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Psychological Function (psychological + function)
Selected AbstractsUltimate success in epilepsy , the patient's perspectiveEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 2005J. W. Sander Most people with epilepsy can live outwardly normal lives, but fear about impending seizures, driving restrictions, lack of independence, employment and social problems, medication-related adverse effects and the presence of cognitive or psychiatric complications are all concerns readily identified by affected individuals. While seizure control is the overriding goal of treatment, it is essential to realize the importance that patients place on other aspects of daily functioning. While many of the concerns identified by patients can only be managed by improved social support, others (e.g. neuropsychological impairment, medication-related adverse events, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbance) may be amenable to therapy (if available) or to the selection of a more appropriate antiepileptic drug. Each antiepileptic drug has a unique pharmacodynamic and tolerability profile. Awareness by the treating clinician of the pharmacological profile of each drug may help to minimize unwanted treatment-related effects and possibly improve the outcome of treatment from an epilepsy patient's perspective. Therefore, in order to achieve true treatment success, clinicians need to understand how individuals perceive their disorder and, where possible, address those factors that adversely affect patient quality of life. For the person with epilepsy, successful treatment involves beneficial effects on social, vocational and psychological function. This extends beyond seizure control to freedom from the fear associated with seizures, confidence in pharmacological therapy and improvements in health-related quality of life. [source] Could repressive coping be a mediating factor in the symptom profile of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia?JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 5 2010B. SCHOLES rmn bn spq (mental health) msc pgctlhe Accessible summary ,,This paper considers the potential impact of identifying individual coping style on the concept of schizophrenia within the framework of the stress vulnerability model. There is discussion of the role of psychological theories in our understanding of schizophrenia and the experience of those who live with this condition. ,,The concept of individual coping style, with particular attention to repressive coping style, is considered and the research on the impact of coping style on the person's mental and physical well-being is discussed. Whether this way of thinking about and understanding repression is helpful in how we understand schizophrenia is then considered. ,,Possible implications of identifying repression in people with schizophrenia by using the idea of coping style as a measure of this concept are considered, gaining and understanding of what role this identification may have on our understanding of how people experience this condition and express this experience to those who work with them. ,,The potential for study in this area may allow a greater understanding of the way in which our protective psychological functions interact with experience of the distressing and challenging symptoms, often associated with schizophrenia, and influence future understanding of the process and progress of this condition. Abstract Despite a relatively high prevalence, and the enduring patronage of the disorder by psychiatry and the pharmaceutical industry, innovative conceptualization of schizophrenia in a client-empowering and quality of life-enhancing way appears to represent a vacuum within the clinical agenda, certainly taking second place to ,patient management'. However, against this bland background of medicalization of what is clearly a poorly understood and complex multifactorial syndrome, innovative treatment approaches aimed at symptom control, in particular, the stress vulnerability model (SVM), have been developed. However, the SVM is an incomplete model of patient experience and says little of aetiological note. One area of psychological function that may give further insight into the symptom experience associated with schizophrenia within the context of stress vulnerability concerns the mechanisms of repression. Ironically, the notion of repression will for many represent the epitome of non-evidence-based psychiatric theory and related psychodynamic therapy practice. However, more contemporary work within the psychological literature has aimed to make the concept both measurable and observable. No longer occluded by the context of psychoanalysis, cognitive science accounts of repression may be of value in facilitating understanding of the variability and predictability of symptoms of schizophrenia and may provide a dimension of therapeutic engagement allied to the SVM. [source] Study of the Factors Affecting Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents After Liver TransplantationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 5 2009R. M. Taylor The aim of the study was to identify factors affecting health-related quality of life (HRQL) in adolescents after liver transplantation. HRQL was measured using the CHQ-CF87 in 55 adolescents, aged 12,18 years. Factors associated with HRQL included allograft morbidity, psychological and family-related variables measured through standardized questionnaires. The domains of the CHQ-CF87 were reduced using factor analysis to give physical, psychological and social domains. Impacting factors were identified through stepwise, multiple regression analysis. Adolescents had significantly lower HRQL in every domain except for role/social-behavior and family cohesion compared to the general population. Adolescents experienced median 18 (range 4,31) symptoms related to immunosuppression, 40(75%) had one or more chronic illnesses related to immunosuppression and 12(22%) had a history of emotional difficulties. Self-esteem and emotional health were similar to the general population but behavior and aspects of family function were lower. Following regression analysis, the factors associated with HRQL were: age at transplant, secondary chronic illness, symptom distress, headaches, history of emotional difficulties, self-esteem and family conflict. These explained 57% of the variance in physical function, 61% of psychological function and 39% of social function. HRQL is significantly reduced in adolescents after transplantation, which could be related to immunosuppression and psychosocial factors. [source] Measuring disease activity and functional status in patients with scleroderma and Raynaud's phenomenonARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 9 2002Peter A. Merkel Objective To document disease activity and functional status in patients with scleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]) and Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and to determine the sensitivity to change, reliability, ease of use, and validity of various outcome measures in these patients. Methods Patients with SSc and moderate-to-severe RP participating in a multicenter RP treatment trial completed daily diaries documenting the frequency and duration of RP attacks and recorded a daily Raynaud's Condition Score (RCS). Mean scores for the 2-week periods prior to baseline (week 0), end of trial (week 6), and posttrial followup (week 12) were calculated. At weeks 0, 6, and 12, physicians completed 3 global assessment scales and performed clinical assessments of digital ulcers and infarcts; patients completed the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 (AIMS2) mood and tension subscales, 5 specific SSc/RP-related visual analog scales (VAS), and 3 other VAS global assessments. We used these measures to document baseline disease activity and to assess their construct validity, sensitivity to change, and reliability in trial data. Results Two hundred eighty-one patients (248 women, 33 men; mean age 50.4 years [range 18,82 years]) from 14 centers participated. Forty-eight percent had limited cutaneous SSc; 52% had diffuse cutaneous SSc. Fifty-nine patients (21%) had digital ulcers at baseline. Patients had 3.89 ± 2.33 (mean ± SD) daily RP attacks (range 0.8,14.6), with a duration of 82.1 ± 91.6 minutes/attack. RCS for RP activity (possible range 0,10) was 4.30 ± 1.92. HAQ scores (0,3 scale) indicated substantial disability at baseline (total disability 0.86, pain 1.19), especially among the subscales pertaining to hand function (grip, eating, dressing). AIMS2 mood and tension scores were fairly high, as were many of the VAS scores. Patients with digital ulcers had worse RCS, pain, HAQ disability (overall, grip, eating, and dressing), physician's global assessment, and tension, but no significant difference in the frequency of RP, duration of RP, patient's global assessment, or mood, compared with patients without digital ulcers. VAS scores for digital ulcers as rated by the patients were not consistent with the physician's ratings. Factor analysis of the 18 measures showed strong associations among variables in 4 distinct domains: disease activity, RP measures, digital ulcer measures, and mood/tension. Reliability of the RCS, HAQ pain and disability scales, and AIMS2 mood and tension subscales was high. The RP measures demonstrated good sensitivity to change (effect sizes 0.33,0.76). Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that the significant activity, disability, pain, and psychological impact of RP and digital ulcers in SSc can be measured by a small set of valid and reliable outcome measures. These outcome measures provide information beyond the quantitative metrics of RP attacks. We propose a core set of measures for use in clinical trials of RP in SSc patients that includes the RCS, patient and physician VAS ratings of RP activity, a digital ulcer/infarct measure, measures of disability and pain (HAQ), and measures of psychological function (AIMS2). [source] An epigenetic induction of a right-shift in hippocampal asymmetry: Selectivity for short- and long-term potentiation but not post-tetanic potentiationHIPPOCAMPUS, Issue 1 2008Akaysha C. Tang Abstract In humans, it is well established that major psychological functions are asymmetrically represented between the left and right cerebral cortices. The developmental origin of such functional lateralization remains unknown. Using the rat as a model system, we examined whether exposing neonates briefly to a novel environment can differentially affect synaptic plasticity in the left and right hippocampi during adulthood. During the first 3 weeks of life, one half of the pups from a litter spent 3 min daily away from their familiar home environment (Novel) while their littermates remained in that familiar environment (Home). At adulthood (7-months old), post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs), a very short-lasting form of plasticity, was greater among the Novel than the Home rats in both left and right hippocampi. In contrast, the novelty-induced increases in short- and long-term potentiation (STP, LTP), two relatively longer-lasting forms of plasticity, were found only in the right hippocampus. These findings demonstrate that a phase-selective asymmetry in hippocampal synaptic plasticity can be induced epigenetically by seemingly small systematic differences in early life environment. The selectivity of this asymmetry for the longer-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity suggests that the observed asymmetry in plasticity may contribute specifically to an asymmetric learning process which, in turn, may contribute to a functional asymmetry in the neocortex. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Perceiving and experiencing fictional characters: An integrative account1JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2003Johan F. Hoorn Abstract: ,Fictional characters (FCs) and mediated persons in literature, theater, film, art, TV, and digital media fulfill basic psychological functions, although the processes involved remain unspecified. Departing from identification and empathy hypotheses, a new context-sensitive model draws upon similarity studies, empirical aesthetics, persuasion, emotion, and social psychology. The Perceiving and Experiencing Fictional Characters model (PEFiC-model) has three phases. During encoding, observers judge FCs in terms of ethics (good-bad), aesthetics (beautiful-ugly), and epistemics (realistic-unrealistic). Comparison entails appraisals of personal relevance as well as valence towards and (dis)similarity between the dramatis personae and the self. In the response phase, appreciation of FCs is a trade-off between the parallel, unipolar processes of involvement and distance. Intricate involvement-distance conflicts occur when subjective norms disagree with ingroup norms. Furthermore, features participate in multiple (fuzzy) sets (e.g., partly good and partly bad). PEFiC can handle complex responses towards representations of (non-existent) others, such as attractive dissimilarity, the beauty in ugliness, the appeal of negative experiences, and fascination for evil, as well as mixed emotions, ambivalence, and neutral end-states that actually conceal emotional confusion. [source] Could repressive coping be a mediating factor in the symptom profile of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia?JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 5 2010B. SCHOLES rmn bn spq (mental health) msc pgctlhe Accessible summary ,,This paper considers the potential impact of identifying individual coping style on the concept of schizophrenia within the framework of the stress vulnerability model. There is discussion of the role of psychological theories in our understanding of schizophrenia and the experience of those who live with this condition. ,,The concept of individual coping style, with particular attention to repressive coping style, is considered and the research on the impact of coping style on the person's mental and physical well-being is discussed. Whether this way of thinking about and understanding repression is helpful in how we understand schizophrenia is then considered. ,,Possible implications of identifying repression in people with schizophrenia by using the idea of coping style as a measure of this concept are considered, gaining and understanding of what role this identification may have on our understanding of how people experience this condition and express this experience to those who work with them. ,,The potential for study in this area may allow a greater understanding of the way in which our protective psychological functions interact with experience of the distressing and challenging symptoms, often associated with schizophrenia, and influence future understanding of the process and progress of this condition. Abstract Despite a relatively high prevalence, and the enduring patronage of the disorder by psychiatry and the pharmaceutical industry, innovative conceptualization of schizophrenia in a client-empowering and quality of life-enhancing way appears to represent a vacuum within the clinical agenda, certainly taking second place to ,patient management'. However, against this bland background of medicalization of what is clearly a poorly understood and complex multifactorial syndrome, innovative treatment approaches aimed at symptom control, in particular, the stress vulnerability model (SVM), have been developed. However, the SVM is an incomplete model of patient experience and says little of aetiological note. One area of psychological function that may give further insight into the symptom experience associated with schizophrenia within the context of stress vulnerability concerns the mechanisms of repression. Ironically, the notion of repression will for many represent the epitome of non-evidence-based psychiatric theory and related psychodynamic therapy practice. However, more contemporary work within the psychological literature has aimed to make the concept both measurable and observable. No longer occluded by the context of psychoanalysis, cognitive science accounts of repression may be of value in facilitating understanding of the variability and predictability of symptoms of schizophrenia and may provide a dimension of therapeutic engagement allied to the SVM. [source] Task-dependent changes in frontal brain asymmetry: Effects of incentive cues, outcome expectancies, and motor responsesPSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Anita Miller The current study was designed to clarify the psychological functions most closely associated with frontal brain asymmetry. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded from 60 participants while they performed a delayed reaction time (RT) task that included manipulations of incentive, expectancy, and response. Significant alpha asymmetry effects were reflected in topographic differences across anterior EEG sites. Variations in monetary incentives resulted in parametric changes in anterior frontal alpha asymmetry. Manipulations of outcome expectancies were related to mid-frontal EEG changes that differed for men and women. Varied response requirements were related to central asymmetry patterns. Taken together, the findings suggest that regionally specific patterns of frontal asymmetry are functionally related to particular aspects of approach,withdrawal tendencies involved in the temporal guidance and regulation of goal-directed behavior. [source] | |||||||||||||