylindrical type Li-Ion secondary battery under abnormal conditions. Über das Verhalten eines zylindrischen Li-Ionen Akkumulators unter abnormalen BedingungenMATERIALWISSENSCHAFT UND WERKSTOFFTECHNIK, Issue 5 2010S. Kim zylindrische Li-Ionen Akkumulatoren; mechanisches Verhalten; abnormale Bedingungen; Separator Abstract Li-ion (lithium ion) secondary batteries are rechargeable batteries in which lithium ions move between the cathode and the anode. Lithium is not as safe as nickel cadmium (NiCd), and the Li-ion battery can under some conditions increase in temperature and ignite abnormal conditions which includes overcharging, being subjected to an impact, or being hit by a projectile. Before studying causes of Li-ion battery explosions, the term "abnormal condition" was defined. Next, to check the mechanical conditions, an impact test by a free falling object of 9.1 kg weight made of steel was carried out. After the impact test, the damage of the separator around the hollow of the jelly roll in the cell was observed. Following this, the same cell's electrochemical conditions were assessed through a heating test to determine the potential thermal runaway. Finally, to analyze the mechanical damage to the Li-ion batteries during the charging and the impact test, a finite element analysis was performed using LS-DYNA and ABAQUS software. A cylindrical type Li-ion secondary battery was selected for the impact test, heating test, and simulation. The test and simulation results provided insights into the extent to which cylindrical cells can endure abnormal conditions. [source] Energy Saving and Environmental Measures in Railway Technologies: Example with Hybrid Electric Railway VehiclesIEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2008Masamichi Ogasa Member Abstract The electric railway system is the highest class of energy efficient transportation means. This is due to two important points: (i) low running resistance (including low energy losses) and (ii) energy regeneration in braking. Regenerative braking of railway electric vehicles is effective when the other powering ones, in other words electrical load, exist near the regenerating train on the same electrified line. So, early in the morning and at midnight, or in the low-density district lines, regeneration cancellation phenomenon often occurs and the regenerative brake force cannot be operated in accordance with the recommended value. Newly appeared high-performance energy storage devices press the issues of energy storage and reuse technologies on ground and on vehicles. Hybrid energy source is one effective solution. In this paper, as an example, we show our trolley and on-board battery hybrid controlled tramcar, developed to reduce regeneration cancellation. With the trolley line collective power as well as charge and discharge power of the on-board lithium ion rechargeable battery, the hybrid energy providing and regenerating technology is achieved. The running test results show a maximum regenerative ratio of 44%, which is top class value in an electric railway system. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Emerging N-Type Redox-Active Radical Polymer for a Totally Organic Polymer-Based Rechargeable BatteryADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 16 2009Takeo Suga A n-type and redox-active radical polymer bearing galvinoxyl radicals, poly(galvinoxylstyrene), is utilized as an anode-active material, which enabled, for the first time, the fabrication of a totally organic polymer- based rechargeable battery in conjunction with p-type redox-active radical polymer. This battery was characterized by its remarkably high power rate capability. [source] Recharging the Battery of Implantable Biomedical Devices by LightARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 10 2009Carlos Algora Abstract This article describes a new powering system for implantable medical devices that could significantly increase their lifetime. The idea is based on the substitution of the usual implantable device battery for an electric accumulator (rechargeable battery), which is fed by the electric power generated by a photovoltaic converter inside the implantable device. Light impinges on the photovoltaic device through an optical fiber going from the photovoltaic device to just beneath the patient's epidermis. Light can enter the optical fiber by passing through the skin. A complete power-by-light system has been developed and tested with a real implantable pulse generator for spinal cord stimulation. The feasibility of the proposed system has been evaluated theoretically. For example, after 13 h/week of laser exposure, the lifetime of the implantable device would increase by 50%. Other combinations resulting in lifetime increases of more than 100% are also possible. So, the proposed system is now ready to take a further step forward: in vivo animal testing. [source] | |||||||||||||