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Raman Lines (raman + line)
Selected AbstractsOptical probing and imaging of live cells using SERS labelsJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 1 2009Janina Kneipp Abstract During surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), molecules exhibit a significant increase in their Raman signals when attached, or in very close vicinity, to gold or silver nanostructures. This effect is exploited as the basis of a new class of optical labels. Here we demonstrate robust and sensitive SERS labels as probes for imaging live cells. These hybrid labels consist of gold nanoparticles with Rose Bengal or Crystal Violet attached as reporter molecules. These new labels are stable and nontoxic, do not suffer from photobleaching, and can be excited at any excitation wavelength, even in the near infrared. SERS labels can be detected and imaged through the specific Raman signatures of the reporters. In addition, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in the local optical fields of the gold nanoparticles also provides sensitive information on the immediate molecular environment of the label in the cell and allows imaging of the native constituents of the cell. This is demonstrated by images based on a characteristic Raman line of the reporter as well as by displaying lipids based on the SERS signal of the CH deformation/bending modes at ,1470 cm,1. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Raman spectroscopy of optical phonon confinement in nanostructured materialsJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 6 2007Akhilesh K. Arora Abstract If the medium surrounding a nano-grain does not support the vibrational wavenumbers of a material, the optical and acoustic phonons get confined within the grain of the nanostructured material. This leads to interesting changes in the vibrational spectrum of the nanostructured material as compared to that of the bulk. Absence of periodicity beyond the particle dimension relaxes the zone-centre optical phonon selection rule, causing the Raman spectrum to have contributions also from phonons away from the Brillouin-zone centre. Theoretical models and calculations suggest that the confinement results in asymmetric broadening and shift of the optical phonon Raman line, the magnitude of which depends on the widths of the corresponding phonon dispersion curves. This has been confirmed for zinc oxide nanoparticles. Microscopic lattice dynamical calculations of the phonon amplitude and Raman spectra using the bond-polarizability model suggest a power-law dependence of the peak-shift on the particle size. This article reviews recent results on the Raman spectroscopic investigations of optical phonon confinement in several nanocrystalline semiconductor and ceramic/dielectric materials, including those in selenium, cadmium sulphide, zinc oxide, thorium oxide, and nano-diamond. Resonance Raman scattering from confined optical phonons is also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Optically induced strain relaxation in anisotropically strained M -plane GaN filmsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (B) BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 5 2008T. Flissikowski Abstract We study the anisotropic in-plane strain in M -plane GaN films by photoreflectance, photoluminescence, Raman, and time-resolved pump-and-probe spectroscopy. We find that a highly strained film partially relaxes, if it is pumped by an intense optical pulse. The strain relaxation can be observed by a shift of the E2 -Raman line to lower energies and by a shift of the fundamental interband transition energies in the photoreflectance spectra. The photoluminescence intensity of the exposed areas is significantly reduced as compared to the one for areas, which have not been exposed to the intense optical pulse. This suggests that the strain relaxation is connected to the introduction of defects, which can act as non-radiative recombination centers. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Nanostructured gold surfaces as reproducible substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopyJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 3 2007M. Sackmann Abstract Raman spectroscopy is a common tool for the qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of molecules. Although the unique identification of molecules is possible via their vibrational lines, high concentrations (mmol/l) are needed for their nonresonant excitation owing to their low scattering cross section. The intensity of the Raman spectra is amplified by the use of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. While the use of silver sols results only in a limited reproducibility of the Raman line intensities, lithographically designed, nanostructured gold surfaces used as SERS-active substrates should, in principle, combine the high sensitivity with better reproducibility. For this purpose, we have produced gratings of gold dots on Si(001) surfaces by means of electron beam lithography. Qualitative and quantitative investigations of crystal violet (CV) performed using nanostructured surfaces give high reproducibility and enhancement of the Raman lines. The substrates are reusable after cleaning; all results presented could be obtained from a single SERS substrate. For the experiments very low laser powers were used. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Vibrational analysis of Ni(II)- and Cu(II)-octamethylchlorin by polarized resonance Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopyJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 6-7 2001Robert J. Lipski We measured the polarized resonance Raman spectra of Cu(II)-2,2,7,8,12,13,17,18-octamethylchlorin in CS2 at various excitation wavenumbers in a spectral region covering the Qy, Qx and Bx optical absorption bands. Additionally, we measured the FTIR-Raman spectrum of the highly overcrowded spectral region between 1300 and 1450 cm,1. The spectral decomposition was carried out by a self-consistent global fit to all spectra obtained. The thus identified Raman and IR lines were assigned by comparison with the resonance Raman spectra of Cu(II)-octaethylporphyrin, by utilizing their depolarization ratio dispersions and by a normal mode analysis. The latter was based on a modified transferable molecular mechanics force field of Ni(II)-octaethylporphyrin [E. Unger, M. Beck, R.J. Lipski, W. Dreybrodt, C.J. Medforth, K.M. Smith and R. Schweitzer-Stenner, J. Phys. Chem. B103, 10229 (1999)]. A comparison of normal mode patterns obtained for Cu(II)-octamethylchlorin and Cu(II)-octaethylporphyrin revealed that some modes are significantly distorted by the reduction of the pyrrole ring, in accordance with results which Boldt et al. reported earlier for Ni(II)-octaethylchlorin [N.J. Boldt, F.J. Donohoe, R.R. Birge and D.F. Bocian, J. Am. Chem. Soc.109, 2284 (1987)]. In contrast to conclusions drawn from this study, however, the results of our vibrational analysis and several further lines of evidence suggest that the normal modes of corresponding chlorines and porphyrins are still comparable, because they display contributions from the same local coordinates. Thus, the classical normal mode classification developed for metalloporphyrins is also applicable to metallochlorins. Finally, we performed a preliminary analysis of the absorption spectrum and the resonance excitation profiles and depolarization ratio dispersions of some Raman lines. The results show that the electronic properties of Cu(II)-octamethylchlorin can still be described in terms of Gouterman's four orbital model [M. Gouterman, J. Chem. Phys.30, 1139 (1959)]. In regions of the Q bands, Raman scattering of A1 modes is determined by interferences between Franck, Condon coupling and interstate Herzberg, Teller coupling between Qx(Qy) and Bx(By) states. The B2 modes are resonance enhanced by Herzberg, Teller coupling between Qx and Qy and between Qx(Qy) and By(Bx). Franck, Condon coupling of A1 modes with large contributions from C,Cm stretching vibrations is comparatively strong for Qx. This is interpreted as reflecting the expansion of the chlorin macrocycle by an electronic transition into this excited state. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] IR spectroscopy of adsorbates on ultrathin metal filmsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (B) BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 13 2005Annemarie Pucci Abstract Metal films with thickness in the nanometer range are optically transparent. With IR transmittance spectroscopy the in-plane film conductivity with its correlation to the film-growth process can be studied without electrical contacts and, on metal-island films, adsorbate vibrations can be observed because of surface enhanced IR absorption (SEIRA). Their analysis enables insight into the adsorbate-metal bonding and therefore gives information on the available adsorption sites and the crystalline facets correlated to. As in IR reflection absorption spectra dipole,dipole interaction of molecules on different sites modifies the vibration lines according to the degree of disorder ("atomic roughness"). Depending on that roughness IR spectra of adsorbate vibrations may be further modified because of their interaction with electronic excitations of the film. So, the limited facet size on cold-condensed metal films leads to additional IR activity: Raman lines of certain centrosymmetric adsorbate molecules (C2H4) are observed. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Behavior of phonons in short period GaN-AlN superlatticesPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 11 2004C. Pinquier Abstract This work deals with short period GaN-AlN superlattices, studied by Raman spectroscopy using visible and ultraviolet excitations. The E2 (high) and E1(TO) phonons show a two-mode behavior. In contrast, we observed an unique spectral line in the A1(TO) spectrum: its dependence on the mean superlattice composition is in good agreement with recent theoretical results predicting its delocalized character. Two Raman lines strongly enhanced under ultraviolet excitations, were observed in the A1(LO) spectrum. Lattice dynamical simulations within the Rigid Ion Model have been performed to assign these Raman lines. The first one corresponds to an A1(LO) phonon confined in GaN wells. The second line is assigned to a dispersive B1 - like mode with an amplitude modulation similar to that of an interface mode. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] | ||||||||||