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Psychological Theory (psychological + theory)
Selected AbstractsSingle case study and evidence-based practiceJOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 6 2005T. STICKLEY ma rmn dipn dipcouns With the current emphasis upon evidence-based medicine in statutory healthcare provision in the UK, mental health nursing is challenged to justify its approaches. Psychological theories, once taken for granted in mental health nursing, are now being challenged by new definitions of evidence. In this paper the authors focus upon the use of individual case study. The discussion questions the validity of applying the hierarchies of evidence proposed by evidence-based medicine to mental health nursing theory and practice. The role of case study as the prime source of evidence is argued and is justified in mental health nursing research and practice. [source] R&D managers' adaptation of firms' HRM practicesR & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2009Pedro Ortín Ángel The heads of R&D departments are those most responsible for the adaptation of firms' human resource management (HRM) practices to the idiosyncrasies of their departments. From their description, this paper analyzes the HRM practices in R&D departments and the adaptation achieved in four different firms. The data suggest that the main adaptations are produced primarily in recruiting and organizing the work of R&D personnel. In contrast to suggestions in the specialized literature, less adaptation is found in other HRM practices analyzed (managerial support and degree of delegation, compensation and career plans). Psychological theories of procedural justice and social comparison can improve our understanding of such results. The organizational structure affects the reference group for such comparisons and, consequently, the R&D managers' capacity to adapt such practices. Based on these arguments, the delegation of HRM practices to R&D departments will enhance the degree of adaptation of such policies. [source] Closing science-practice knowledge gaps: Contributions of psychological research to human resource managementHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2004Michael J. Burke Evidence of science-practice knowledge gaps among managers (Rynes, Colbert, & Brown, 2002), coupled with major changes occurring in the workplace over the last ten years, suggest the need for human resources practitioners to become as current as possible on how research findings can assist in improving the management of HR. Nine articles in this special issue provide rich information for understanding the contributions of psychological theories and research findings to HR management and, consequently, for closing science-practice knowledge gaps. More specifically, the articles bring together pairs of scientists and practitioners to address science-practice knowledge gaps in the areas of recruiting and selecting workers, managing performance, training and developing individuals, managing groups and teams, compensating employees, leading others, assessing employee attitudes, managing diversity, and managing downsizing. We hope these articles will stimulate and promote a broader perspective concerning the relevance and value of psychological research for improving HR practices and organizational functioning. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Theory-Based Determinants of Youth Smoking: A Multiple Influence Approach,JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Scott C. Carvajal This study tested a broad array of determinants of smoking grounded in general social psychological theories, as well as personality and social development theories. Using data from 2,004 middle school students, all proximal and distal determinants significantly predicted smoking in the hypothesized direction. Further, hierarchical logistic regressions showed that intention to smoke, positive and negative attitudes toward smoking, impediments to smoking, self-efficacy to resist smoking, parent norms, and academic success most strongly predicted current smoking. Hierarchical linear regressions suggested that parental relatedness, maladaptive coping strategies, depression, and low academic aspirations most strongly predicted susceptibility to smoking for those who had not yet smoked a cigarette. Global expectancies were the strongest predictor of susceptibility in low socioeconomic status students. These findings may guide the development of future theory-based interventions that produce the greatest reductions in youth smoking. [source] "If a girl doesn't say ,no',": young men, rape and claims of ,insufficient knowledge'JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Rachael O'Byrne Abstract Most psychological theories of rape tend to stress factors internal to both rapists and their victims in accounting for the phenomenon. Unlike such theories, social psychological and feminist accounts have drawn attention to social and cultural factors as productive of rape, and have criticized psychological accounts on the grounds that they often serve, paradoxically, to cement pre-existing ,common-sense'. In this paper we examine the ways in which young Australian men draw upon widely culturally shared accounts, or interpretative repertoires, of rape to exculpate rapists. In particular, we discuss the reliance placed on a ,lay' version of Tannen's 1992 ,miscommunication model' of (acquaintance) rape and detail the use of this account,the claim that rape is a consequence of men's ,not knowing',as a device to accomplish exculpation. Implications of our methods for capturing young people's understanding of sexual coercion, rape and consent, and for the design of ,rape prevention' programmes, are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A Framework for Promoting Retirement SavingsJOURNAL OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2008JOSH WIENER This article identifies the constructs that influence an individual's intention to save for retirement and discusses how and when these factors can be changed by an agent trying to induce an individual to enroll in a retirement plan, increase his or her contribution to a plan, or purchase a particular retirement product. A broad array of psychological theories is used to develop a series of persuasive communications that can encourage a person to save. In addition, the persuasive communication approach is placed in the broader context of all efforts used to promote retirement savings. [source] Could repressive coping be a mediating factor in the symptom profile of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia?JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 5 2010B. SCHOLES rmn bn spq (mental health) msc pgctlhe Accessible summary ,,This paper considers the potential impact of identifying individual coping style on the concept of schizophrenia within the framework of the stress vulnerability model. There is discussion of the role of psychological theories in our understanding of schizophrenia and the experience of those who live with this condition. ,,The concept of individual coping style, with particular attention to repressive coping style, is considered and the research on the impact of coping style on the person's mental and physical well-being is discussed. Whether this way of thinking about and understanding repression is helpful in how we understand schizophrenia is then considered. ,,Possible implications of identifying repression in people with schizophrenia by using the idea of coping style as a measure of this concept are considered, gaining and understanding of what role this identification may have on our understanding of how people experience this condition and express this experience to those who work with them. ,,The potential for study in this area may allow a greater understanding of the way in which our protective psychological functions interact with experience of the distressing and challenging symptoms, often associated with schizophrenia, and influence future understanding of the process and progress of this condition. Abstract Despite a relatively high prevalence, and the enduring patronage of the disorder by psychiatry and the pharmaceutical industry, innovative conceptualization of schizophrenia in a client-empowering and quality of life-enhancing way appears to represent a vacuum within the clinical agenda, certainly taking second place to ,patient management'. However, against this bland background of medicalization of what is clearly a poorly understood and complex multifactorial syndrome, innovative treatment approaches aimed at symptom control, in particular, the stress vulnerability model (SVM), have been developed. However, the SVM is an incomplete model of patient experience and says little of aetiological note. One area of psychological function that may give further insight into the symptom experience associated with schizophrenia within the context of stress vulnerability concerns the mechanisms of repression. Ironically, the notion of repression will for many represent the epitome of non-evidence-based psychiatric theory and related psychodynamic therapy practice. However, more contemporary work within the psychological literature has aimed to make the concept both measurable and observable. No longer occluded by the context of psychoanalysis, cognitive science accounts of repression may be of value in facilitating understanding of the variability and predictability of symptoms of schizophrenia and may provide a dimension of therapeutic engagement allied to the SVM. [source] Demythologizing the machine: Patrick geddes, lewis mumford, and classical sociological theoryJOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 1 2008Chris Renwick This paper reconsiders the work of the Scottish biologist, sociologist, and town planner Patrick Geddes and his most famous intellectual disciple: the American independent scholar Lewis Mumford. It is argued that existing interpretations of their work, ranging from a dismissal of the two men as eccentric polymaths to the speculative emphasis on the importance of psychological theories in Mumford's oeuvre, are fundamentally flawed. Examining their writings and the letters they exchanged during their 17-year correspondence, this paper shows that the only way we can appreciate the scholarly conventions underpinning Geddes's and Mumford's work, as well as the context in which it was produced, is by looking to the principles of classical sociological theory. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Unterschiede im Denken zwischen Ökonomen und Laien , Erklärungsansätze zur Verbesserung der wirtschaftspolitischen BeratungPERSPEKTIVEN DER WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITIK, Issue 1 2009Dominik H. Enste First, based on psychological theories and empirical findings, the notion of the Homo oeconomicus is challenged. The economic situation is judged by laymen using implicit theories and biases, which are not in line with neoclassical economics. Then, the relevance of these theories and heuristics is shown empirically by the systematically different opinions of economists and non-economists on economic policy measures like minimum wages and maximum salaries. Conclusions for policy advisors complement the analysis. [source] War; bystanding and hate , why category errors are dangerousPSYCHOTHERAPY AND POLITICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2003Petruska ClarksonArticle first published online: 13 FEB 200 Abstract This paper is a psycho-philosophical analysis of major facts and psychological theories about war, bystanding and hate identifying how logical category errors can lead to dangerous consequences for world peace, ethics and schoolist warfare, and in the bedrooms of millions of people , perhaps even your own , on the principle of inner-outer equivalence. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd [source] Are Terrorists Mentally Deranged?ANALYSES OF SOCIAL ISSUES & PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 1 2002Charles L. Ruby Recent terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon have accentuated the threat of terrorism. However, it appears that the attackers are popularly thought of as mentally deranged individuals who are evil. This article suggests that such an understanding is a misperception of these people and may interfere with an adequate response to prevent future attacks. The article reviews the extant literature on psychological theories of terrorism and concludes that terrorists are not dysfunctional or pathological; rather, it suggests that terrorism is basically another form of politically motivated violence that is perpetrated by rational, lucid people who have valid motives. The only real difference between terrorism and conventional military action is one of strategy. Terrorists lack the necessary resources to wage war in furtherance of their political goals. [source] Cognitive and Social Issues in Emergency Medicine Knowledge Translation: A Research AgendaACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 11 2007Jamie C. Brehaut PhD The individual practitioner is a linchpin in the process of translating new knowledge into practice, particularly in the emergency department, where physician autonomy is high, resources are limited, and decision-making situations are complex. An understanding of the cognitive and social processes that affect knowledge translation (KT) in emergency medicine (EM) is crucial and at present understudied. As part of the 2007 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference on KT in EM, our group sought to identify key research areas that would inform our understanding of these cognitive and social processes. We combined an online discussion group of interdisciplinary stakeholders, an extensive review of the existing literature, and a "public hearing" of the recommendations at the Consensus Conference to establish relative preference for the recommendations, as well as their relevance and clarity to attendees. We identified five key research areas as follows. 1) What provider-specific barriers/facilitators to the use of new knowledge are relevant in the EM setting? 2) Can social psychological theories of behavior change be used to develop better KT interventions for EM? 3) Can the study of "distributed cognition" suggest new vehicles for KT in the emergency department? 4) Can the concept of dual-process reasoning inform our understanding of the KT process? 5) Can patient-specific, immediate feedback serve as a vehicle for KT in EM? We believe that exploring these key research questions will directly lead to improved KT interventions and to further discussion of the cognitive and social factors impacting KT in EM. [source] Treatment of Social Phobia: Potential Mediators and ModeratorsCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 1 2000Stefan G. Hofmann Although the efficacy of numerous psychosocial interventions for social phobia has been clearly demonstrated, little is known about the mediators and moderators of treatment change. Three potential mediators here are discussed that are derived from prominent psychological theories: negative cognitive appraisal (estimated social costs), perceived self-efficacy (perceived social skills), and perceived emotional control. Furthermore, the generalized subtype of social phobia and the additional diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder are considered as potential treatment moderators. [source] Relations, Objects, and the Composition of AnalogiesCOGNITIVE SCIENCE - A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, Issue 4 2006Dedre Gentner Abstract This research addresses the kinds of matching elements that determine analogical relatedness and literal similarity. Despite theoretical agreement on the importance of relational match, the empirical evidence is neither systematic nor definitive. In 3 studies, participants performed online evaluations of relatedness of sentence pairs that varied in either the object or relational match. Results show a consistent focus on relational matches as the main determinant of analogical acceptance. In addition, analogy does not require strict overall identity of relational concepts. Semantically overlapping but nonsynonymous relations were commonly accepted, but required more processing time. Finally, performance in a similarity rating task partly paralleled analogical acceptance; however, relatively more weight was given to object matches. Implications for psychological theories of analogy and similarity are addressed. [source] DOES ETHICAL THEORY HAVE A PLACE IN POST-KOHLBERGIAN MORAL PSYCHOLOGY?EDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 2 2010Bruce Maxwell Philosophers tend to assume that theoretical frameworks in psychology suffer from conceptual confusion and that any influence that philosophy might have on psychology should be positive. Going against this grain, Dan Lapsley and Darcia Narváez attribute the Kohlbergian paradigm's current state of marginalization within psychology to Lawrence Kohlberg's use of ethical theory in his model of cognitive moral development. Post-Kohlbergian conceptions of moral psychology, they advance, should be wary of theoretical constructs derived from folk morality, refuse philosophical starting points, and seek integration with literatures in psychology, not philosophy. In this essay, Bruce Maxwell considers and rejects Lapsley and Narváez's diagnosis. The Kohlbergian paradigm's restricted conception of the moral domain is the result of a selective reading of one tendency in ethical theorizing (Kantianism). The idea that moral psychology may find shelter from normative criticism by avoiding ethics-derived models overlooks the deeper continuity between "ethical theory" and "psychological theory." The confusion and barrenness of psychology is not to be explained by calling it a "young science"; its state is not comparable with that of physics, for instance, in its beginnings. (Rather with that of certain branches of mathematics. Set theory.) For in psychology there are experimental methods and conceptual confusion. (As in the other case conceptual confusion and methods of proof.) The existence of the experimental method makes us think we have the means of solving the problems which trouble us; though problem and method pass one another by.1 [source] Governments and unpopular social policy reform: Biting the bullet or steering clear?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009BARBARA VIS This article shows that there exists substantial cross-cabinet variation in the degree to which governments take unpopular measures and argues that current studies cannot adequately explain this variation. Using insights from prospect theory, a psychological theory of choice under risk, this study hypothesises that governments only engage in unpopular reform if they face a deteriorating socio-economic situation, a falling political position, or both. If not, they shy away from the risk of reform. A fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fs/QCA) of the social policy reform activities pursued by German, Dutch, Danish and British cabinets between 1979 and 2005 identifies a deteriorating socio-economic situation as necessary for unpopular reform. It is only sufficient for triggering reform, however, if the political position is also deteriorating and/or the cabinet is of rightist composition. This study's findings further the scholarly debate on the politics of welfare state reform by offering a micro-foundation that helps one to understand what induces political actors aspiring to be re-elected to engage in electorally risky unpopular reform. [source] Does Wage Rank Affect Employees' Well-being?INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, Issue 3 2008GORDON D. A. BROWN How do workers make wage comparisons? Both an experimental study and an analysis of 16,000 British employees are reported. Satisfaction and well-being levels are shown to depend on more than simple relative pay. They depend upon the ordinal rank of an individual's wage within a comparison group. "Rank" itself thus seems to matter to human beings. Moreover, consistent with psychological theory, quits in a workplace are correlated with pay distribution skewness. [source] Consumers' attitudes, knowledge, self-reported and actual hand washing behaviour: a challenge for designers of intervention materialsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 3 2003D.A. Clayton Cross contamination by microbial pathogens in the kitchen environment may play an important role in many cases of food borne illnesses. Hand washing has been shown to be one of the most important factors in controlling the spread of microorganisms and in preventing the spread of disease. However, educational campaigns such as distribution of information leaflets, workshops, performance feedback and lectures have been, at best, associated with a transient improvement in compliance rates. In addition, the majority of research investigating UK consumers' food safety behaviour has examined self-reported as opposed to actual hand washing behaviour. This research utilises psychological theory in an attempt to understand how one might design a more effective hand washing campaign. Social cognition models were utilised to explore the relationship between consumers' knowledge, attitudes, self-reported and actual hand washing behaviour. The research was conducted in two stages. Firstly, salient beliefs of 100 consumers towards food safety were obtained using open-ended questions. Secondly, the food handling practices of 40 consumers were observed and their food safety attitudes and knowledge determined using structured questionnaires. All the participants were knowledgeable about hand washing techniques, intended to wash their hands and generally had positive attitudes towards the importance of washing their hands. However, none of the participants adequately washed their hands on all appropriate occasions. The attitude statement results suggest measures of perceived behavioural control, perceived barriers and perceived risk may provide developers of food safety intervention materials with more useful information compared with measures of consumers' knowledge or intention. Issues of habit and optimistic bias also need to be given consideration when designing intervention materials to change hand washing behaviour of consumers. [source] Rethinking NIMBYism: The role of place attachment and place identity in explaining place-protective actionJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Patrick Devine-Wright Abstract The ,NIMBY' (Not In My Back Yard) concept is commonly used to explain public opposition to new developments near homes and communities, particularly arising from energy technologies such as wind farms or electricity pylons. Despite its common use, the concept has been extensively critiqued by social scientists as a useful concept for research and practice. Given European policy goals to increase sustainable energy supply by 2020, deepening understanding of local opposition is of both conceptual and practical importance. This paper reviews NIMBY literature and proposes an alternative framework to explain local opposition, drawing upon social and environmental psychological theory on place. Local opposition is conceived as a form of place-protective action, which arises when new developments disrupt pre-existing emotional attachments and threaten place-related identity processes. Adopting a social constructivist perspective and drawing on social representation theory, a framework of place change is proposed encompassing stages of becoming aware, interpreting, evaluating, coping and acting, with each stage conceived at multiple levels of analysis, from intrapersonal to socio-cultural. Directions for future research and potential implications of the place-based approach for public engagement by energy policy-makers and practitioners are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Analysis of recent incidents of on-field violence in sport: legal decisions and additional considerations from psychologyAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 1 2009John H. Kerr Abstract This article focuses on two recent incidents of serious on-field violence in sports and the legal consequences for those involved. The two incidents occurred in Dutch football (soccer) and became infamous owing to the nature of the violent incidents and widespread media coverage. The legal outcomes of these two incidents are described, and some of the difficulties that legal authorities face in considering assaults on the sports field are discussed. A new way of categorizing such violent incidents and the motivation behind them, based on an established psychological theory [reversal theory, Apter, 1982, 2001] is proposed. Taken along with the other points made in this article, being aware of when and how individuals cross the boundaries between play and anger, power or thrill violence may provide an additional perspective to making informed decisions about illegal violent acts on the sports field. Aggr. Behav. 35:41,48. 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Socialist psychotherapy and its dissidentsJOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 3 2001Christine Leuenberger Ph.D. research associate/lecturerArticle first published online: 17 JUL 200 This article focuses on the history of psychotherapeutic theory and practice in socialist East Germany before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The "official" pre-1989 socialist history of East German psychology is juxtaposed to psychotherapists' post-1989 oral history of the development of Socialist psychological theory and practice. These reconstructive histories draw on embryonic therapeutic practices that diverged from the dominant socialist paradigm. Their existence exemplifies how a state-driven high modernist scheme for remaking society can fail as it does not account for the complex relationship between a state's abstract knowledge and local practices. Moreover, the emphasis therapists put on the prevalence of these alternative practices also reveals how the present post-socialist context becomes an interpretative resource for reconstructing their past. By emphasizing these practices they try to bridge the gap between their past and current practices so as to minimize the transformation that has taken place. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Fregean Equivocation and Ramsification on Sparse Theories: Response to McCullaghMIND & LANGUAGE, Issue 5 2000George Bealer The paper, which begins with a brief summary of my anti-functionalist ,Argument from Self-consciousness', has two main goals. First, to show that this argument is not guilty of a Fregean equivocation regarding embedded mental predicates, as has been suggested by Mark McCullagh and others. Second, to show the argument cannot be avoided by weakening the psychological theory upon which reductive functional definitions are based. Specifically, it does no good to excise psychological principles involving embedded mental predicates. Why? Because reductive functional definitions based on the resulting sparse theories are exposed to an interesting new family of counterexamples. [source] Pleasure and Illusion in PlatoPHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2006Jessica MOSS Plato links pleasure with illusion, and this link explains his rejection of the view that all desires are rational desires for the good. The Protagoras and Gorgias show connections between pleasure and illusion; the Republic develops these into a psychological theory. One part of the soul is not only prone to illusions, but also incapable of the kind of reasoning that can dispel them. Pleasure appears good; therefore this part of the soul (the appetitive part) desires pleasures qua good but ignores reasoning about what is really good. Hence the new moral psychology of the Republic, not all desires are rational, and thus virtue depends on bringing one's non-rational desires under the control of reason. [source] Psychological adjustment among male partners in response to women's breast/ovarian cancer risk: a theoretical review of the literaturePSYCHO-ONCOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Kerry A. Sherman Abstract Objective: For women at high risk of developing hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer the process of undergoing genetic testing is anxiety provoking and stressful, entailing difficult and complex decisions. Partners of high-risk women are frequently perceived by the women as a source of support during this challenging time. Utilising Self Regulatory Theory, this paper provides a theoretically guided overview of existing data to delineate how partners respond emotionally and behaviourally to the woman's high-risk status. Methods: An extensive literature search was undertaken. Online searches of MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases were conducted, reference lists of all publications identified were examined; and the databases were searched for authors identified in these publications. Results: The systematic search yielded 10 published studies on at-risk women and their male partners; one study did not investigate male partner distress as an outcome variable. Heterogeneity of methodology in this literature precluded quantitative meta-analyses of study outcomes. Review of the evidence suggests that the genetic testing process may be distressing for some partners, particularly for partners of women identified as mutation carriers. Associations were identified between partner distress and partner beliefs about the woman's perceived breast cancer risk; partner feelings of social separation and lack of couple communication; and partner perceptions of being alienated from the testing process. Lack of partner support was found to be associated with increased distress of the tested woman at the time of testing and following results disclosure. Data are lacking on the role of partner beliefs about breast cancer, partner perceived consequences of genetic testing, and personality factors such as information processing style, on partner distress. Conclusions: The high level of behavioural and psychological interdependence that exists between a tested woman and her partner means that future research seeking to understand the coping and adjustment processes of partners needs to adopt a dyadic, transactional approach that is grounded in psychological theory. Specific suggestions for future research in this context are delineated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Theory as metaphor: clinical knowledge and its communicationTHE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Warren Colman Abstract:, This paper investigates the relationship between clinical knowledge and psychological theory and considers the implications for clinical writing. I argue that clinical knowledge is a way of understanding rather than a body of facts and compare clinical material to ,texts' that generate multiple and indeterminate meanings. Analytic theories, which represent the crystallization of ways of understanding clinical phenomena, have an inherently metaphorical ,as if' quality since they are derived from and adapted to the clinical process of making meaning by representing psychic states in symbolic form. Thus good clinical writing demonstrates an integration of theory and clinical material into a unified network of symbolic meanings. Redfearn's paper, ,The captive, the treasure, the hero and the "anal" stage of development' (1979), is discussed as an exemplar of such integration. It is suggested that clinical knowledge is equivalent to the skill of making effective interpretations. Translations of Abstract Cet article traite du rapport entre savoir clinique et théorie psychologique ainsi que des répercussions de leur articulation sur l'écriture clinique. Je soutiens que le savoir clinique est un mode de compréhension plutôt qu'un ensemble de faits et je compare du matériel clinique et des ,textes', qui génèrent des significations multiples et indéterminées. Les théories analytiques représentent la cristallisation de modes de compréhension des phénomènes cliniques. Elles possèdent une qualité métaphorique inhérente ,as if' (,comme si') car elles découlent et s'adaptent au processus clinique de fabrication de sens via la représentation symbolique de formes psychiques. Ainsi, une écriture clinique de qualité intègre-t-elle théorie et matériel clinique en un réseau unifié de significations symboliques. L'article de Redfearn ,The captive, the treasure, the hero and the "anal" stage of development' (1979) est ici discutéà titre d' illustration d'une telle intégration. Dieser Artikel untersucht die Beziehung zwischen klinischem Wissen und psychologischer Theorie und betrachtet dessen Implikationen für das Schreiben über klinische Sachverhalte. Ich behaupte, daß klinisches Wissen eher eine Weise des Verstehens ist als ein Corpus von Faktenwissen und vergleiche klinisches Material mit ,Texten', die vielschichtige und unbestimmte Bedeutungen generieren. Analytische Theorien, welche die Kristallisation der Verständnisweisen von klinischen Phänomenen repräsentieren, haben eine inhärente metaphorische ,als ob-Qualität', da sie aus dem klinischen Prozeß der Bedeutungsgewinnung durch Repräsentation von seelischen Zuständen in symbolischer Form deriviert und an diesen adaptiert sind. Demnach demonstriert ein guter klinischer Bericht eine Integration von Theorie und klinischem Material in ein vereinheitlichtes Netzwerk symbolischer Bedeutungen. Redfearns Aufsatz ,The captive, the treasure, the hero and the "anal" stage of development'(Der Gefangene, der Schatz, der Held und die ,anale' Entwicklungsstufe) wird als Beispiel einer solchen Integration vorgestellt. In questo lavoro si esamina la relazione tra la conoscenza clinica e la teoria psicologica e si considera quali implicazioni ci siano per gli scritti clinici. Sostengo che la conoscenza clinica è un modo di comprendere piuttosto che un corpo di fatti e confronto il materiale clinico a quei ,testi' che danno origine a significati multipli e indeterminati. Le teorie analitiche, che rappresentano la cristallizzazione del modo di comprendere fenomeni clinici, hanno una qualità intrinsecamente metaforica'come se' dal momento che derivano da e sono adattate al processo clinico di costruire significati rappresentando stati psichici in forme simboliche. In tal modo un buono scritto clinico mostra una integrazione di teoria e di materiale clinico in una rete unificata di significati simbolici. Come esempio di tale integrazione viene discusso il lavoro di Redfearn (1979),Il prigioniero, il tesoro, l'eroe e lo stadio "anale" dello sviluppo'. En este documento se investiga la relación entre los conocimientos clínicos y la teoría psicológica y considera las implicaciones clínicas de la escritura. Yo sostengo que el conocimiento clínico es una manera de entender, más que un conjunto de hechos y compara el material clínico de ,textos' que generan e ideterminan múltiples significados. Las teorías analíticas, que representan la cristalización de formas de entender los fenómenos clínicos, tienen inherente a ellas la calidad de naturaleza metafórica del ,como si', ya que se derivan de y se han adaptado al proceso clínico de elaboración y dar significado por medio de la representación de los estados psíquicos en forma simbólica. Así pues, la buena escritura clínica demuestra integración de la teoría y el material clínico en una red unificada de significados simbólicos. Se analiza El trabajo de Redfearn de ,El Cautivo, el Tesoro, el Héroe y la Fase"Anal"del desarrollo (1979) como un ejemplo de esa integración. [source] Stemming the tide: Cognitive aging theories and their implications for continuing education in the health professionsTHE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS, Issue 3 2003Dr. Kevin W. Eva PhD Assistant Professor Abstract As demographic drift among health care providers mimics that of the larger population, it becomes increasingly clear that theory pertaining to the impact of aging on cognitive processing should inform the continuing education efforts designed for health care professionals. The purpose of this article is to offer a critical review of the major theories in this area and outline a sample of the implications that can be derived from these views. Research articles examining the relationship between age and physician performance were identified using MEDLINE, PsychLit, and ERIC. In addition, the psychology literature on age-related changes in cognitive processing was reviewed. Evidence from the medical education literature and psychological theory suggest the importance of increased environmental supports, decreased time demands, and peer review programs as barriers against the impact of aging. The implications of these findings include the potential to tailor continuing education (and physician remediation) efforts toward the age-related abilities/deficiencies of individual physicians. [source] Lies in a Time of Threat: Betrayal Blindness and the 2004 U.S. Presidential ElectionANALYSES OF SOCIAL ISSUES & PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 1 2005Eileen L. Zurbriggen Exit polls from the 2004 U.S. presidential election indicated overwhelming support for President Bush among voters who said they valued honesty, even though the Bush administration had been sharply criticized for deceiving the public, especially concerning the reasons for invading Iraq. A psychological theory recently developed to help explain memory loss in trauma survivors sheds light on this paradox. Betrayal Trauma Theory (Freyd, 1996) states that memory impairment is greatest when a victim is dependent on the perpetrator. The theory also predicts who will be "blind" to signs of deception,those who are emotionally or financially dependent on the person who is lying. Although every American is dependent on the U.S. President to some extent, religious conservatives may be more psychologically dependent than others. Because they believe their core values are under attack, they depend on powerful leaders such as President Bush to defend these values. This psychological dependence may make it difficult for them to notice the administration's deceptions. [source] Parents' experiences of pain and discomfort in people with learning disabilitiesBRITISH JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES, Issue 2 2008Zara Jane Clarke Accessible summary ,,Eight parents of adults with learning disabilities were interviewed about their,,experience of managing their son or daughter's pain. ,,Parents developed trial and error methods of identifying pain and managing this. ,,Parents reported having mixed experiences of the services their sons/daughters,,had received. ,,Parental carers play a crucial role in the pain management of adults with learning,,disabilities. ,,This research matters to people with learning disabilities because it,,informs professionals of the importance of listening to parental carers' views and,,experiences in the successful management of ill health and pain in situations,,where the sufferer has limited verbal communication. Good practice statement, The results of this study have already been presented to health professionals who work with people with learning disabilities, within the first author's organization, as well as at a conference about pain in people with learning disabilities. Further work is intended to publicize the findings to people with learning disabilities and their carers. Summary There are few measures of pain for people with limited ability to communicate. Eight parents of adults with a known learning disability and associated physical health complaint were interviewed to explore their experience of identifying and managing the pain felt by their children. The parents did not often perceive their son or daughter to be in pain or discomfort, which was an unexpected finding given the sampling strategy. They described, however, specific ways of recognizing pain and would use a trial and error process to determine the cause. Parents had strategies for dealing with pain and reported mixed experiences of service interactions. The emerging themes can be related back to the pain literature and psychological theory. They emphasize the importance of involving parents in pain assessment and represent the first stage of research into a previously unexplored area. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||