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Public Domain (public + domain)
Selected AbstractsAllotment of Mineral and Timber Lands on Indian Reservations and the Public DomainTHE HISTORIAN, Issue 4 2005Henry E. Fritz First page of article [source] How Will a Substantive Patent Law Treaty Affect the Public Domain for Genetic Resources and Biological Material?THE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 3 2005Morten Wallųe Tvedt First page of article [source] Trips, Human Rights and the Public DomainTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 5 2004Vandana Shiva First page of article [source] ,Dedicating' Copyright to the Public DomainTHE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 4 2008Phillip Johnson This article explores whether authors can dedicate their copyright to the public domain. Such dedications are becoming increasingly relevant as authors now see the expansion of the public domain as value in itself. This is facilitated by organisations providing pro forma documents for dedicating works to the public domain. However, there has been no real consideration of what, if any, legal effect a dedication to the public might have. This article suggests that such dedications are no more than copyright licences which, in English and US law at least, can be revoked at will. This means that users of such works must rely on estoppel alone to enforce any dedication to the public domain. [source] Working Girls, Cancun Style: Reconfiguring Private and Public Domains in PracticeANTHROPOLOGY OF WORK REVIEW, Issue 3 2001Alison C. Greene First page of article [source] A performance study of job management systemsCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 13 2004Tarek El-Ghazawi Abstract Job Management Systems (JMSs) efficiently schedule and monitor jobs in parallel and distributed computing environments. Therefore, they are critical for improving the utilization of expensive resources in high-performance computing systems and centers, and an important component of Grid software infrastructure. With many JMSs available commercially and in the public domain, it is difficult to choose an optimum JMS for a given computing environment. In this paper, we present the results of the first empirical study of JMSs reported in the literature. Four commonly used systems, LSF, PBS Pro, Sun Grid Engine/CODINE, and Condor were considered. The study has revealed important strengths and weaknesses of these JMSs under different operational conditions. For example, LSF was shown to exhibit excellent throughput for a wide range of job types and submission rates. Alternatively, CODINE appeared to outperform other systems in terms of the average turn-around time for small jobs, and PBS appeared to excel in terms of turn-around time for relatively larger jobs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Recruitment of burbot (Lota lota L.) in Lake Erie: an empirical modelling approachECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH, Issue 3 2010M. A. Stapanian Stapanian MA, Witzel LD, Cook A. Recruitment of burbot (Lota lota L.) in Lake Erie: an empirical modelling approach. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 326,337. Published 2010. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA Abstract,,, World-wide, many burbot Lota lota (L.) populations have been extirpated or are otherwise in need of conservation measures. By contrast, burbot made a dramatic recovery in Lake Erie during 1993,2001 but declined during 2002,2007, due in part to a sharp decrease in recruitment. We used Akaike's Information Criterion to evaluate 129 linear regression models that included all combinations of one to seven ecological indices as predictors of burbot recruitment. Two models were substantially supported by the data: (i) the number of days in which water temperatures were within optimal ranges for burbot spawning and development combined with biomass of yearling and older (YAO) yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchill); and (ii) biomass of YAO yellow perch. Warmer winter water temperatures and increases in yellow perch biomass were associated with decreases in burbot recruitment. Continued warm winter water temperatures could result in declines in burbot recruitment, particularly in the southern part of the species' range. [source] Relationships between water temperatures and upstream migration, cold water refuge use, and spawning of adult bull trout from the Lostine River, Oregon, USAECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH, Issue 1 2010P. J. Howell Howell PJ, Dunham JB, Sankovich PM. Relationships between water temperatures and upstream migration, cold water refuge use, and spawning of adult bull trout from the Lostine River, Oregon, USA. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 96,106. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA Abstract,,, Understanding thermal habitat use by migratory fish has been limited by difficulties in matching fish locations with water temperatures. To describe spatial and temporal patterns of thermal habitat use by migratory adult bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, that spawn in the Lostine River, Oregon, we employed a combination of archival temperature tags, radio tags, and thermographs. We also compared temperatures of the tagged fish to ambient water temperatures to determine if the fish were using thermal refuges. The timing and temperatures at which fish moved upstream from overwintering areas to spawning locations varied considerably among individuals. The annual maximum 7-day average daily maximum (7DADM) temperatures of tagged fish were 16,18 °C and potentially as high as 21 °C. Maximum 7DADM ambient water temperatures within the range of tagged fish during summer were 18,25 °C. However, there was no evidence of the tagged fish using localized cold water refuges. Tagged fish appeared to spawn at 7DADM temperatures of 7,14 °C. Maximum 7DADM temperatures of tagged fish and ambient temperatures at the onset of the spawning period in late August were 11,18 °C. Water temperatures in most of the upper Lostine River used for spawning and rearing appear to be largely natural since there has been little development, whereas downstream reaches used by migratory bull trout are heavily diverted for irrigation. Although the population effects of these temperatures are unknown, summer temperatures and the higher temperatures observed for spawning fish appear to be at or above the upper range of suitability reported for the species. [source] A step toward DSM-V: cataloguing personality-related problems in living,EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 4 2005Robert R. McCrae Intractable problems with DSM-IV's Axis II mandate an entirely new approach to the diagnosis of personality-related pathology. The Five-Factor Model of personality provides a scientifically grounded basis for personality assessment, and Five-Factor Theory postulates that personality pathology is to be found in characteristic maladaptations that are shaped by both traits and environment. A four-step process of personality disorder (PD) diagnosis is proposed, in which clinicians assess personality, problems in living, clinical severity, and, optionally, PD patterns. We examine item content in five problem checklists to update the list of personality-related problems used in Step 2 of the four-step process. Problems were reliably assigned to relevant factors and facets, and a number of additions were made to an earlier catalogue. The four-step process can be used by clinicians, and may be incorporated in a future DSM. This article is a U.S. government publication and is in the public domain in the United States. [source] Social risk assessment of large technical systemsHUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES, Issue 4 2003H.J. Pasman A probabilistic approach to engineering advances. Since risk adhering to a technical structure can be determined quantitatively easier and more accurately than before, criteria for decision making are becoming more important. If the structure is in the public domain, and benefits are not felt, the voluntariness of being subjected to the risk becomes low. Decisions become, in such a case, a political issue on the basis of considerations of ethics, law, and social justice. For a specific case, the comparison of the economic benefits with the total costs, including risk reduction in a worst case scenario, play a major role as we have seen over and over again in, for example, planning nuclear power generation. A criterion for individual risk of 10,5 per year for the purpose of "external safety" is generally accepted. For social risk assessment, however, a group risk criterion is essential and much more difficult to define. An analysis is made. Examples of inconsistency are given. Further dialogue is encouraged. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 13: 305,316, 2003. [source] Proteasome inhibition with bortezomib suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in osteosarcomaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2010Yuriy Shapovalov Abstract Osteosarcomas are primary bone tumors of osteoblastic origin that mostly affect adolescent patients. These tumors are highly aggressive and metastatic. Previous reports indicate that gain of function of a key osteoblastic differentiation factor, Runx2, leads to growth inhibition in osteosarcoma. We have previously established that Runx2 transcriptionally regulates expression of a major proapoptotic factor, Bax. Runx2 is regulated via proteasomal degradation, and proteasome inhibition has a stimulatory effect on Runx2. In this study, we hypothesized that proteasome inhibition will induce Runx2 and Runx2-dependent Bax expression sensitizing osteosarcoma cells to apoptosis. Our data showed that a proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, increased Runx2 and Bax in osteosarcoma cells. In vitro, bortezomib suppressed growth and induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells but not in nonmalignant osteoblasts. Experiments involving intratibial tumor xenografts in nude mice demonstrated significant tumor regression in bortezomib-treated animals. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that bortezomib inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma xenografts. These effects correlated with increased immunoreactivity for Runx2 and Bax. In summary, our results indicate that bortezomib suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo suggesting that proteasome inhibition may be effective as an adjuvant to current treatment regimens for these tumors. Published 2009 UICC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America. [source] Acculturation Attitudes: A Comparison of Measurement Methods,JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 7 2007Judit Arends-Tóth Three measurement methods (1, 2, or 4 statements) to assess acculturation attitudes were compared in 2 studies involving Turkish immigrants in The Netherlands. Each measurement method revealed support for differentiation between acculturation in the public and the private domains. The Turkish culture was more valued than the Dutch culture in the private domain, while both cultures were about equally favored in the public domain. A direct comparison of the 3 measurement methods found evidence for a general method factor on which all 3 measurement methods loaded, and an acculturation attitude factor with positive loadings for 2 indicators (private and public domains). The 2-statement measurement method addressing public and private life domains was found to provide a short, though comprehensive instrument. [source] Dry spots and wet spots in the Andean hotspotJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 8 2007Timothy J. Killeen Abstract Aim, To explain the relationship between topography, prevailing winds and precipitation in order to identify regions with contrasting precipitation regimes and then compare floristic similarity among regions in the context of climate change. Location, Eastern slope of the tropical Andes, South America. Methods, We used information sources in the public domain to identify the relationship between geology, topography, prevailing wind patterns and precipitation. Areas with contrasting precipitation regimes were identified and compared for their floristic similarity. Results, We identify spatially separate super-humid, humid and relatively dry regions on the eastern slope of the Andes and show how they are formed by the interaction of prevailing winds, diurnally varying atmospheric circulations and the local topography of the Andes. One key aspect related to the formation of these climatically distinct regions is the South American low-level jet (SALLJ), a relatively steady wind gyre that flows pole-ward along the eastern slopes of the Andes and is part of the gyre associated with the Atlantic trade winds that cross the Amazon Basin. The strongest winds of the SALLJ occur near the ,elbow of the Andes' at 18° S. Super-humid regions with mean annual precipitation greater than 3500 mm, are associated with a ,favourable' combination of topography, wind-flow orientation and local air circulation that favours ascent at certain hours of the day. Much drier regions, with mean annual precipitation less than 1500 mm, are associated with ,unfavourable' topographic orientation with respect to the mean winds and areas of reduced cloudiness produced by local breezes that moderate the cloudiness. We show the distribution of satellite-estimated frequency of cloudiness and offer hypotheses to explain the occurrence of these patterns and to explain regions of anomalously low precipitation in Bolivia and northern Peru. Floristic analysis shows that overall similarity among all circumscribed regions of this study is low; however, similarity among super-humid and humid regions is greater when compared with similarity among dry regions. Spatially separate areas with humid and super-humid precipitation regimes show similarity gradients that are correlated with latitude (proximity) and precipitation. Main conclusions, The distribution of precipitation on the eastern slope of the Andes is not simply correlated with latitude, as is often assumed, but is the result of the interplay between wind and topography. Understanding the phenomena responsible for producing the observed precipitation patterns is important for mapping and modelling biodiversity, as well as for interpreting both past and future climate scenarios and the impact of climate change on biodiversity. Super-humid and dry regions have topographic characteristics that contribute to local climatic stability and may represent ancestral refugia for biodiversity; these regions are a conservation priority due to their unique climatic characteristics and the biodiversity associated with those characteristics. [source] Development and validation of the Subtypes of Antisocial Behavior QuestionnaireAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 5 2009S. Alexandra Burt Abstract There is converging evidence that physical aggression, rule-breaking, and social aggression constitute meaningfully distinct, if somewhat overlapping, components of the broader construct of antisocial behavior. Indeed, these subtypes appear to have different developmental trajectories, demographic correlates, and personological underpinnings. They also demonstrate important etiological distinctions. One potential limitation to accumulating additional scientific insights into the correlates and origins of these three types of antisocial behavior is the lack of an efficient self-report assessment in the public domain. We developed the 32-item Subtypes of Antisocial Behavior Questionnaire (STAB) to fill this gap. Our goal was to develop a brief measure that could reliably and validly assess each of the three major subtypes of antisocial behavior and that would be freely available for other researchers. The present series of studies provides initial evidence of the factorial validity, internal consistency, and criterion-related validity of the STAB scales. In short, it appears that the STAB is a brief and useful measure that can be used to differentiate and assess physically aggressive, rule-breaking, and socially aggressive forms of antisocial behavior. Aggr. Behav. 35:376,398, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Precautionary Maybe, but What's the Principle?JOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY, Issue 3 2005The Precautionary Principle, the Public Domain, the Regulation of Risk The ,precautionary principle', originating in the field of environmental protection but now widely applied, is a major point for discussion in the regulation of risk. Though promising proactive and pre-emptive intervention to prevent potentially irreversible harm, its precise meaning remains somewhat unclear. Legal systems tend to view it as procedural rather than substantive, and debates abound regarding its ,stronger' or ,weaker' versions and, indeed, the very concept of ,risk'. It is also necessary to discuss how the principle operates in varying administrative and constitutional contexts but the key task is to clarify the principle's fundamental value base. If its essentially collective orientation is highlighted, it may better ensure that democratic and non-pecuniary interests are given due prominence in regulatory contexts otherwise dominated by economic interests and technological imperatives, and it may then play an important role in reasserting the values of the public domain in the face of powerful private interests. [source] Cooking up change in haute cuisine: Ferran Adrią as an institutional entrepreneurJOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, Issue 5 2007Silviya Svejenova Based on a longitudinal, inductive study of a critical case from a cultural sector, this article explores how institutional entrepreneurs initiate change. Our explanation points to four mechanisms: creativity that generates continuous flow of new ideas; theorization that takes stock of these ideas; reputation within and outside the field that endorses ideas as worthy of attention, and dissemination that brings ideas to the public domain. As novel ideas challenge received practices in the field, paradoxes of logics and identity emerge and provide potential for change. The study contributes to institutional theory by examining a preliminary, understudied stage of institutional change that provides a potential for change. Further, it shows how institutional entrepreneurs engage in the theorization and dissemination of their work. Finally, it reveals how reputation plays a critical role in the dissemination of new ideas and thus in the shaping up of the paradoxes and the potential for change. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy via gold nanostarsJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 1 2009E. Nalbant Esenturk Abstract Anisotropic metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have unique optical properties, which lend them to applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. Star-shaped gold (Au) NPs were prepared in aqueous solutions by the seed-mediated growth method and tested for Raman enhancement using 2-mercaptopyridine (2-MPy) and crystal violet (CV) probing molecules. For both molecules, the SERS activity of the nanostars was notably stronger than that of the spherical Au NPs of similar size. The Raman enhancement factors (EFs) for 2-MPy on Au nanostars and nanorods are comparable and estimated as greater than 5 orders of magnitude. However, the enhancement for CV on nanostars was significantly higher than for nanorods, in particular at CV concentrations of 100 nM or lower. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Parsing the public domainJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 11 2005Terrence A. Maxwell This article explores the use of the term public domain in the American context and finds that the symbol is subject to multiple meanings. Using historical and content analysis, the analysis explores the various uses of the term and provides a preliminary taxonomy for subsequent analysis and theory building. In conclusion, it suggests that more coherent information policies regarding national and international information access, creativity, governance, and private property rights will require a better understanding and delineation of the use of public domain in legislative and common practice. [source] Cardiovascular pharmacogenetics in the SNP eraJOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 7 2003V. Mooser Summary., In the past pharmacological agents have contributed to a significant reduction in age-adjusted incidence of cardiovascular events. However, not all patients treated with these agents respond favorably, and some individuals may develop side-effects. With aging of the population and the growing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors worldwide, it is expected that the demand for cardiovascular drugs will increase in the future. Accordingly, there is a growing need to identify the ,good' responders as well as the persons at risk for developing adverse events. Evidence is accumulating to indicate that responses to drugs are at least partly under genetic control. As such, pharmacogenetics , the study of variability in drug responses attributed to hereditary factors in different populations , may significantly assist in providing answers toward meeting this challenge. Pharmacogenetics mostly relies on associations between a specific genetic marker like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), either alone or arranged in a specific linear order on a certain chromosomal region (haplotypes), and a particular response to drugs. Numerous associations have been reported between selected genotypes and specific responses to cardiovascular drugs. Recently, for instance, associations have been reported between specific alleles of the apoE gene and the lipid-lowering response to statins, or the lipid-elevating effect of isotretinoin. Thus far, these types of studies have been mostly limited to a priori selected candidate genes due to restricted genotyping and analytical capacities. Thanks to the large number of SNPs now available in the public domain through the SNP Consortium and the newly developed technologies (high throughput genotyping, bioinformatics software), it is now possible to interrogate more than 200 000 SNPs distributed over the entire human genome. One pharmacogenetic study using this approach has been launched by GlaxoSmithKline to identify the approximately 4% of patients who are predisposed to developing a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir, an anti-HIV agent. Data collected thus far on the HLA locus on chromosome 6 indicate that this approach is feasible. Extended linkage disequilibrium can be detected readily, even across several haplotype blocks, thus potentially reducing the number of SNPs for future whole-genome scans. Finally, a modest number of cases and controls appears to be sufficient to detect genetic associations. There is little doubt that this type of approach will have an impact on the way cardiovascular drugs will be developed and prescribed in the future. [source] Practical Hydrodynamic Design of Bulbous Bows for ShipsNAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL, Issue 1 2005R. Sharma Although in modern times, bulbous bows have become an integral part of commercial ships, the hydrodynamic design of bulbous bows is still difficult because of costly tank tests and patent-driven knowledge banks. The design of a bulbous bow is needed even at the preliminary design level to predict speed and power. In this work, a design method is presented that combines and extends two famous theories i.e., Kracht (1978a) and Yim (1980) for a particular set of requirements within a narrow range of parameters. The method uses a reanalysis of an approximate linear theory with sheltering effect for resistance estimation, and re-correlation with statistical analysis via a non-linear multivariate regression analysis from existing literature and tank test results available in the public domain. The optimization of design parameters has been done for the design speed. The effect of change in the speed has been discussed and suit-ably incorporated in the design process. In the present work, the effect of production constraints on the design of bulb parameters has also been briefly examined. The results of this study are presented in the form of design parameters related to main hull parameters for a set of input data in a narrow range. The first six parameters have been derived by re-correlation with statistical analysis and the seventh parameter by reanalysis of an approximate linear theory with sheltering effect for resistance estimation. Finally, a design example, which includes tank test results, of an additive bulbous bow for a container ship has been presented. [source] Ontologies of nursing in an age of spiritual pluralism: closed or open worldview?NURSING PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2010Barbara Pesut PhD RN Abstract North American society has undergone a period of sacralization where ideas of spirituality have increasingly been infused into the public domain. This sacralization is particularly evident in the nursing discourse where it is common to find claims about the nature of persons as inherently spiritual, about what a spiritually healthy person looks like and about the environment as spiritually energetic and interconnected. Nursing theoretical thinking has also used claims about the nature of persons, health, and the environment to attempt to establish a unified ontology for the discipline. However, despite this common ground, there has been little discussion about the intersections between nursing philosophic thinking and the spirituality in nursing discourse, or about the challenges of adopting a common view of these claims within a spiritually pluralist society. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the call for ontological unity within nursing philosophic thinking in the context of the sacralization of a diverse society. I will begin with a discussion of secularization and sacralization, illustrating the diversity of beliefs and experiences that characterize the current trend towards sacralization. I will then discuss the challenges of a unified ontological perspective, or closed world view, for this diversity, using examples from both a naturalistic and a unitary perspective. I will conclude by arguing for a unified approach within nursing ethics rather than nursing ontology. [source] Molecular Fluorescence Excitation,Emission Matrices Relevant to Tissue Spectroscopy,PHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Ralph S. DaCosta ABSTRACT In vivo and ex vivo studies of fluorescence from endogenous and exogenous molecules in tissues and cells are common for applications such as detection or characterization of early disease. A systematic determination of the excitation,emission matrices (EEM) of known and putative endogenous fluorophores and a number of exogenous fluorescent photodynamic therapy drugs has been performed in solution. The excitation wavelength range was 250,520 nm, with fluorescence emission spectra collected in the range 260,750 nm. In addition, EEM of intact normal and adenomatous human colon tissues are presented as an example of the relationship to the EEM of constituent fluorophores and illustrating the effects of tissue chromophore absorption. As a means to make this large quantity of spectral data generally available, an interactive database has been developed. This currently includes EEM and also absorption spectra of 35 different endogenous and exogenous fluorophores and chromophores and six photosensitizing agents. It is intended to maintain and extend this database in the public domain, accessible through the Photochemistry and Photobiology website (http://www.aspjournal.com). [source] Locating Impropriety: Street Drinking, Moral Order, and the Ideological Dilemma of Public SpacePOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2006John Dixon Drawing on research in urban sociology, cultural geography, and social psychology, this paper explores some of the moral rules that govern social relations in public places. In particular, we consider how certain practices become classified as everyday incivilities,infractions of the moral order that sustains public life. In order to develop this notion, we draw illustrations from an ongoing research project that is investigating social attitudes towards "street drinking," an activity that has led to the creation of "alcohol-free zones" in over 100 British cities during the past decade. As an emergent theme, this research has suggested that the classification of street drinking as either acceptable or unacceptable conduct is contingent upon the social construction of public space that users invoke. This theme is discussed in the context of wider struggles over citizenship and social control in the public domain,struggles manifest within "ideological dilemmas" (Billig et al., 1988) over the limits of free conduct, the tension between open and closed public spaces, and the attempt to distinguish "admissible" from "inadmissible" publics. [source] The public domain under pressure.PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2003Sponsored by SIG IFP Public domain information, whether limited to judicial decisions or extended to all government-authored or sponsored works, has been expounded as a means of ensuring a knowledgeable citizenry, promoting economic advancement, and ensuring that publicly funded information is not "double taxed". However, the public domain has come under increased pressures as the global information economy changes. The speakers in this session will address these pressures from a number of different national and disciplinary views. [source] 2006,2008 Annual Review on Aerial Infrared Decoy FlaresPROPELLANTS, EXPLOSIVES, PYROTECHNICS, Issue 1 2009Ernst-Christian Koch Abstract The most recent progress in the field of advanced aerial infrared decoy flare technology is documented. 71 references from the public domain are given. For the last review please see Ref. [2]. [source] Study of the mass spectrometric behaviour of phthalocyanine and azo dyes using electrospray ionisation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisationRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 22 2001A. Conneely The negative ion MALDI-MS and ESI-MS behaviour of sulphonated copper phthalocyanine dyes has shown the presence of both anionic and radical anionic species. Substituent groups such as sulphonates and linker arms, as are present in commercial dyes such as Remazol TB and Everzol TB, are found to be labile and the dyes undergo in-source fragmentation in both MALDI-MS and ESI-MS. Ions corresponding to sodium salts can be formed. It appears that Cu is firmly bound in the phthalocyanine structure, unlike the corresponding Mg and Al chelates that can undergo demetallation. The application of ESI-MSn confirmed that these labile groups can be fragmented from the dye molecules and, in addition, SO2 losses are observed as for EI-MS. Hydrolysed commercial azo dyes such as Remazol Black B (I) and Remazol Red RB (III) showed both singly and doubly charged molecular anion species as well as sodium salts using negative ion ESI-MS, but did not desulphonate like the copper phthalocyanine dyes. The application of ESI-MSn revealed fragmentation of the dye molecules with the loss of entities such as HOCH2CH2SO2C6H4N2 (for both dyes) and SO2 (for Remazol Black B). MALDI-MS, ESI-MS and ESI-MSn can therefore be used for the characterisation of such dyes by exploiting these fragmentation processes, and some structural information can be obtained for the dyes whose structures are not in the public domain. Copyright© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Counting on codes: An examination of transnational codes as a regulatory governance mechanism for nanotechnologiesREGULATION & GOVERNANCE, Issue 2 2009Diana M. Bowman Abstract This article examines the rise of nanotechnology-specific codes of conduct (nano-codes) as a private governance mechanism to manage potential risks and promote the technology. It examines their effectiveness as well as their legitimacy as regulatory instruments in the public domain. The study first maps the rise of voluntary nano-codes and the roles played by different actors. Focusing on five specific nano-codes, the article then discusses their adequacy in terms of scientific uncertainty, gaps in existing regulatory regimes, and broader societal concerns. It concludes that these voluntary nano-codes have weaknesses including a lack of explicit standards on which to base independent monitoring, as well as no sanctions for poor compliance. At the same time it also highlights the potential power of these governance mechanisms under conditions of uncertainty and co-regulation with government. It is likely that nano-codes will become the "first cut" of a new governance regime for nanotechnologies. [source] Re-encountering Cuban Tastes in Australia,THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Euridice T. Charon Cardona This paper explores the challenges presented to the everyday praxis of maintaining Cuban identity in the Australian context through an examination of the preparation and eating of Cuban food by migrants in Sydney. I argue that the very different demographic configuration of Cubans in Australia and the US is played out through the different experiences of eating. Cuban identity in the US contrasts markedly with the situation in NSW where the small population of Cubans focus on maintaining a Cuban world in their domestic space through the practice of eating Cuban food, rather than in the public domain. The struggle to find and prepare Cuban food in Australia reflects a distance and separation from homeland both spatially and temporally. The paper suggests that the eating habits of this group constitute a significant ethnic marker used by members of the group to differentiate themselves as Cubans in Australia. Additionally, I argue that the existence of a substantial multicultural and ethnic food market in Australia allows Cuban migrants to acquire the products needed for the Cuban cuisine, from shops primarily serving numerically larger ethnic groups. [source] Local Knowledge as Trapped Knowledge: Intellectual Property, Culture, Power and PoliticsTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 1 2008Chidi Oguamanam Discourses of local knowledge and categories of rights claimants thereto are embroiled in complex conceptual and analytical morass. The conceptual quandary around local knowledge is diversionary from the historically rooted hierarchies of culture, power and politics that have subjugated it. Claims to local knowledge are challenged from several dimensions, including arguments from cultural cosmopolitanism, intellectual property rights and aspects of liberal democratic principles. An interesting new site for this power play is the emergent bioprospecting framework of access and benefit sharing. In this context, sophisticated external intermediaries, who have asymmetrical power relationships with custodians of local knowledge, now constitute a new threat to the genuine aspirations of indigenous and local communities. Recently, local knowledge claims are conflated with propertization of culture raising concerns over the asphyxiation of the public domain. Making the claims or claimants to local knowledge the scapegoats of our troubled public domain undermines the source of the problem. In a way, the current anemic state of our public domain can be blamed on unwholesome expansion of intellectual property and unidirectional appropriation of local knowledge by external interests. The reality of cultural cosmopolitanism requires an intellectual property order that is responsive to the contributions of local knowledge. [source] Fair Copy: Protecting Access to Scientific Information in Post-War BritainTHE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 2 2010Brad Sherman This paper extends recent discussions about copyright and the public domain by looking at attempts in post-war Britain to promote access to scientific information. More specifically, it concentrates on the Royal Society's Fair Copy Declaration (1950) and the related library copying provisions introduced in the Copyright Act 1956, which were designed to protect access to information. While the UK library copying provisions were presented as an expanded version of the Fair Copy Declaration recast in a statutory format, we show that the library copying provisions reflected a specific way of thinking about creation, production and distribution that differed markedly from those that underpinned the Fair Copy Declaration. We also argue that the logic of creation reflected in the library copying provisions shaped copyright law over the course of the twentieth century and beyond. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||