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Quarter Century (quarter + century)
Kinds of Quarter Century Selected AbstractsMore Than a Quarter Century: HIV/AIVS and ReligionRELIGIOUS STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 3 2008Susan E. Henking First page of article [source] A Quarter Century of Workplace Employment Relations SurveysBRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, Issue 4 2008Alex Bryson The 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS 2004) is the fifth in a series that spans almost a quarter of a century. This paper reflects on the history of this series, examines some of its key limitations and speculates on what future directions it might take. [source] The basidiomycete genus Polyporus , an emendation based on phylogeny and putative secondary structure of ribosomal RNA moleculesFEDDES REPERTORIUM, Issue 7-8 2004D. Krüger The fungal genus Polyporus is an assemblage of white-rotting lignicolous basidiomycetes. It has undergone considerable expansion and contraction over a period of two and three quarter centuries. Current generic circumscription of Polyporus has kept the genus non-monophyletic. Species of Polyporus infrageneric group Polyporellus are closely related to some species of Lentinus. We introduce data for ITS2 spacer rRNA secondary structure evolution by quasi-independent comparison with large subunit rRNA phylogeny, and suggest a fraction of primary nuclear rDNA ITS sequence data as novel taxonomic character. A major taxonomic shift is suggested, supported by molecular and morphological characters, and allowing inclusion of species with gilled hymenophores in Polyporus. Two new names are proposed: Polyporus phyllostipes D.Krüger, nom. nov. and Polyporus gerdai D.Krüger, nom. nov. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) Die Gattung Polyporus (Basidiomycetes) , eine Emendation auf der Basis von Phylogenie und mutmaßlicher sekundärer Struktur der ribosomalen RNA-Moleküle Die Pilzgattung Polyporus, eine Gruppe Weißfäule erregender holzbewohnender Basidiomyceten, wurde über nahezu drei Jahrhunderte vielfach expandiert und verkleinert. Bei der derzeitigen Gattungsumschreibung von Polyporus gilt die Gattung als nicht-monophyletisch. Arten der Polyporus -Gruppe Polyporellus sind eng verwandt zu einigen Lentinus- Arten. Anhand quasi-unabhängigem Vergleich mit der Phylogenie der rRNA der großen Untereinheit (LSU) stellen wir Daten zur Evolution der ITS2 Spacer rRNA vor, und schlagen ein ITS Kern-rDNA-Fragment als taxonomisches Merkmal vor. Unterstützt mit molekularen und morphologischen Daten wird eine grundlegende taxonomische Verschiebung vorgeschlagen, welche Arten mit Lamellen-Hymenophoren in Polyporus erlaubt. Zwei neue Namen werden vorgeschlagen: Polyporus phyllostipes D.Krüger, nom. nov. und Polyporus gerdai D.Krüger, nom. nov. [source] Community mediation: Reflections on a quarter century of practiceCONFLICT RESOLUTION QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2000Scott Bradley It is fitting that this issue of Mediation Quarterly, one of the last before it transforms into a joint publication of confederating organizations, is devoted to community mediation. During the past twenty-five years, community mediation has provided much of the momentum for the growth and diversity of the alternative dispute resolution movement in the United States. At the same time, it has faced many challenges as the larger dispute resolution field grows and evolves. How community mediation responds to these challenges will shape its role and place for the next generation. In this issue, we have asked some key leaders and practitioners in the field to reflect on the development of community mediation and the challenges as we move into another century of practice. [source] The diabetic foot: grand overview, epidemiology and pathogenesisDIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue S1 2008Andrew J. M. Boulton Abstract This review assesses the progress that has been made over the last quarter century in our understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetic foot problems as well as in their management. Some recent exciting developments are highlighted. This is followed by a brief discussion on the epidemiology and causal pathways to diabetic foot disease. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Monoclonal antibodies: a morphing landscape for therapeuticsDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 10 2006Nicholas C. Nicolaides Abstract The concept of using antibodies as therapeutics to cure human diseases was postulated nearly 100 years ago by Paul Ehrlich and subsequently enabled by the discovery of hybridoma technology by Kohler and Milstein in 1975. While the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as drugs that can specifically target a disease-associated antigen is compelling, it has taken a quarter century for these molecules to be adopted as bona fide therapeutic agents. Despite their slow pursuit in drug development during the pioneering years, it is now estimated that there are nearly 500 mAb-based therapies in development. Major factors that have influenced the acceptance of monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics include their drug safety profiles, technological advancements for facilitating mAb discovery and development, and market success. Early on, it was demonstrated that antibodies could elicit clinical benefit by antagonizing a specific antigen without the common side effects that are prevalent with small chemical entities due to their nonspecific effects on homeostatic biochemical pathways. In addition, the significant technological advances that the biotechnology industry has established for developing and producing monoclonal antibodies at commercial scale in a more efficient and cost-effective manner has broadly enabled their use as therapeutics. However, despite the beneficial pharmacologic advantages and technological advances, it has been the sheer market success that monoclonal antibody products have achieved over the past few years that has propelled their vast pursuit by the biopharmaceutical industry in light of their value-creating potential. Here we provide an overview of the monoclonal antibody industry and discuss evolving technologies and strategies that are being pursued to overcome challenges in the changing marketplace. Drug Dev. Res. 67:781,789, 2006. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Informal Work in Latin America: Competing Perspectives and Recent DebatesGEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2009James J. Biles During the ,lost decade' of the 1980s, informal work and self-employment emerged as the most prevalent forms of work throughout Latin America. In response to the economic crisis, the majority of Latin American countries adopted a series of sweeping neoliberal reforms designed to open nations to trade and investment, promote export-led growth, and generate employment, ultimately reducing the incidence of informal work. Despite the widespread adherence to the neoliberal model and implementation of structural adjustment reforms during the past quarter century, informal work has not diminished and in much of Latin America the odds of finding ,decent work' are no better today than during the economic crisis of the 1980s. In light of this seeming paradox, this article offers an overview of the recent debates and controversies surrounding informal work in Latin America. Drawing on recent research, as well as reports and policy documents from key international organizations, I pose and attempt to answer four core questions: What counts as informal work? Who works informally in Latin America? Why do men and women throughout Latin America increasingly resort to informal work? What role does informal work play as a livelihood strategy in Latin America and how has this role changed in recent years? [source] The amazing universe of hepatic microstructure,HEPATOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Valeer J. Desmet An informal review is presented by the author of his 50 years of involvement in practice and research in hepatopathology. Some background for the author's attitude and meandering pathway into his professional career serves as introduction to a short discussion of the main topics of his interest and expertise. Histogenesis of liver cancer was the theme of early work for a Ph.D. thesis, the results of which were lost into oblivion due to local rules and circumstances, but were rescued three decades later. His conclusions about the cells of origin of liver cancer remain concordant with the newer concepts in the field after nearly half a century. Studies in the field of chronic hepatitis became a long saga, involving the first classification of this syndrome by "the Gnomes" in 1968, histochemical investigations of viral antigens, lymphocyte subsets and adhesion molecules, and a quarter century later, the creation of a new classification presently in use. Cholestasis was a broadening field in diagnostic entities and involved the study of liver lesions, comprising pathways of bile regurgitation (including reversed secretory polarity of hepatocytes) and so-called ductular reaction. The latter topic has a high importance for the various roles it plays in modulating liver tissue of chronic cholestasis into biliary cirrhosis, and as the territory of hepatic progenitor cells, crucial for liver regeneration in adverse conditions and in development of liver cancer. Study of the embryology of intrahepatic bile ducts helped to clarify the strange appearance of the ducts in "ductal plate configuration" in several conditions, including some forms of biliary atresia with poor prognosis and all varieties of fibrocystic bile duct diseases with "ductal plate malformation" as the basic morphologic lesion. (HEPATOLOGY 2009;50:333,344.) [source] Teaching & Learning Guide for: The Origins of English PuritanismHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2007Karl Gunther Author's Introduction This essay makes the familiar observation that when one part of an historiography changes, so must other parts. Here the author observes that the phenomenon known as puritanism has dramatically changed meanings over the past quarter century, though the change has focused on the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods. He asks that we consider the impact of that change on the earlier period, when puritanism in England had its origins. Focus Questions 1Why is the author unable to posit an answer to his question? 2If new study of the origins of puritanism were to reveal that it was not a mainstream Calvinist movement, but a radical critique of the Henrician and early Elizabethan church, how would that affect the new orthodoxy in Puritan studies? Author Recommends * A. G. Dickens, The English Reformation (Batsford, 1989). The starting place for all modern discussions of the English Reformation and the origins of both conservative and radical protestantism in England. Dicken's view is that the reformation was a mixture of German ideas, English attitudes, and royal leadership. * Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c.1400,1580 (Yale Univeristy Press, 2005). What was it that the Reformation reformed? In order to understand early English protestantism, one needs to see it within the context of Catholicism. Eamon Duffy rejects the narrative of the Catholic church told by Protestant reformers and demonstrates the ruthlessness of the reformation. * Ethan Shagen, Popular Politics and the English Reformation (Cambridge University Press, 2003). Shagan asks the question, how is a conservative population energized to undertake the overthrow of their customs and beliefs? He too is centrally concerned with the issue of how radical was the English Reformation. * Brad Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (Harvard University Press, 1999). Nothing better expressed the radicalism of religious belief than the dual process of martyrdom, the willingness of the established religion to make martyrs of its enemies and of dissendents to be martyrs to their cause. Gregory explores this phenomenon across the confessional divide and comes to surprising conclusions about similarities and differences. Online Materials 1. Puritan Studies on the Web http://puritanism.online.fr A site of resources for studies of Puritanism, this contains a large number of primary sources and links to other source sites. The Link to the English Reformation is particularly useful. 2. The Royal Historical Society Bibliography http://www.rhs.ac.uk/bibl/dataset.asp The bibliography of the Royal Historical Society contains a complete listing of articles and books on all aspects of British history. Subject searches for Puritanism or the English Reformation will yield hundreds of works to choose from. [source] A quarter century of declining suspended sediment fluxes in the Mississippi River and the effect of the 1993 flood,HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 1 2010Arthur J. Horowitz Abstract Annual fluxes, flow-weighted concentrations and linear least squares trendline calculations for a number of long-term Mississippi River Basin (MRB) sampling sites covering 1981 through 2007, whilst somewhat ,noisy', display long-term patterns of decline. Annual flow-weighted concentration plots display the same long-term patterns of decline, but are less noisy because they reduce/eliminate variations due to interannual discharge differences. The declines appear greatest in the middle MRB, but also are evident elsewhere. The pattern for the lower Ohio River differs and may reflect ongoing construction at the Olmsted lock and dam that began in 1993 and currently is ongoing. The ,Great Flood of 1993' appears to have superimposed a step function (a sharp drop) on the long-term rate of decline in suspended sediment concentrations (SSC), annual fluxes and flow-weighted concentrations in the middle MRB at St Louis and Thebes, Missouri and Vicksburg, Mississippi, and in the lower MRB at St Francisville, Louisiana. Evidence for a step function at other sites is less substantial, but may have occurred. The step function appears to have resulted from losses in available (erodible) sediment, rather than to a reduction in discharge; hence, the MRB appears to be supply limited rather than discharge limited. These evaluations support the need for daily discharge and SSC data collections in the MRB to better address questions regarding long-term trends in sediment-related issues. This is apparent when the results for the Mississippi River at Thebes and St Louis sites are compared with those from other MRB sites where intensive (daily) data collections are lacking. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE DECLINE IN CRIME?*INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2004mrohoro In this article we analyze recent trends in aggregate property crime rates in the United States. We propose a dynamic equilibrium model that guides our quantitative investigation of the major determinants of observed patterns of crime. Our main findings can be summarized as follows: First, the model is capable of reproducing the drop in crime between 1980 and 1996. Second, the most important factors that account for the observed decline in property crime are the higher apprehension probability, the stronger economy, and the aging of the population. Third, the effect of unemployment on crime is negligible. Fourth, the increased inequality prevented an even larger decline in crime. Overall, our analysis can account for the behavior of the time series of property crime rates over the past quarter century. [source] The Argentine welfare state: enduring and resisting changeINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 1 2010Ernesto Aldo Isuani Isuani EA. The Argentine welfare state: enduring and resisting change Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 104,114 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. It is widely accepted that during the 1990s, the Argentine state experienced a general retrenchment. This article shows that, though this may have been true in the economic realm, this retrenchment did not take place in the diverse arenas of social policy. While privatisations and labour market flexibility dismantled the foundations of Keynesianism, the components of the welfare state experienced substantial growth. At the same time, the changes experienced by the welfare state in the past quarter century have not included a transformation of its basic principles, despite the profound changes experienced by Argentine society during this period. [source] U.S. Policy toward Israel, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia: An Integrated Analysis, 1981,2004INTERNATIONAL STUDIES PERSPECTIVES, Issue 4 2008Rachel Bzostek This project is an integrated quantitative and qualitative examination of the influences on U.S. foreign policy toward a sample of Middle East states (Israel, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia) over the last quarter century. Examinations of general trends in the relationships between these dyads, regression analyses, and brief case studies look at a number of factors contributing to the construction of these relationships, what these relationships look like, and how they have changed over time. The findings show that both policy reciprocation and U.S. executive play key roles in determining U.S. foreign policy outcomes. Also discussed is the utility of a broad-based research approach including the integration of qualitative and quantitative work, the examination of individual-level, state-level, and structure-level influences in an inclusive framework, as well as the taking interactive trends over time and the various degrees of conflict within these trends ("high,""low," and "middle") into account. [source] Toxic Torts, Politics, and Environmental Justice: The Case for Crimtorts,LAW & POLICY, Issue 2 2004THOMAS H. KOENIG The borderline between criminal and tort law has been increasingly blurred over the past quarter century by the emergence of new "crimtort" remedies which have evolved to deter and punish corporate polluters. Punitive damages, multiple damages, and other "crimtort" remedies are under unrelenting assault by neo-conservatives principally because, under this paradigm, the punishment for wrongdoing can be calibrated to the wealth of the polluter. If wealth-based punishment is eliminated by the "tort reformers," plaintiffs' victories in crimtort actions such as those portrayed in the movies Silkwood, A Class Action, and Erin Brockovich will become an endangered species. [source] Secrets and Lies: The Queen's Proctor and Judicial Investigation of Party Controlled NarrativesLAW & SOCIAL INQUIRY, Issue 3 2002Wendie Ellen Schneider Driven by the fear of collusion in the new divorce court, in 1860 Parliament authorized the Queen's Proctor to intervene in divorce suits by rooting out information that the parties left undisclosed. This paper explores the activities of the Queen's Proctor in its first quarter century, revealing both the curious genealogy of community participation in the Queen's Proctor's efforts and the struggle over the definition of collusion. Over time, economic and evidentiary concerns prompted the Queen's Proctor to turn from uncovering collusion to producing evidence of adultery. The Queen's Proctor represents a striking attempt by courts to assess the validity of party-controlled narratives, resulting in surprising practical consequences. Evaluation of narratives quickly devolved into a bright-line test focusing on adultery, with judges following the Queen's Proctor's lead and eschewing discretion. [source] THE HIGH-WATER MARK: THE SITING OF MEGALITHIC TOMBS ON THE SWEDISH ISLAND OF TJÖRNOXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 2 2004RICHARD BRADLEY Summary. In 1977 Grahame Clark suggested that the siting of megalithic tombs along the west coast of Scandinavia reflected the distribution of productive fishing grounds. Unlike the situation in other parts of Europe, these monuments were not associated with agriculture. Opinions have varied over the last quarter century, but enough is now known about changes of sea-level for his interpretation to be investigated on the ground. There seems to have been considerable diversity. On the large island of Örust some of the tombs located near to the sea appear to be associated with small natural enclosures defined by rock outcrops and may have been associated with grazing land. On the neighbouring island of Tjörn, however, the tombs were associated with small islands and important sea channels. During the Bronze Age the same areas included carvings of ships. Recent fieldwork in western Norway suggests that such locations were especially important in a maritime economy. [source] The Millennium Survey: How Economists View the U.S. Economy in the 21st CenturyAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2000Frederick L. Pryor This essay presents the results of a survey of AEA members on how they expect the U.S. economy to evolve in the next 50 years. More specifically, respondents were asked about changes in a variety of macroeconomic variables and whether such changes would lead to major changes in the economic system or important economic institutions. For the next quarter century, for instance, the respondents foresee the greatest deviation from current trends occurring with regard to growth of per capita GDP, volatility of the financial system, and globalization. They also predict that changes in the economic system will most likely come about from the impact of increasing globalization, increasing inequality of income, and increasing financial instability. [source] Joseph Henderson A tributeTHE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Murray Stein Joseph Henderson has been on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Analytical Psychology since its inception in 1955. He will be 100 years old this year and this, with the bibliography of his publications over the past quarter century that follows, is the Journal's tribute to him for all his contributions. [source] Practitioner Review: Clinical applications of pediatric hypnosisTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 8 2007Jeffrey I. Gold Background:, Over the past quarter century, hypnosis has been employed in a broad range of pediatric clinical settings; however, its efficacy and feasibility as a treatment approach for children and adolescents remain in question. Method:, Published studies on the role of clinical hypnosis in the management of specific pediatric medical and psychological conditions were identified and reviewed. Results:, Pediatric clinical hypnosis has been employed in diverse medical settings to treat primary conditions (e.g., enuresis), as well as to address factors related to management of the condition (e.g., skills training for asthma) or its treatment (e.g., burn dressing changes). Despite great breadth to the possible applications of pediatric hypnosis and many reported successes, much of the present research comprises case histories and small, uncontrolled group studies. Conclusion:, To date, research in pediatrics views clinical hypnosis as a promising tool with the potential to help manage a variety of conditions. However, additional research, particularly utilizing randomized, controlled methodologies and adequate sample sizes, is required. [source] Not Afraid to Blame: The Neglected Role of Blame Attribution in Medical Consumerism and Some Implications for Health PolicyTHE MILBANK QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2002Marsha Rosenthal Starting roughly a quarter century ago, american medicine began a dramatic transformation from a system dominated by clinicians' decision making and professional norms to one in which medical care is expected to reflect the preferences and choices of individual consumers. This growing aspiration toward "medical consumerism" began during the 1970s with a set of popular social movements devoted to giving patients more control over their own treatment and a more informed choice of their physicians (Rodwin 1994). Although the seeds of consumerism were only haphazardly sown and incompletely germinated (Hibbard and Weeks 1987), by the end of the decade they had grown into a noticeable presence in the health care system (Haug and Lavin 1981). During the 1980s, these shifts in popular attitudes were reinforced by public policies and private practices intended to give consumers greater incentives to learn more about their medical choices and to exercise these choices in a cost-conscious manner (Arnould, Rich, and White 1993). [source] Is the Globalization Consensus Dead?ANTIPODE, Issue 2010Robert Wade Abstract:, The development economist Dani Rodrik recently declared that "the globalization consensus is dead". The claim has momentus implications, because this consensus has steered economic policy around the world for the past quarter century. It emanates from the heartland of neoclassical economics, and defines the central tasks of the Washington-based organizations which claim to speak for the world. This essay answers two main questions. First, is Rodrik's claim true, and by what measures of "consensus"? Second, to the extent that the consensus has substantially weakened, is the state returning to the heart of economic life, as Karl Polanyi might have predicted? The answers? First, the globalization consensus about desirable economic policy has weakened, though it is far from "dead". Second, the western state is returning to the heart of economic life in response to the current global economic crisis, but will retreat soon after national economies recover,because unless the crisis becomes a second Great Depression, the norms of more free markets and more global economic integration will be politically challenged only at the margins. New rules of finance may be introduced, but with enough loopholes that by 2015 Wall Street and the City will operate in much the same way as in the recent pre-crisis past. [source] A Picture of the Floating World: Grounding the Secessionary Affluence of the Residential Cruise LinerANTIPODE, Issue 1 2009Rowland Atkinson Abstract:, A quarter century of financial deregulation, robber-baron corporatism and growing income polarisation has enabled the spatial partitioning of urban space into new and complex arrangements of micro-neighbourhood governance and privatism. These archipelagos of fortress homes and neighbourhoods increasingly lie outside the spaces of conventional state and city government. Yet while residential spaces of urban affluence have been unable to fully remove contact with the social diversity of the public realm, nomadic forms of super-affluence, flowing around a global,national urban system, have generated a form of networked extra-territoriality,a social space decoupled from the perceived risks and general dowdiness of the social world beneath it. This paper examines this space via the curious case of The World, a large residential cruise ship which, as its name suggests, roams the oceans and ports of the globe. Our title is taken from the name given to Japanese paintings of the new affluence and fantasy of life lived by the affluent and artists in late nineteenth century Japanese cities (O Ukiyo E, or pictures of the floating world). We suggest that The World forms a similarly disconnected realm, not only literally afloat, also detached from the reality of a world that has been strategically left behind. [source] How much does health care contribute to health gain and to health inequality?AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 1 2009Trends in amenable mortality in New Zealand 198 Abstract Objective: To estimate the contribution of health care to health gain, and to ethnic and socio-economic health inequalities, in New Zealand over the past quarter century. Method: Amenable and all-cause mortality rates by ethnicity and equivalised household income tertile from 1981,84 to 2001,04 were estimated from linked census-mortality datasets (the New Zealand Census-Mortality Study). Amenable mortality (deaths under age 75 from conditions responsive to health care) was defined using a classification recently developed for use in Australia and New Zealand. The contribution of health care to the observed improvement in population health status was estimated by the ratio of the difference in amenable to the difference in all-cause mortality over the observation period. Results: Trends in amenable causes of death were estimated to account for approximately one-third of the fall in mortality over the past quarter century, for the population as a whole and for all income and ethnic groups except Pacific peoples, for whom there was no reduction in amenable mortality. In 2001,04, amenable causes accounted for approximately one quarter of the mortality gap between all ethnic groups compared to the European/Other reference. Discussion: Our finding provides one indicator of the social impact of health care over this period. More importantly, that Pacific peoples seem to have benefited less than other ethnic groups calls for urgent explanation. Also, our finding that amenable causes account for about one quarter of current mortality disparities, clearly indicates that improvement in access to and quality of health care for disadvantaged groups could substantively reduce health inequalities. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||