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Public System (public + system)
Selected AbstractsPayments Settlement: Tiering in Private and Public SystemsJOURNAL OF MONEY, CREDIT AND BANKING, Issue 5 2009CHARLES M. KAHN payment systems; limited enforcement; settlement risk; tiering What are the benefits provided by a payment system? What are the trade-offs in public versus private payment systems and in restricted versus open payments arrangements? Modern payment systems encompass a variety of institutional designs with varying degrees of counterparty protection. We develop a framework that allows for an examination and comparison of payment systems, and specification of conditions leading to their adoption. We relate these conditions to the design of present large-value payment systems (Fedwire, CHIPS, TARGET, etc.). [source] The dynamics of the health labour marketINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2006Marko Vujicic Abstract One of the most important components of health care systems is human resources for health (HRH),the people that deliver the services. One key challenge facing policy makers is to ensure that health care systems have sufficient HRH capacity to deliver services that improve or maintain population health. In a predominantly public system, this involves policy makers assessing the health care needs of the population, deriving the HRH requirements to meet those needs, and putting policies in place that move the current HRH employment level, skill mix, geographic distribution and productivity towards the desired level. This last step relies on understanding the labour market dynamics of the health care sector, specifically the determinants of labour demand and labour supply. We argue that traditional HRH policy in developing countries has focussed on determining the HRH requirements to address population needs and has largely ignored the labour market dynamics aspect. This is one of the reasons that HRH policies often do not achieve their objectives. We argue for the need to incorporate more explicitly the behaviour of those who supply labour,doctors, nurses and other providers,those who demand labour, and how these actors respond to incentives when formulating health workforce policy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Health care insurance in Japan: Beyond a binary vision of State and familyINTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY REVIEW, Issue 3 2009Kusuto Naïto Abstract Despite significant regional diversity in household structures and the existence of community solidarity in Japan, caring for elderly dependent persons has traditionally been considered an exclusively family, and female, responsibility. However, as a result of socio-demographic changes during the second half of the twentieth century, a public system of health care insurance was introduced in 2000. The objective of this development was to "socialize" family and female care activities. This article presents a critical analysis of Japan's health care insurance system and the context that gave rise to its introduction. An important issue is whether the system meets the needs of the elderly and their carers (family and non-family). A further issue is whether the system can take account of regional diversity, diversity in household situations (above and beyond financial concerns), and societal values and beliefs. The article concludes by arguing that demographic ageing presents a societal requirement for the ongoing adjustment of behaviour patterns and living arrangements. [source] Participation and study decisions in a public system of higher educationJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMETRICS, Issue 3 2010Stijn Kelchtermans We analyze the decision whether to participate and where and what to study in a public system of higher education, based on a unique dataset of all eligible high school pupils in an essentially closed region (Flanders). We find that pupils perceive the available institutions and programs as close substitutes relative to the outside option. This implies an ambiguous role for travel costs: they hardly affect the participation decision, but have a strong impact on the decision where and what to study. To illustrate how our empirical results can inform the debate on reforming public systems, we assess the effects of tuition fee increases. Uniform cost-based tuition fee increases achieve most of the welfare gains; the additional gains from fee differentiation are relatively limited. These welfare gains are quite large under conservative assumptions on the social cost of public funds, and there is a substantial redistribution from students to outsiders. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Moonlighting: public service and private practiceTHE RAND JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2007Gary Biglaiser We study job incentives in moonlighting, when public-service physicians may refer patients to their private practices. Some doctors in the public system are dedicated, and behave sincerely, but others,the moonlighters,are utility maximizers. Allowing moonlighting always enhances aggregate consumer welfare, but equilibrium public-care quality may increase or decrease; if quality increases, moonlighting improves each consumer's expected utility. Unregulated moonlighting may reduce consumer welfare as a result of adverse behavioral reactions, such as moonlighters shirking more and dedicated doctors abandoning their sincere behavior. Price regulation in the private market limits such adverse behaviors in the public system and improves consumer welfare. [source] Protecting the Old in a Young Economy: Old Age Insurance in the West Bank and Gaza StripINTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY REVIEW, Issue 3 2000Markus Loewe Taking the West Bank and Gaza Strip as a reference point, this paper looks at social protection in developing economies, which are beset by economic stagnation, widespread poverty and unemployment. If the main breadwinner dies, is unable to work or is an older person, these factors are prime causes of absolute poverty. This is hardly surprising, since private and public systems of social security are totally inadequate in this area in particular. Current thinking on social security suggests that what is needed is the rapid introduction of a comprehensive system of retirement provision, comprising a mandatory capital-funded insurance component, with defined contributions, administered on a decentralized basis; and a state-administered pay-as-you-go basic insurance component with lump-sum transfers to safeguard the poorest. A system of this kind works to prevent poverty in old age by redistributing funds from some individuals to others and ensuring an income for life, and it represents a compromise between a fair return on what people have contributed and a fair distribution over society as a whole. It is thus a major force for stability in society. [source] Participation and study decisions in a public system of higher educationJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMETRICS, Issue 3 2010Stijn Kelchtermans We analyze the decision whether to participate and where and what to study in a public system of higher education, based on a unique dataset of all eligible high school pupils in an essentially closed region (Flanders). We find that pupils perceive the available institutions and programs as close substitutes relative to the outside option. This implies an ambiguous role for travel costs: they hardly affect the participation decision, but have a strong impact on the decision where and what to study. To illustrate how our empirical results can inform the debate on reforming public systems, we assess the effects of tuition fee increases. Uniform cost-based tuition fee increases achieve most of the welfare gains; the additional gains from fee differentiation are relatively limited. These welfare gains are quite large under conservative assumptions on the social cost of public funds, and there is a substantial redistribution from students to outsiders. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The comparative advantage of public ownership: evidence from U.S. electric utilitiesCANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2005John E. Kwoka Jr This paper draws on theory suggesting that public enterprise may have an advantage in producing goods and services whose quality attributes are difficult to specify a priori. Using a comprehensive data set of U.S. electric utilities to estimate cost functions, we find that while privately owned systems achieve lower costs in generation, public systems generally have an advantage in the end-user-oriented distribution function with its more non-contractible quality attributes. Other evidence on quality differences by ownership type and by enterprise size supports this distinction. JEL classification: L33, L94 L'avantage comparatif de la propriété publique : résultats pour la production d'électricité auxEtats-Unis., Les études de la performance des entreprises publiques et privées ont produit des résultats qui ne sont pas déterminants. Ce mémoire se fonde sur la théorie qui suggère que l'entreprise publique peut avoir un avantage dans la production de biens et services dont la qualité est difficile à définir a priori. A partir de données extensives sur les producteurs d'électricité aux Etats-Unis, on définit des fonctions de coûts. Il appert que, quand ils sont entre des mains privées, les systèmes de production réussissent à obtenir des coûts de génération plus bas; d'autre part, les systèmes publics ont un avantage pour ce qui est de la fonction de distribution orientée vers les besoins de l'usager à cause des attributs de qualité plus difficiles à contractualiser. D'autres résultats quant aux différences de qualité par types de propriété et par tailles d'entreprises viennent confirmer l'importance de cette distinction. [source] | ||||||||||