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Real Cause (real + cause)
Selected AbstractsPhoto-Induced Orientation of a Film of Ladderlike Polysiloxane Bearing Dual Photoreactive Side Groups,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 16 2003H.W. Gu A newly designed ladder-like polysiloxane (LPS) containing dual photoreactive side groups has been synthesized for the purpose of generating high-quality photo-alignment layers with controllable pretilt angle (,,1,7°, see Figure and cover). Integrated spectroscopic methods of UV dichroism, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and FT-IR are used together for the first time to elucidate the photo-alignment mechanism and the real cause of the high pretilt angle. [source] The other face of Lyell: historical biogeography in his Principles of geologyJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2006A. Alfredo Bueno-Hernández Abstract Although some excellent articles about Lyell's work have been published, they do not explicitly deal with Lyell's biogeographical conceptions. The purpose of this paper is to analyse Lyell's biogeographical model in terms of its own internal structure. Lyell tried to explain the distribution of organisms by appealing to a real cause (climate). However, he was aware that environmental conditions were clearly insufficient to explain the existence of biogeographical regions. Lyell's adherence to ecological determinism generated strong tensions within his biogeographical model. He shifted from granting a secondary weight to dispersal to assigning it a major role. By doing so, Lyell was led into an evident contradiction. A permanent tension in Lyell's ideas was generated by the prevalent explanatory pattern of his time. The explanatory model based on laws did not produce satisfactory results in biology because it did not deal with historical processes. We may conclude that the knowledge of organic distribution interested Lyell as long as it could be explained by the uniformitarian principles of his geological system. The importance of the second volume of the Principles of geology lies in its ample and systematic argumentation about the geographical distribution of organisms. Lyell established, independently from any theory about organic change, the first version of dispersalist biogeography. [source] Das Bündnis für Arbeit , Ein Weg aus der institutionellen Verflechtungsfalle?PERSPEKTIVEN DER WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITIK, Issue 4 2001Norbert Berthold Persistently high unemployment is still the most urgent problem confronting policymakers in many continental European countries. Policymakers were not idle but their activities often treated the symptoms rather than the real causes of the malaise in labor markets. A prerequisite for solving the unemployment problem is pushing for more competition in all markets, but in particular in the labor market. However, lack of competition allows insiders to capture rents, thus making them opposed to a rigorous competitive policy approach. It is often suggested that corporatism would be an alternative and possibly even superior solution, i.e., tripartist agreements involving unions, employer associations and the government. The paper argues that this is not the case. Rather, corporatism leads to even less competition and opens additional channels for externalizing the burden of adjustment to exogenous shocks on future generations and on taxpayers at large via the social security system. Globalization might in contrast help to overcome the problem because there are fewer rents to be captured by insiders, and more open goods and factor markets make labor demand more elastic, thus enforcing more moderate wage setting and more flexible wage structures. [source] Disasters, Lessons Learned, and Fantasy DocumentsJOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2009Thomas A. Birkland This article develops a general theory of why post-disaster ,lessons learned' documents are often ,fantasy documents'. The article describes the political and organizational barriers to effective learning from disasters, and builds on general theory building on learning from extreme events to explain this phenomenon. Fantasy documents are not generally about the ,real' causes and solutions to disasters; rather, they are generated to prove that some authoritative actor has ,done something' about a disaster. Because it is difficult to test whether learning happened after an extreme event, these post-disaster documents are generally ignored after they are published. [source] | ||||||||||