Ratio Greater (ratio + greater)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


Influence of dynamic soil,structure interaction on the nonlinear response and seismic reliability of multistorey systems

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 3 2007
Armando Bárcena
Abstract A set of reinforced concrete structures with gravitational loads and mechanical properties (strength and stiffness) representative of systems designed for earthquake resistance in accordance with current criteria and methods is selected to study the influence of dynamic soil,structure interaction on seismic response, ductility demands and reliability levels. The buildings are considered located at soft soil sites in the Valley of Mexico and subjected to ground motion time histories simulated in accordance with characteristic parameters of the maximum probable earthquake likely to occur during the system's expected life. For the near-resonance condition the effects of soil,structure interaction on the ductility demands depend mainly on radiation damping. According to the geometry of the structures studied this damping is strongly correlated with the aspect ratio, obtained by dividing the building height by its width. In this way, for structures with aspect ratio greater than 1.4 the storey and global ductility demands increase with respect to those obtained with the same structures but on rigid base, while for structures with aspect ratio less than 1.4 the ductility demands decrease with respect to those for the structures on rigid base. For the cases when the fundamental period of the structure has values very different from the dominant ground period, soil,structure interaction leads in all cases to a reduction of the ductility demands, independently of the aspect ratio. The reliability index , is obtained as a function of the base shear ratio and of the seismic intensity acting on the nonlinear systems subjected to the simulated motions. The resulting reliability functions are very similar for systems on rigid or on flexible foundation, provided that in the latter case the base rotation and the lateral displacement are removed from the total response of the system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


A low-leakage sample plug injection scheme for crossform microfluidic capillary electrophoresis devices incorporating a restricted cross-channel intersection

ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 15 2008
Chin-Lung Chang
Abstract This study develops a crossform CE microfluidic device in which a single-circular barrier or a double-circular barrier is introduced at the cross-channel intersection. Utilizing a conventional crossform injection scheme, it is shown that these barriers reduce sample leakage and deliver a compact sample band into the separation channel, thereby ensuring an enhanced detection performance. A series of numerical and experimental investigations are performed to investigate the effects of the barrier type and the barrier ratio on the flow streamlines within the microchannel and to clarify their respective effects on the sample leakage ratio and sample plug variance during the injection process. The results indicate that a single-circular barrier injector with a barrier ratio greater than 20% and a double-circular barrier injector with a barrier ratio greater than 40% minimize the sample leakage ratio and produce a compact sample plug. As a result, both injectors have an excellent potential for use in high-quality, high-throughput chemical analysis procedures and in many other applications throughout the micro-total analysis systems field. [source]


Six-month mortality risks in long-term care residents with chronic ulcers

INTERNATIONAL WOUND JOURNAL, Issue 5 2008
Paul Y Takahashi
Abstract Chronic ulcers are a common problem in long-term care. Residents with ongoing ulcers are often frail and at risk for mortality. This study evaluated the relationship between wound characteristics and other health predictors with 6-month mortality in nursing home residents. The subjects included were nursing home residents seen by the wound consult service from 1998 to 2007 with an ongoing chronic ulcer. This was a retrospective cohort study. Data were manually and electronically abstracted for each resident. Six-month mortality was collected as the primary outcome. Statistical comparisons were made using logistic regression with a final multivariant model. Four hundred and forty residents were seen with 411 records reviewed. Ulcer area was not associated with mortality; however, chronic ulcer number was associated with 6-month mortality with an odds ratio of 1·32 (95% CI 1·07,1·63). Other significant risk factors included heart failure, dementia, cancer, depression and blindness with all factors having an odds ratio greater than 1·75. Higher haemoglobin and venous insufficiency were protective of 6-month mortality. Ulcer number is an important predictor for 6-month mortality. The presence of multiple ulcers and comorbid health concerns may influence discussion of prognosis for healing and for potential end of life discussions. [source]


Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS): A new proteomic urinary test for patients with urolithiasis

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS, Issue 3 2004
Peter A. Cadieux
Abstract SELDI-TOF-MS is a highly sensitive protein-analysis tool capable of detecting minute protein profile differences between biological samples. As proteins have been associated with urinary tract calculi, protein-based urinalysis may offer insights into their diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate SELDI-TOF-MS as a potential method for identifying urinary biomarkers of urolithiasis. Midstream sterile urine samples were obtained from 25 male patients with a confirmed diagnosis of urolithiasis (test group) and 25 male subjects with no known history of the disease (controls). Urinary levels of oxalate, total protein, albumin, and osteopontin were determined. Protein profiles were generated using SELDI-TOF-MS. SELDI-TOF-MS profiling revealed a relationship between protein peak intensities at 67 and 24 kDa that differed between the two groups. The ratio of p67:p24 was found to be less than 1.0 in all of the control samples (mean 0.26), while 18 out of 25 (72%) of the test group samples displayed a ratio greater than 1.0 (total group mean 4.75, P<0.001). Albumin, total protein, and oxalate levels were higher in the test group than the controls. Although SELDI-TOF-MS is not yet in widespread use in hospital and diagnostic laboratories, this system represents a promising new method for rapidly identifying patients with urolithiasis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 18:170,175, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


Cardiothoracic ratio in the first half of pregnancy

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 4 2004
Theera Tongsong MD
Abstract Purpose The present study was conducted to establish the nomogram of fetal cardiothoracic (C/T) ratio in the first half of normal pregnancies (eg, 11,20 weeks of gestation), using conventional sonographic techniques. Methods Two hundred thirty-eight normal pregnant women enrolled in our prenatal care were recruited into this study. All the patients had singleton fetuses whose gestational age could be accurately determined by the patient's last menstrual period and sonographic measurements. All the newborns were proven to be normal at birth. The sonographic measurements used to calculate the C/T ratio were obtained from axial scans at the level of the four-chamber view. All measurements were made by the same examiner using a single high-resolution machine. Results A total of 238 C/T ratio measurements were made. The mean C/T ratio values increased slightly with gestational age, rising from 0.38 at 11 weeks to 0.45 at 20 weeks. The mean C/T value at each gestational week was never greater than 0.50, and no fetus had a C/T ratio greater than 0.50 at 11,15 weeks of gestation. The means and 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of the C/T ratio were calculated for each week of gestation and the nomogram was established. Conclusions Calculation of the C/T ratio is a simple, reliable, reproducible, and time-efficient means of assessing the size of the fetal heart. By comparing the C/T ratio with the normal values presented here, physicians should be able to more easily identify cases of cardiomegaly early in their patients' pregnancies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:186,189, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20014 [source]


Ultra-wideband Vivaldi antenna design for multisensor adaptive ground-penetrating impulse radar

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 5 2006
Ahmet Serdar Turk
Abstract This paper describes a partially dielectric-loaded Vivaldi antenna (PDVA) structure that maintains ultra-wideband antenna characteristics over a bandwidth ratio greater than 25:1 so as to improve the impulse radiation characteristics for multisensor adaptive ground-penetrating Radar (GPR) operations. The PDVA is introduced for metal-detector-combined GPR head designs in order to avoid performance degradations based on the sensor interferences. It is shown that high gain, low input reflection, and signal-ringing levels over the wide operational bands are attainable for a PDVA with proper dielectric and absorber loadings. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 834,839, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21491 [source]


Aberrant protein expression is associated with decreased developmental potential in porcine cumulus,oocyte complexes

MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2010
Melissa Paczkowski
Oocyte developmental competence is progressively obtained during pubertal development in females. Poor developmental potential in oocytes derived from prepubertal females suggests that essential processes required for oocyte development have not been fulfilled. The objective of this experiment was to analyze the protein profiles of porcine cumulus,oocyte complexes (COC) derived from cyclic and prepubertal females to identify alterations in protein abundance that correlate with developmental potential. COC complexes, aspirated from prepubertal and cyclic ovaries, were pooled into three replicates of 400 COCs each per treatment in ,100,µl SOF-HEPES medium. Protein samples were extracted and analyzed by two-dimensional differential in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Over 1,600 proteins were resolved on each of the three replicate gels. Sixteen protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry, representing 14 unique, differentially expressed proteins (volume ratio greater than 1.3). Glutathione- S -transferase and pyruvate kinase 3 were more abundant in COCs derived from cyclic females, whereas soluble epoxide hydrolase and transferrin were more abundant in prepubertal derived COCs. Abundance of several glycolytic enzymes (enolase 1, pyruvate kinase 3, and phosphoglycerate kinase) was increased in COCs derived from cyclic females, suggesting glucose metabolism is decreased in prepubertal derived COCs. We conclude that the abundance of proteins involved in metabolism and oxidative stress regulation is significantly altered in prepubertal derived COCs and may play a role in the mechanisms resulting in developmental competence. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 51,58, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


Impact of publicly sponsored interventions on musculoskeletal injury claims in nursing homes,

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 9 2009
Robert M. Park MS
Abstract Background The rate of lost-time sprains and strains in private nursing homes is over three times the national average, and for back injuries, almost four times the national average. The Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation (BWC) has sponsored interventions that were preferentially promoted to nursing homes in 2000,2001, including training, consultation, and grants up to $40,000 for equipment purchases. Methods This study evaluated the impact of BWC interventions on back injury claim rates using BWC data on claims, interventions, and employer payroll for all Ohio nursing homes during 1995,2004 using Poisson regression. A subset of nursing homes was analyzed with more detailed data that allowed estimation of the impact of staffing levels and resident acuity on claim rates. Costs of interventions were compared to the associated savings in claim costs. Results A $500 equipment purchase per nursing home worker was associated with a 21% reduction in back injury rate. Assuming an equipment life of 10 years, this translates to an estimated $768 reduction in claim costs per worker, a present value of $495 with a 5% discount rate applied. Results for training courses were equivocal. Only those receiving below-median hours had a significant 19% reduction in claim rates. Injury rates did not generally decline with consultation independent of equipment purchases, although possible confounding, misclassification, and bias due to non-random management participation clouds interpretation. In nursing homes with available data, resident acuity was modestly associated with back injury risk, and the injury rate increased with resident-to-staff ratio (acting through three terms: RR,=,1.50 for each additional resident per staff member; for the ratio alone, RR,=,1.32, 95% CI,=,1.18,1.48). In these NHs, an expenditure of $908 per resident care worker (equivalent to $500 per employee in the other model) was also associated with a 21% reduction in injury rate. However, with a resident-to-staff ratio greater than 2.0, the same expenditure was associated with a $1,643 reduction in back claim costs over 10 years per employee, a present value of $1,062 with 5% discount rate. Conclusions Expenditures for ergonomic equipment in nursing homes by the Ohio BWC were associated with fewer worker injuries and reductions in claim costs that were similar in magnitude to expenditures. Un-estimated benefits and costs also need to be considered in assessing full health and financial impacts. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:683,697, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


Formation of a fibrillar morphology of crosslinked epoxy in a polystyrene continuous phase by reactive extrusion

POLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 4 2004
Françoise Fenouillot
An immiscible polymer blend where the dispersed phase is fibrillar was prepared by in situ crosslinking of the minor phase. A model polystyrene/epoxy-amine blend was selected on the basis of rheological (achievement of the fibrillar structure) and reactivity (fast crosslinking) criteria. The system was a polystyrene/diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-aminoethyl piperazine (AEP) blend. At the temperature of extrusion, 180°C, the DGEBA is immiscible in PS and heterogeneous material is obtained. The elongational flow imposed by drawing the extrudate at the die exit permitted controlled generation of a fibrillar morphology of the dispersed epoxy phase, with a fiber diameter of 1 ,m and an aspect ratio greater than 100. It was shown that when the amine comonomer was injected into the extruder, its reactivity with DGEBA at high temperature was high enough to ensure partial crosslinking of the epoxy. The fibrils were formed even though the gel point of the epoxy phase was exceeded. However, above a certain critical insoluble fraction that we estimated to be between 45% and 70%, a coarsening of the structure appeared, caused by the decreasing deformability of the domains and their coalescence. Finally, for our system, the crosslinking of the dispersed phase up to 90% of insoluble fraction did not totally stabilize the morphology after the second processing step (injection molding). Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:625,637, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers. [source]


Rapid analysis of tetracaine for a tape stripping pharmacokinetic study using short-end capillary electrophoresis

BIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 5 2009
F. Al-Otaibi
Abstract A rapid and simple short-end (reverse) capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed and validated for the separation and quantification of tetracaine in skin using tape samples. The separation was performed in a 485 mm (400 mm to window) × 50 µm internal diameter fused silica capillary using a background electrolyte of phosphoric acid,Tris pH2.5 at ,25 kV. The extraction of tetracaine from tape samples was achieved using methanol diluted to 50% with water before injection. Procaine was the internal standard. The migration times for procaine and tetracaine were 1.25 and 1.36 min, respectively. The limit of quantification for tetracaine was 50 µg, with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 10. The calibration curve was linear from 50 to 1200 µg with r2 greater than 0.99. The CV for both within- and between-assay imprecision and the percentage inaccuracy for the quality control samples including lower and upper limits of quantitation were <12.1% and <11%, respectively. The absolute mean recovery of tetracaine was >97%. The accuracy and selectivity of this method allowed the rapid measurement of tetracaine in tape samples obtained from a skin tape stripping study of local anaesthetics in healthy subjects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


Prevalence and treatment of hypercholesterolaemia in patients with peripheral vascular disease

BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 4 2000
S. M. Evans
Background: Hypercholesterolaemia is a recognized risk factor for the development of arteriosclerosis. There is compelling evidence to support the use of lipid-lowering strategies in all hypercholesterolaemic patients with arteriosclerotic disease. In peripheral arterial disease (PAD), national guidelines recommend treatment if total cholesterol exceeds 5·0 mmol l,1. The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia in patients with PAD was determined and the adequacy of lipid management before vascular referral was examined. Methods: This was a prospective study of 233 consecutive patients admitted electively to this vascular surgery unit between December 1997 and December 1998. Some 68 patients were admitted with carotid disease, 81 with an aneurysm and 84 with intermittent claudication. A fasting venous blood sample was obtained from each patient. Results: There were 175 men and 58 women, of median age 67 (range 37,85) and 68 (range 47,85) years respectively. Only 35 patients (15 per cent) were previously known to be hypercholesterolaemic; all but one were receiving treatment (one dietary, 33 statin). Of the remaining 198 patients, 124 (63 per cent) had a serum cholesterol level above 5·0 mmol l,1. A further 17 patients (9 per cent) had total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein: cholesterol ratio greater than 5·0; these patients may also benefit from lipid-lowering therapy. In total, 141 (80 per cent) of 176 hypercholesterolaemic patients were undiagnosed at the time of hospital admission. Conclusion: Hypercholesterolaemia is an important and correctable risk factor found in the majority of patients with PAD, but despite national guidelines and clear evidence from randomized controlled trials it is simply not being diagnosed in primary care. All elective patients with PAD should be screened for hypercholesterolaemia during their admission. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd [source]


Race modifies the association between breast carcinoma pathologic prognostic indicators and the positive status for HER-2/neu

CANCER, Issue 10 2005
Azadeh T. Stark Ph.D.
Abstract BACKGROUND Inferences about the variations in the biology of breast carcinoma between African-Americans and Caucasians have been reported. The difference in the prevalence of positive HER-2/neu breast carcinoma was evaluated and the race-specific risk was assessed for positive HER-2/neu among a cohort of women diagnosed with their first primary breast carcinoma, given the accepted prognostic pathologic indicators for positive HER-2/neu status. METHODS Demographic, clinical, and pathologic data were collected from existing databases. The status of HER-2/neu was considered positive if the immunohistochemistry score was 3+ or if the fluorescent in situ hybridization indicated a ratio greater than 2. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the race-specific risk for HER-2/neu positive breast carcinoma. RESULTS The difference in the prevalence of HER-2/neu -positive status between African-American and Caucasian women was not statistically significant (P = 0.46). For Caucasian women the likelihood for positive HER-2/neu was statistically significant and increased almost linearly within each stage with nuclear grade dedifferentiation relative to the reference group, women with Stage 1, Grade 1 carcinomas. For African-American women, this risk was not significantly associated with stage, nuclear grade, their interaction term, or other pathologic prognostic indicators. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that race modifies the association between the pathologic prognostic indicators of breast carcinoma and the likelihood of HER-2/neu -positive carcinoma. So far, clinical correlative studies of HER-2/neu have not included race as an independent variable. Concerns about the limited generalizability and the need for validation of the findings across racial lines have been expressed previously. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society. [source]


Enhanced Electro-Optic Behavior for Shaped Polymer Cholesteric Liquid-Crystal Flakes Made Using Soft Lithography,

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 2 2005
A. Trajkovska-Petkoska
Abstract Polymer cholesteric liquid-crystal (PCLC) flakes were investigated for their electro-optical behavior under an applied alternating-current field. Shaped flakes, fabricated using soft lithography and suspended in dielectric-fluid-filled cells, reoriented more uniformly than randomly shaped flakes made by fracturing of PCLC films. Extensive characterization found shaped flakes to be smooth and uniform in size, shape, and thickness. Reorientation in applied fields as low as tens of mVrms,,m,1 was fastest for flakes with lateral aspect ratios greater than 1:1, confirming theoretical predictions based on Maxwell,Wagner polarization. Brilliant reflective colors and inherent polarization make shaped PCLC flakes of interest for particle displays. [source]


The production of high polymer to surfactant microlatexes

JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 1 2010
Raul P. Moraes
Abstract Starved-feed microemulsion polymerization of styrene was investigated. The influence of the type (SDS or Dowfax 2A1) and concentration of anionic surfactant on the final particle size of latex made by the polymerization of microemulsions of styrene was studied. In addition, the influence of 1-pentanol and acrylic acid as cosurfactants was examined. Latexes with 20% solids content and polymer to surfactant ratio of 22 were produced, with a particle diameter of 42 nm and very low polydispersity indexes. Smaller particles are produced using SDS than Dowfax 2A1 for the same weight fraction of surfactant; however, similar particle sizes were obtained with the same molar concentrations of SDS and Dowfax 2A1. Further shot additions of monomer increased solids level as high as 40% and polymer to surfactant ratios greater than 40, with particles remaining monodisperse with average diameter smaller than 60 nm. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 48,54, 2010 [source]


Spectroscopic Properties and Local Structure of Eu3+ in Ge,Ga,S,CsBr (or CsCl) Glasses

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 2 2003
Woon Jin Chung
Spectroscopic properties and local structure of Eu3+ in Ge,Ga,S,CsBr (or CsCl) glasses were investigated using fluorescence measurements and several spectroscopic methods. Fluorescence from Eu3+:5D0,7F2 was observed only from glasses with CsBr/Ga ratios greater than unity and disappeared at temperatures above 140 K. Phonon sideband (PSB) spectra revealed that Eu3+ ions are located next to halogen ions, which form part of well-structured complexes such as EuCl3, tetrahedral [GaS3/2Cl],, subunits and/or Ga2Cl6. These new bonds showed reduced coupling strength compared with Eu3+,S bonds in Ge,Ga,S glass. Fluorescence line narrowing experiments showed little site-to-site variation of Eu3+ ions. [source]


Stress,optical behaviour of polyester networks

POLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2002
Evaristo Riande
Abstract Thermoelastic networks were prepared by end-linking hydroxyl terminated chains of poly(neopentylglycol hexafluoroglutarate) (PNGHFG) and poly(diethylene glycol terephthalate) (PDET) using, respectively, tri(p -isocyanate-phenyl)-thiophosphate and 2,4-bis(p -isocyanate benzyl)- p -phenylisocyanate as crosslinking agents. The plots of birefringence versus stress for PNGHFG and PDET networks exhibit negative deviations from linearity at elongation ratios greater than 1.9 and 5, respectively. The values of the optical configuration parameter ,a for the former and latter networks are 2.98,Å3 at 5,°C and 20.80,Å3 at 30,°C, respectively. Theoretical calculations carried out using the conformational energies obtained from the critical analysis of the mean-square dipole moments of diethyl hexafluoroglutarate and poly(neopentylglycol hexafluoroglutarate) give the value of 2.24,Å3 at 5,°C for this parameter, in fair agreement with the experimental result. Similar calculations carried out on PDET networks give ,a,,=,3.74,Å3 at 30,°C, a value significantly lower than the experimental result. The cause of the strong discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results observed for the optical configuration parameter of PDET is discussed. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry [source]


Further uses of the heat of oxidation in chemical hazard assessment

PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS, Issue 1 2003
Laurence G. Britton
Flammability: The "net heat of oxidation" technique described in an earlier publication is extended to predicting the lower flammable limits, lower limit flame temperatures, and limiting oxygen concentrations of chlorinated organic fuels having H:Cl ratios greater than unity. A new Rule is derived for predicting the effect of initial temperature on the lower flammable limits and limiting oxygen concentrations of organic fuels. It is suggested that this Rule be used in preference to the modified "Burgess-Wheeler" Rule. The effect of initial pressure is discussed. Instability: Net heats of oxidation (kcal/mol oxygen) for a series of disparate fuel groups are compared with ",HD," the maximum heat of decomposition (cal/g) calculated using CHETAH methodology. Given the reasonable assumption that CHETAH's "maximum heat of decomposition" cannot exceed the net heat of combustion ",HC," examination is made as to whether the ratio of these parameters (each expressed in units of kcal/mol), coined the "Reaction Heat Ratio" (RH), provides a useful new indicator for instability assessment. Of these parameters, the net heat of oxidation (,HC/S) is the best indicator to help assign NFPA Instability Ratings. However, ,HC/S cannot generally be used to assign ratings for organo-peroxides. Also, its performance as an indicator for hazardous polymerization depends on the ,HC/S difference between the reacting monomer and the polymer product, so it should become increasingly unreliable as the monomer ,HC/S approaches -100 kcal/mol oxygen. The ranking method tacitly assumes organic polymers to have a constant heat of oxidation of about -100 kcal/mol oxygen. Errors in this assumption must invalidate the ranking approach where ,HC/S differences are small. Finally, separate "cut-offs" must be used at each NFPA Instability Rating for organo-nitrates versus other organics containing combinations of CHON atoms. Additional materials need to be examined to extend this preliminary analysis. The net heat of oxidation would be a useful additional output parameter of the CHETAH program, if only for its application in flammability assessment. No conclusions are drawn regarding the usefulness of net heat of oxidation or RH in conducting CHETAH hazard assessments, since this procedure requires consideration of several variables. However, the analysis may be helpful to the ASTM E 27.07 subcommittee responsible for developing the program. For example, the -,HD , 700 cal/g cut-off used to assign a "high" CHETAH hazard rating typically corresponds to organic materials rated NFPA 1, the second to lowest hazard rating. [source]