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Reading Time (reading + time)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	50%
Engineering	25%
Psychology	16%

Selected Abstracts

Legibility evaluation using point-of-regard measurement

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN JAPAN, Issue 4 2008
Daisuke Saito
Abstract Web site visibility has become important because of the rapid dissemination of the World Wide Web, and combinations of foreground and background colors are crucial in providing high visibility. In our previous studies, the visibilities of several web-safe color combinations were examined using a psychological method. In those studies, simple stimuli were used because of experimental restriction. In this paper, legibility of sentences on web sites was examined using a psychophysiological method, point-of-regard measurement, to obtain other practical data. Ten people with normal color sensations ranging from ages 21 to 29 were recruited. The number of characters per line in each page was arranged in the same number, and the four representative achromatic web-safe colors, that is, #000000, #666666, #999999, and #CCCCCC, were examined. The reading time per character and the gaze time per line were obtained from point-of-regard measurement, and the normalized with the reading time and the gaze time of the three colors were calculated and compared. It was found that the time of reading and gaze become long at the same ratio when the contrast decreases by point-of-regard measurement. Therefore, it was indicated that the legibility of color combinations could be estimated by point-of-regard measurement. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(4): 35,42, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20612 [source]

Legibility evaluation with oculomotor analysis.

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN, Issue 9 2010
The relationship between contrast, legibility
Abstract Web page legibility is important because of the widespread use of the World Wide Web, and color combinations between the foreground and background are crucial to assuring sufficient legibility. In our previous studies, the visibilities of several web-safe color combinations were examined using a psychological method. In those studies, simple stimuli were used because of experimental restrictions. In this study, the legibility of sentences on Web sites was examined using an oculomotor-based psychophysiological method, and the effect of achromatic color combinations, that is, the contrast, was examined in terms of the calculated reading time. The presentation stimuli were positive colorations, whose font color luminance was lower than the background color, and negative colorations, whose font color luminance was higher than the background color. The number of characters per line was arranged to be the same on each page, and four levels of achromatic contrast (the contrast between the background color and the font color), namely, 92.5%, 75.0%, 50.0%, and 25.0%, were examined. It was shown that the reading time increased when the contrast decreased. However, with negative coloration, there were great differences between individuals. Therefore, considering web accessibility, legibility is found to be improved when using a positive coloration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(9): 27,33, 2010; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10243 [source]

Extending the reading time increases the accuracy of rapid whole blood test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection

JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 12 2001
Tseng-Shing Chen
Abstract Background: To evaluate the accuracy of two rapid whole blood tests (the BM-Test Helicobacter pylori and the QuikPac IV One Step H. pylori Whole Blood Test), and compare this to a conventional quantitative ELISA test (HEL-p TEST II). Methods:Helicobacter pylori status in dyspeptic patients was assessed by culture, histology, and rapid urease tests on biopsies from the antrum and corpus. The optimal cut-off value of the reading time for the rapid blood tests was determined by using the receiver characteristics operative (ROC) curves. Results: In the 141 patients examined, 89 were infected, 51 were not infected, and one was indeterminate (only positive in either urease test or histology). Areas under ROC curves were greater in the BM-Test compared with the QuikPac IV (0.948 vs 0.840, P < 0.01), with their most appropriate cut-off reading times at 360 and 395 min, respectively, rather than 10 min as suggested by the manufacturer. The sensitivity and specificity were 94.4% and 94.1% at 360 min, and 74.2 and 96.1% at 10 min for the BM-Test; 80.9, 76.5 at 395 min and 3.4 and 100% at 10 min for the QuikPac IV. The antibody titer of the quantitative ELISA test was negatively correlated with the reaction time of the two rapid blood tests in H. pylori -infected patients (P < 0.05, r = ,0.3). Conclusions: The BM-Test is an appropriate office-based test for diagnosing H. pylori infection in Chinese patients. Extending the reading time would facilitate the readability of rapid blood tests with a resultant increase in accuracy. [source]

Modeling knowledge-based inferences in story comprehension

COGNITIVE SCIENCE - A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, Issue 6 2003
Stefan L. Frank
Abstract A computational model of inference during story comprehension is presented, in which story situations are represented distributively as points in a high-dimensional "situation-state space." This state space organizes itself on the basis of a constructed microworld description. From the same description, causal/temporal world knowledge is extracted. The distributed representation of story situations is more flexible than Golden and Rumelhart's [Discourse Proc 16 (1993) 203] localist representation. A story taking place in the microworld corresponds to a trajectory through situation-state space. During the inference process, world knowledge is applied to the story trajectory. This results in an adjusted trajectory, reflecting the inference of propositions that are likely to be the case. Although inferences do not result from a search for coherence, they do cause story coherence to increase. The results of simulations correspond to empirical data concerning inference, reading time, and depth of processing. An extension of the model for simulating story retention shows how coherence is preserved during retention without controlling the retention process. Simulation results correspond to empirical data concerning story recall and intrusion. [source]

Cervical cytology reading times: A comparison between thinprep imager and conventional methods

DIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2007
Elizabeth Davey MBBS
Abstract We aimed to compare the times cytologists spend reviewing cervical cytology slides processed by the ThinPrep Imager® (TPI) with times they spend examining conventional cytology (CC) slides. We also aimed to examine the effect of cytologists' experience on reading times. Using a cross-sectional analytical design, we analyzed routine laboratory data, collected retrospectively over 7 months, for 41 cytologists, including paired data for 20 who read both TPI and CC slides. For the 20 cytologists who read both types of cytology, the mean reading rate was 13.3 slides per hour for TPI slides and 6.1 slides per hour for CC slides. The mean within-reader difference between TPI and CC rates was 7.2 slides per hour (P < 0.001). For CC reading, mean times did not differ between those who were additionally trained to read TPI slides and those who only read CC. Slower readers had greater increases in speed when using the TPI compared with CC reading than did faster readers (P < 0.001). More experienced cytologists tended to read CC slides more quickly than did those less experienced, but experience did not affect TPI reading times or within-reader differences in reading times between cytology types. The TPI significantly reduced reading times compared with CC. This reduction was greater amongst slower readers, and was unrelated to experience. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:550,554. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Amperometric Ion Sensing Using Polypyrrole Membranes

ELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 5-6 2003
Agata Michalska
Abstract Oxidation/reduction of conducting polymers, coupled with ion exchange between the polymer and electrolyte solution can be utilized for amperometric ion sensing. Electrochemically deposited "model" polypyrrole membranes doped by chloride (PPyCl) and hexacyanoferrate (PPyFeCN) anions were studied from the point of view of their advantages and limits for amperometric determination of electroinactive anions and cations, respectively. Monotonous dependences of the current on electrolyte concentration were obtained for short reading times after potential step application (in the range of ms). The experimental conditions were optimized to obtain linear dependences: log (current) vs. log (KCl concentration) within the range 10,6,1,M. The advantages of the amperometric method over the potentiometric one are highlighted: much lower effect of redox and pH interferences, wider concentration range, elimination of long conditioning procedure. [source]

Extending the reading time increases the accuracy of rapid whole blood test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection

Fast times and easy questions: the effects of age, experience and question complexity on web survey response times

APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2008
Ting Yan
This paper examines response times (RT) to survey questions. Cognitive psychologists have long relied on response times to study cognitive processes but response time data have only recently received attention from survey researchers. To date, most of the studies on response times in surveys have treated response times either as a predictor or as a proxy measure for some other variable (e.g. attitude accessibility) of greater interest. As a result, response times have not been the main focus of the research. Focusing on the nature and determinants of response times, this paper examines variables that affect how long it takes respondents to answer questions in web surveys. Using the survey response model proposed by Tourangeau, Rips, and Rasinski (2000), we include both item-level characteristics and respondent-level characteristics thought to affect response times in a two-level cross-classified model. Much of the time spent on processing the questions involves reading and interpreting them. The results from the cross-classified models indicate that response times are affected by question characteristics such as the total number of clauses and the number of words per clause that probably reflect reading times. In addition, response times are also affected by the number and type of answer categories, and the location of the question within the questionnaire, as well as respondent characteristics such as age, education and experience with the Internet and with completing web surveys. Aside from their fixed effects on response times, respondent-level characteristics (such as age) are shown to vary randomly over questions and effects of question-level characteristics (such as types of questions and response scales) vary randomly over respondents. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]