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Rare Type (rare + type)
Selected AbstractsA Rare type of Ventricular Oversensing in ICD Therapy,Inappropriate ICD Shock Delivery Due to Triple CountingPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 2 2010MICHAEL GUENTHER M.D. Irregular sensing by triple counting of wide QRS complexes resulted in inappropriate shocks in a patient with a biventricular implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD): A 66-year-old male patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy, left bundle branch block, and impaired left ventricular function received a biventricular ICD for optimal therapy of heart failure (CHF). Two years after implantation, the patient experienced recurrent unexpected ICD shocks without clinical symptoms of malignant tachyarrhythmia, or worsened CHF. The patient's condition rapidly worsened, with progressive cardiogenic shock and electrical,mechanical dissociation. After unsuccessful resuscitation of the patient the interrogation of the ICD showed an initial triple counting of extremely wide and fragmented QRS complexes with inappropriate shocks. (PACE 2010; 33:e17,e19) [source] Hamartoma of the Breast in a Man: First Case ReportTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001Keyvan Ravakhah MD Abstract: Mammary hamartomas were reported in 0.7% of all benign tumors of the female breast. Histologically breast hamartomas contain lobular breast tissue with various degrees of fibrous, fibrocystic, and adipose tissue. Rare types include muscular (myoid) and cartilage (chondroid) hamartomas. We report a case of muscular hamartoma in a man. A 36-year-old man was admitted to the psychiatric unit with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The patient complained of a slowly growing mass in his left breast. He denied any discharge from the nipple, but he complained of itching. A 2 cm × 3 cm nontender mass was palpable. There was no evidence of axillary lymphadenopathy. A needle aspiration was nondiagnostic. The excisional biopsy specimen revealed fatty tissue which was edematous and hemorrhagic. Microscopically it showed multiple bundles of muscles organized randomly. Myoid hamartoma was the diagnosis. Mammary hamartoma is considered a female tumor exclusively. Myoid hamartoma has been reported previously in 25 women. We report a myoid hamartoma in a man and, to our knowledge, it is the first and only such case to be reported. [source] The mouth in HIV/AIDS: markers of disease status and management challenges for the dental professionAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 2010NW Johnson Abstract There are over 30 million people in the world with HIV infection and, whilst the rate of new infections is slowing, this number continues to grow. Although in Australia the overall prevalence of HIV infection in adults aged 15,49 is officially estimated at only 0.2%, representing less than 20 000 people living with HIV and AIDS, our geographical area contains populations with prevalences exceeding 10 times this. Oral health professionals must therefore practise safe, standard infection control at all times and be aware of the oral manifestations of HIV disease. These are predominantly opportunistic infections with fungi such as Candida albicans or with viruses of the herpes family, particularly herpes simplex, herpes zoster and Epstein-Barr virus infections. Warts or papillomas may arise due to human papilloma viruses , even in individuals on effective antiretroviral therapy. Rare types of fungal infection can occur, and severe bacterial infections, notably tuberculosis, are an ever-present risk. Susceptibility to periodontal breakdown is somewhat enhanced by the effects of HIV disease itself, and caries activity may increase because the patient neglects attention to diet and oral hygiene. Restorative and periodontal care need, therefore, to be maintained at a high level. Oral opportunistic infections cause much distress and the diagnosis and management of these is the responsibility of our profession. [source] ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: strong T and B anti-tumour responses may cause hypocellular aspects of lymph nodes mimicking inflammatory lesionsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2003B. Borisch Abstract: The anaplastic large cell lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma which occurs in children mostly. The ALK protein is highly immunogenic and elicits both humoral and cellular immune responses. A 15-yr-old child presented with fever and adenopathy and did not respond to antibiotics. Biopsy of the enlarged lymph node contained almost no lymphoid element except for a few CD8-positive T cells, plasma cells and isolated CD30-positive blasts. The patient's condition improved following lymphadenectomy but relapse occurred 3 months later with multiple nodes, high fever and an abdominal mass. This time an ALK-positive ALCL was diagnosed and the retrospective analysis of the initial biopsy revealed rare, isolated ALK+ cells. Molecular analysis showed T-cell clones and oligoclonal B cells in both biopsies and peripheral blood of the patient. The tumour cells harbour a t(2;5) translocation, revealing a null phenotype by immunohistochemistry and no evidence for T-cell clonality by Southern blotting. The patient's serum contained anti-ALK antibodies. Our findings suggest that the T-cell clones and anti-ALK antibodies in this patient constitute an anti-tumour response that caused the hypocellularity of the initial lymph node. Hypocellular and oedematous lymph nodes occurring in a child with evocative symptoms should be tested for the presence of ALK. [source] Acute megakaryocytic leukemia presenting as hypercalcemia with skeletal lytic lesionsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2002Jeffrey H. Muler Abstract:, Acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AML M7) is a rare type of acute myelogenous leukemia in adults, commonly presenting with myelofibrosis. This report describes a case of a 32-yr-old male who presented with hypercalcemia and bony lytic lesions, in the absence of myelofibrosis. The diagnosis of AML M7 should be considered in a patient with pancytopenia, lytic lesions and hypercalcemia. [source] Rapid progression of small cell carcinoma in a renal transplant recipientINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 6 2006ANTTI RANNIKKO Abstract, Immunosuppression is thought to be responsible for the increased incidence of tumor development after organ transplantation. Natural history of these tumors may be more aggressive than would be expected for a similar tumor in a patient without transplant. We describe the fulminant course of small cell carcinoma, likely of prostatic origin, in a kidney transplant patient. Small cell carcinoma (SCC) and especially SCC of the prostate is an aggressive and rare type of tumor. Due to its rarity, only case reports have been published. To our knowledge, this is the first case of SCC, likely of prostatic origin, in an organ transplant recipient (OTR). The case illustrates the aggressiveness of the disease as reflected by its fulminant progression, which may have been further accentuated by the immunosuppression. [source] Favorable efficacy of long-term lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B: An 8-year follow-up studyJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 4 2005Norio Akuta Abstract The long-term efficacy of lamivudine therapy in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still not clear. In this study, 20 non-cirrhotic Japanese patients infected with HBV received lamivudine therapy for more than 1 year and were followed for a median period of 8.5 years (range, 6.7,8.7 years). The rates of HBe antigen (HbeAg) negative, HBV-DNA undetectable, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normal level at the start of lamivudine were 55%, 25%, and 20% and 85%, 80%, and were 80%, respectively, at the last visit, including patients who received additional treatment. The values at the last visit tended to and were significantly higher than those at the start. The values improved at the last visit regardless of the emergence of YMDD motif mutant and continuation of lamivudine. YMDD mutant and biochemical relapse with mutant virus (breakthrough hepatitis) appeared in 65% and 45% during follow-up, respectively, but severe breakthrough hepatitis occurred in only 5%. Furthermore, 80% of patients who received additional treatment for breakthrough hepatitis, regardless of continuation of lamivudine, were ALT normal level at the last visit, in contrast to 25% untreated. HBsAg clearance occurred in two patients of the discontinuous lamivudine group with non-vertical transmission, who were relatively young. One was infected with HBV genotype C with breakthrough hepatitis and the other had no YMDD mutant and was infected with genotype D, a rare type in Japan. None developed cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during follow-up. Our results suggest that long-term lamivudine therapy improves long-term prognosis, especially when additional treatment for breakthrough hepatitis is used. J. Med. Virol. 75:491,498, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of the testis: Comparative immunohistochemical study with Leydig cell tumorPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 6 2005Katsuaki Sato Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor is a rare type of testicular, tumor., Reported, herein, is, a, Japanese, patient with this tumor not associated with Carney's complex. An 11-year-old boy was admitted to hospital because of left testicular enlargement, and radical orchiectomy was performed. Macroscopically, the tumor was well circumscribed and had a maximum diameter of approximately 2 cm. The cut surface showed a yellow-white solid mass. Histologically, the tumor was composed of large neoplastic cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm with a tubular, trabecular, and solid arrangement and loose myxoid stroma with irregularly shaped calcification. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for vimentin, S-100 protein, calretinin, inhibin-,, melan-A, and CD10, and type IV collagen and laminin were observed in the extracellular matrix around the tumor cells. The distributions of melan-A, CD10, and mitochondria were characteristically patchy; in contrast, they were diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm in a control case of Leydig cell tumor. The differences in immunostaining patterns for melan-A, CD10, and mitochondria as well as positivity for S-100 protein-, might be useful diagnostic hallmarks of large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor for discrimination from Leydig cell tumor. [source] A case of localized adrenergic urticaria mimicking an allergic reaction to a sweat chloride testPEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 9 2009Y. Klebanova MD Abstract Adrenergic urticaria (AU) is a rare type of physical urticaria triggered by stress. It is frequently confused with IgE-mediated urticaria or other physical urticarias. This report describes a case of localized adrenergic urticaria triggered by a sweat chloride test in an adolescent male with multiple atopic disorders. A pruritic papular rash at the site of a sweat chloride test prompted an evaluation for allergic and physical urticarias using multiple skin test methods. A positive intradermal skin test to noradrenaline, which reproduced the rash observed during the sweat test, lead to the diagnosis of adrenergic urticaria. This is the first case report describing an immediate adrenergic urticarial reaction to sweat chloride testing in a patient with other atopic disorders. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:935,938. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Human herpes virus 8-unrelated primary effusion lymphoma-like lymphoma: report of a rare case and review of the literatureAPMIS, Issue 3 2009CAFER ADIGUZEL Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a very rare type of lymphoma usually confined to the body cavities predominantly in immunosupressed patients infected with human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8). The new term for HHV-8 independent PEL is HHV8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma. We describe an 89-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative male patient with HHV8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma in the pleura. No hepatosplenomegaly or lymphadenopathy was detected. Chest radiography and computed tomography revealed right pleural effusion, but no evidence of tumor mass or lymph node enlargement. Cytological analysis of the pleural effusion revealed a high-grade lymphoma with round nuclei, prominent nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm with immunophenotypes positive for CD45, CD30, CD38, CD7 and CD71. Because of the advanced age, no chemotherapy was given. Effusion resolved spontaneously. One year after the diagnosis, a new pleural effusion developed at the left side. Following thoracentesis and pleurodesis, the patient remained in complete remission for 40 months. To date, 30 cases of HHV8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma/HIV negative have been reported in the literature. The outcome of the HHV8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma patients who were HIV negative seems to be better than HIV- and HHV-8-positive PEL. [source] Clear cell sarcoma of the small bowel: a potential pitfall,APMIS, Issue 10 2005Case report Clear cell sarcoma (soft-part melanoma) is a very rare entity with a distinctive histopathologic and molecular profile. Herein, we present the sixth reported case of a primary gastrointestinal clear cell sarcoma discovered in a 21-year-old woman. The patient underwent numerous tests prior to the diagnosis of her small bowel pathology, including the use of capsule endoscopy, which allowed for visualization and final localization of the tumour. Additionally, we discuss this rare type of sarcoma that affects young adults and has a poor prognosis characterized by the balanced chromosomal translocation t(12;22)(q13;q12) with special emphasis on the necessity for pathologists to be able to distinguish it from melanoma , potentially a major pitfall in diagnosis. [source] Early Dilmun and its rulers: new evidence of the burial mounds of the elite and the development of social complexity, c. 2200,1750 BCARABIAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND EPIGRAPHY, Issue 2 2008Steffen Terp Laursen This paper deals with the social organisation of early Dilmun in Bahrain based on evidence from the burial mound record. Complete aerial photography survey and mapping have documented the extensive mound fields of Bahrain in their entirety and revealed a new and rare type of burial mound encircled by an outer ring wall. From the spatial distribution and appearance of these ,ring mounds' it is argued that they cover the time span 2200,1750 BC. It is further argued that the ring mounds reflect the entombment of a prominent segment of early Dilmun society and thus testify to the presence of a social elite as early as the late third millennium BC. The paper offers evidence supporting the view that fundamental changes in the size of the ring wall and the encircled mound occurred over time, culminating in the colossal ,royal' mounds near Aali village. The increase in size of the special mounds and the exclusive appearance of the type in the Aali cemetery after the emergence of ten concentrated cemeteries around 2050 BC are correlated with the already available evidence of increasing social complexity in Dilmun. Three clusters of ring mounds in Aali are argued to reflect the appearance of one or more ruling lineages that were ultimately to found the colony on Failaka, Kuwait, and rule not only Bahrain but also the adjacent coast of Saudi Arabia. [source] A Japanese case of segmental Darier's disease caused by mosaicism for the ATP2A2 mutationBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2003T. Wada Summary Darier's disease is an autosomal dominant skin disorder that is characterized by multiple keratotic papules, focal loss of adhesion and abnormal keratinization. Mutations in the ATP2A2 gene encoding sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium pumping ATPase type 2 have been identified as the molecular basis of Darier's disease. Segmental Darier's disease is a rare type of Darier's disease in which there is characteristic localization of the keratotic papules in a linear pattern following Blaschko's lines. In this study we examined ATP2A2 mutations in a Japanese patient with segmental Darier's disease. The samples from affected skin, unaffected skin and peripheral leucocytes were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Direct sequencing of the PCR products was performed. Sequence analysis revealed that the patient had 160A,G substitution mutation which predicts I54V. This novel mutation was present in the affected skin, but not in the unaffected skin or peripheral leucocytes. This is the first report of segmental Darier's disease caused by mosaicism for an ATP2A2 mutation in Japan. [source] Anosacral cutaneous amyloidosis: a study of 10 Chinese casesBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2000W-J. Wang Background,Primary cutaneous amyloidoses are rare in Western countries, but are relatively common in Taiwan. Anosacral cutaneous amyloidosis is a rare type of primary cutaneous amyloidoses, first reported in Japanese patients. Patients/methods,In the present study, we investigated the age of onset, sites of involvement, associated systemic diseases, and histopathological findings in 10 cases of anosacral cutaneous amyloidosis seen during the past 27 years. Results,In previous reports the aetiology of anosacral cutaneous amyloidosis was thought to be a senile change, but half of our patients developed the disease before the age of 60 years. Based on our histopathological findings, apoptosis may be the initial event causing amyloid deposition, although the precise mechanism causing apoptosis needs further investigation. Three patients were found to have diabetes mellitus, but any relationship to anosacral cutaneous amyloidosis is unclear. Conclusions,No cases of this cutaneous disorder have been reported in the Western literature; there seems to be a racial difference accounting for the disease, although the precise factor is not clarified yet. The disease could easily be misdiagnosed as lichen simplex chronicus, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation or tinea cruris; therefore, a thorough history, a careful physical examination and a skin biopsy is needed to establish a firm diagnosis. [source] Invasive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breastCANCER, Issue 19 2010A distinctive subtype of aggressive mammary carcinoma Abstract BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the breast, a pathologic entity newly defined in the 2003 World Health Organization classification of tumors, is a rare type of tumor that is not well recognized or studied. The purpose of this first case-controlled study is to reveal the clinicopathologic features, therapeutic response, and outcomes of patients with NEC of the breast. METHODS: Seventy-four patients with NEC of the breast who were treated at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center were analyzed; 68 of them had complete clinical follow-up. Two cohorts of invasive mammary carcinoma cases were selected to pair with NEC to reveal demographic, pathologic, and clinical features at presentation, along with therapeutic response to treatment and patient outcomes. RESULTS: NEC was more likely to be estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative. Despite similar age and disease stages at presentation, NEC showed a more aggressive course than invasive ductal carcinoma, with a higher propensity for local and distant recurrence and poorer overall survival. High nuclear grade, large tumor size, and regional lymph node metastasis were significant negative prognostic factors for distant recurrence-free survival; high nuclear grade and regional lymph node metastasis were also significant negative prognostic factors for overall survival. Although endocrine therapy and radiation therapy showed a trend toward improved survival, the small number of cases in this study limited the statistical power to reveal therapeutic benefits in NEC of the breast. CONCLUSIONS: NEC is a distinct type of aggressive mammary carcinoma. Novel therapeutic approaches should be explored for this uniquely different clinical entity. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society. [source] Hepatic intraductal oncocytic papillary carcinomaCANCER, Issue 10 2002Robert C. G. Martin M.D. Abstract BACKGROUND There has been an increasing incidence and mortality from peripheral cholangiocarcinoma (PC) in the United States over the past 24 years. PC has been classified into two principal types, a mass-forming type and a periductal-infiltrating type, with a significant difference in the clinical behavior between the two. A third type, demonstrating a noninvasive intraductal growth of PC, was described as papillary PC. Rarely, papillary hepatic tumors composed of oncocytic cells have been described. Intraductal oncocytic papillary carcinomas (IOPCs) of the liver present as large, mucin-filled, cystic lesions lined by noninvasive or focally microinvasive oncocytic tumors. METHODS From June 1999 to August 2001, three patients with hepatic IOPCs were identified in the files of the Hepatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, and the Department of Pathology at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. They form the basis of this study. We report the clinicopathologic presentation, as well as the outcome, with a review of the literature. RESULTS All three cases presented with well defined intrahepatic cystic masses ranging in size from 7.2 to 21.1 cm. The most prominent cells of the lining epithelium were columnar with oncocytic features showing abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and centrally located nucleoli. All three patients underwent resection with one demonstrating local bile duct recurrence that was managed with stenting. Review of the literature has identified 39 patients with papillary PC and 2 patients with IOPC. The biology of these reported cases has been variable with overall survival better than that of nonpapillary PC patients, with recurrence in 15% of the reported cases. CONCLUSION Papillary PC is a rare type of cholangiocarcinoma that includes an interesting variant: IOPC. These tumors are predominantly found in men, who present with large (> 5 cm) mucinous cystic lesions of the bile duct. A noninvasive histology is seen, and long-term survival may be achieved with complete resection. Invasive variants of IOPC have been reported in the literature and have a worse overall prognosis. Cancer 2002;95:2180,7. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10934 [source] Synthesis of Tricyclic Fused 3-Aminopyridines through Intramolecular CoI -Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition between Ynamides, Nitriles, and AlkynesCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 9 2009Pierre Garcia Abstract Three-ring circus: An expedient route to tricyclic fused 2-trimethylsilyl-3-aminopyridines exhibiting unprecedented skeletons is described. The key step is a very efficient cobalt-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition of a polyunsaturated compound displaying an ynamide, an alkyne, and a nitrile functionality (see picture). The first [2+2+2] cocyclizations between ynamides, nitriles, and alkynes are reported. They open a new access to unprecedented nitrogen-containing heterocycles of type 2-trimethylsilyl-3-aminopyridines. Such frameworks, which can be found in various compounds of biological interest, are very difficult to prepare by conventional methods. However, using [CpCo(C2H4)2] (Cp=cyclopentadienyl) as catalyst, the intramolecular cyclizations could be achieved in up to 100,% yield. The presence of the trimethylsilyl group allowed a rare type of Hiyama cross-coupling: one of the silylated pyridines could be coupled with p -iodoanisole to give a new type of biaryl system. [source] Rapid Normalization of a Highly Thickened Pericardium by Chemotherapy in a Patient with T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic LymphomaCLINICAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Fethi Kilicaslan Abstract The most common tumor that affects the pericardium is malign lymphoma. T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (TLL) is a rare type of malign lymphomas. In this manuscript, we are reporting a patient with TLL with pericardial involvement diagnosed incidentally during the evaluation of pleural effusion. Echocardiographic examination showed thickened pericardium and pericardial effusion. The pericardial thickness was found to be 13 mm by computerized tomography and confirmed by echocardiography. The patient had systemic chemotherapy for TLL. On day 30 of chemotherapy, computerized tomography of the thorax and echocardiographic examination revealed normal pericardial thickness and minimal pericardial effusion. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] DENSITY-DEPENDENT EFFECTS ON ALLELOPATHIC INTERACTIONS IN YEASTEVOLUTION, Issue 3 2008Duncan Greig The ability of rare types to invade populations is important for the maintenance of diversity and spread of beneficial variants. Spatial structure promotes strategies of interference competition by limiting diffusion of interference toxins and resources, often allowing interference competitors to invade when rare. Consistent with previous results in other microbial systems, toxin production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is advantageous in spatially structured, high-density environments, but not in unstructured environments. However, at low density and at low frequency, rare toxin producers cannot invade populations of common, sensitive, toxin nonproducers. This is because the likelihood of interaction between toxin producers and sensitives depends upon the density and frequency of both competitors. [source] The utilization of rare blood donorsISBT SCIENCE SERIES: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT, Issue 2 2007S. J. Nance When transfusion is needed for a patient with a rare blood type and the corresponding antibody, it can be challenging and lead to delays in transfusion. Sometimes, the blood cannot be found. Globally, the community of rare donor facilities is extremely collaborative and is quickly engaged in locating and delivering blood to the patients in need of rare blood types. Identifying the rare donor is a resource-intensive activity in every country especially in times of shrinking human and reagent resources. This paper will discuss the process flow for obtaining blood for patient's requiring rare types and the critical steps for each facility in the supply chain. The local facility plays a vital role in the knowledge of patient need and interaction with the patient's physician. The national facility that coordinates obtaining rare blood internationally also plays a vital role. The International Blood Group Reference Laboratory in Bristol as one of its roles, maintains the International Rare Donor Panel and also plays a vital role. These three roles hold the responsibility for collaboration to identify and obtain blood for patients in need. While there are differences in each country's definition of rare blood types, all are in agreement to assist when a country needs blood products. The International Society Blood Transfusion working party for rare donors plays a critical, collaborative role in developing processes between countries to further rare blood transfers between countries and providing expertise when needed. Outcome data are difficult to obtain, therefore success and ultimate improvement is a challenge. This challenge is one that the needs to be met to improve patient outcomes in cases where rare blood is needed throughout the world. [source] Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and patterns of host association over time and space in a tropical forestMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 12 2002R. Husband Abstract We have used molecular techniques to investigate the diversity and distribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonizing tree seedling roots in the tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Republic of Panama. In the first year, we sampled newly emergent seedlings of the understory treelet Faramea occidentalis and the canopy emergent Tetragastris panamensis, from mixed seedling carpets at each of two sites. The following year we sampled surviving seedlings from these cohorts. The roots of 48 plants were analysed using AM fungal-specific primers to amplify and clone partial small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Over 1300 clones were screened for random fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variation and 7% of these were sequenced. Compared with AM fungal communities sampled from temperate habitats using the same method, the overall diversity was high, with a total of 30 AM fungal types identified. Seventeen of these types have not been recorded previously, with the remainder being similar to types reported from temperate habitats. The tropical mycorrhizal population showed significant spatial heterogeneity and nonrandom associations with the different hosts. Moreover there was a strong shift in the mycorrhizal communities over time. AM fungal types that were dominant in the newly germinated seedlings were almost entirely replaced by previously rare types in the surviving seedlings the following year. The high diversity and huge variation detected across time points, sites and hosts, implies that the AM fungal types are ecologically distinct and thus may have the potential to influence recruitment and host composition in tropical forests. [source] The World Health Organization classification of malignant lymphoma: Incidence and clinical prognosis in HTLV-1-endemic area of FukuokaPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2002Koichi Ohshima New insights into the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies have been gained through novel genetic, molecular and immunological techniques. A new classification system for lymphoid malignancies, known as the new World Health Organization (WHO) classification, has been proposed recently based on these findings. The relative incidence of the subtypes of malignant lymphoma is known to differ according to geographic location. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a human malignancy associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and the Kyushu islands are an HTLV-1 endemic area. To clarify the relationship between the histological classification and prognosis of lymphoid malignancies, we reclassified previous cases in our department and summarized our previous reports using the WHO classification. Of 933 cases of lymphoid malignancies, 471 (50%) were B-cell lymphoma, 396 (42%) T/natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoma and 41 (4%) Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Analysis of clinical outcome showed favorable prognosis for HL, intermediate for B-cell lymphoma and poor prognosis for T-cell lymphoma. Among B-cell lymphomas, the commonest type was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 281; 60%). Marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) was diagnosed in 82 cases (17%), follicular lymphoma in 52 (11%) and mantle cell lymphoma in 24 (5%). Other less common lymphomas were Burkitt lymphoma (n= 9; 2%) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (n = 5; 1%). Using overall survival rates, the various B-cell lymphoma types could be divided into three broad groups for prognostic purposes: (i) low-risk group comprising follicular lymphoma and MALT; (ii) intermediate-risk group comprising diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma; and (iii) high-risk group comprising mantle cell lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma. Among the T/NK-cell lymphomas, the commonest type was ATLL (n = 191; 48%), followed by peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified (n = 83; 21%), angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD) (n = 38; 10%), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) (n = 22; 6%). Less common types were lymphoblastic lymphoma (n = 17; 4%), nasal and nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma (n = 17; 4%), mycosis fungoides (MF) (n = 9; 2%) and other rare types. With respect to clinical prognosis, T/NK-cell lymphomas fell into three groups: (i) relative low-risk group comprising ALCL, AILD, MF and lymphoblastic lymphoma; (ii) relative intermediate-risk group comprising NK/T-cell lymphoma and unspecified lymphoma; and (iii) extremely high-risk group comprising ATLL. Among the lymphoblastic lymphomas, B-cell type and T-cell type lymphomas exhibited different clinical outcomes. We conclude that the histological, phenotypic and genotypic classification of the new WHO system should be beneficial for the clinical approach to these tumors. [source] | ||||||||||||||||