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Psychological Disorders (psychological + disorders)
Selected AbstractsInhibitory deficits in tourette's syndromeDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Emily R. Stern Abstract A developmental approach to the study of psychopathology can broaden understanding of a wide variety of complex psychological disorders. This article reviews research on Tourette's syndrome (TS), a developmental disorder characterized by unwanted motor and vocal tics. Over the past decade, knowledge of the neurobiology and pathophysiology of TS has progressed rapidly. The application of brain imaging techniques, primarily magnetic resonance imaging, to the study of Tourette's has increased knowledge of structural and functional deficits in brain areas associated with behavioral and psychological disturbances in the disorder. By reviewing some of this work, we will describe one way in which knowledge of brain function in TS has both informed and been informed by a developmental science approach. In particular, we will consider the extent to which the cognitive and emotional development of persons with TS may be affected by specific neurobiological characteristics of the disorder. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 9,18, 2008. [source] NGRI Revisited: Venirepersons' Attitudes Toward the Insanity Defense,JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 8 2006Brooke Butler Three hundred venirepersons from the 12th Judicial Circuit in Sarasota, Florida completed the following booklet of stimulus materials: one question measuring participants' level of support for insanity defense; a 16-item measure assessing participants' attitudes toward the myths associated with the insanity defense, the legal definitions of insanity, and mental illness; a case scenario; verdict preference; and standard demographic questions. Level of support for the insanity defense was significantly related to participants' attitudes toward legal standards of insanity, mental illness, and the myths associated with the insanity defense. In addition, results indicated that level of support for the insanity defense, age, educational level, occupation, type of prior jury service, and political views were significantly related to verdict preference. Notably, three factors that have been found to impact verdict preference in previous research failed to do so in the current study: participants' experience with psychological disorders; participants' exposure to psychotropic medications; and participants' experience with psychologists or psychiatrists. The findings both replicate and extend earlier findings by suggesting that attitudes toward the insanity defense are more complex than previously imagined. [source] Identifying and screening for psychological and comorbid medical and psychological disorders in medical settings,JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Rodger Kessler Abstract There is increased attention to the medical and economic consequences of psychological problems comorbid with medical issues. There is also a clear awareness that most psychological problems are assessed and responded to in nonpsychiatric medical settings. This has furthered interest and attention in implementing screening procedures to better identify psychological, behavioral, and substance abuse problems in medical settings. Such interest is taking the form of recommendations from federal government task forces, and the funding of large projects to include screening in medical settings. At the same time there has been further attention to brief, valid, and reliable measures with which to capture psychological comorbidities. However, there have been multiple concerns raised about a variety of issues concerning the utility and effectiveness of such screening procedures and the identification of multiple issues to be considered in screening design. The author outlines and reviews the rationale and concerns about screening, identifies the issues that need to be considered in screening program development, and describes the efforts to develop a screening capacity in a rural family practice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65:1,15, 2009. [source] Evidence-Based assessment with menJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2005Sam V. Cochran Men are almost universally underrepresented in psychological clinics and practices in the United States. One possible explanation for this underrepresentation is that men frequently conceal or obscure their emotional difficulties as a consequence of masculine gender role socialization. Men who subscribe to traditional, Western masculine values may be inclined to hide, minimize, or otherwise have difficulty expressing their psychological suffering, rendering this suffering difficult for clinicians to observe, diagnose, and treat. This manuscript describes an approach to the assessment process with men that integrates clinical reports on assessment and psychotherapy with men, values pertaining to our culture's construction of traditional masculinity, and empirical findings on psychological disorders more commonly observed in men. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 649,660, 2005. [source] EMDR and the role of the clinician in psychotherapy evaluation: Towards a more comprehensive integration of science and practiceJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 12 2002Francine Shapiro Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an integrative psychotherapy approach that has been consistently evaluated as efficacious in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The information processing model that guides its clinical application posits that EMDR should be effective in treating other psychological disorders that have experiential contributors. Research is needed to assess such applications. This special issue features three case series in which EMDR was applied to the treatment of complex PTSD, phobias, and chronic pain, respectively. The authors discuss deficits in the research literature, provide preliminary data on EMDR treatment of these conditions, and offer descriptive guidelines for evaluation that are achievable by the practicing clinician. Two additional articles offer preliminary data on physiological and cognitive/affective concomitants of therapeutic change. It is argued that clinicians should play a greater role in the rigorous and extensive examination of psychological treatments in the context of the exigencies of clinical practice. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1453,1463, 2002. [source] Psychological issues and treatments for people with diabetesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Richard R. Rubin This article examines psychological issues and their treatment among people with diabetes. The paper contains two main sections, one dealing with diagnosable clinical disorders, and the other with more mundane but nevertheless important subclinical problems in living with diabetes. We review the published literature on prevalence, manifestation, consequences, and treatment of psychological disorders in persons with diabetes, primarily depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. In describing everyday problems in living with diabetes we expand our sources beyond the published literature to include our own clinical and consulting experiences as well as our unpublished qualitative research. These problems include dietary restrictions, self-monitoring of blood glucose, taking insulin injections, and lack of support from family and health care professionals. We describe methods for dealing with such problems and discuss the tension between focusing on emotional distress versus practical issues of disease management. Finally, we briefly present some potentially positive consequences of living with diabetes so that readers can be aware of the inspirational aspects of personal experience with this disease. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 457,478, 2001 [source] Psychological comorbidity and complexity of gastrointestinal symptoms in clinically diagnosed irritable bowel syndrome patientsJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 7pt1 2008Antonina Mikocka-Walus Abstract Background and Aim:, The prevalence of psychological disorders is high in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but their role in symptom reporting is uncertain. It is thus interesting whether the number of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) determines the load of psychological comorbidity. The Rome III criteria have not been used to evaluate such a relationship as yet. Moreover, not many studies have examined the sensitivity of the Rome III criteria in detecting IBS. Our aims were therefore: (i) to determine whether those IBS participants with more FGID had a tendency to greater psychological comorbidity than those with fewer FGID; and (ii) to assess the performance of the Rome III criteria in detecting IBS versus the diagnosis of the gastroenterologist. Methods:, A cross-sectional survey of 32 consecutive outpatients with clinically diagnosed IBS was performed. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Short Form 12 Health Survey (SF-12), and the Rome III criteria questionnaire (BDQ-6) were administered. Multiple linear regression was conducted to detect associations among FGID, anxiety, depression and quality of life. Results:, Overall, 50% of participants were anxious and 12% were depressed. Forty-four percent of participants had >two FGID; however, the number of FGID did not correlate with scores for anxiety, depression or quality of life. Amazingly, only 50% (CI: 33,67) of participants clinically diagnosed with IBS met Rome III criteria for IBS. Conclusion:, Contrary to our expectations, a greater load of FGID did not correlate with a greater load of psychological comorbidity. Surprisingly, the Rome III criteria detected only 50% of clinical cases of IBS. [source] Conceptual and Design Essentials for Evaluating Mechanisms of ChangeALCOHOLISM, Issue 2007Matthew K. Nock Background:, Considerable progress has been made toward the development of evidence-based treatments for a wide range of psychological disorders; however, little is known about the mechanisms through which these treatments actually lead to clinical change. Although the use of traditional randomized controlled treatment designs and tests of statistical mediation have significantly advanced understanding of psychological treatments, they are insufficient to test mechanisms of change. Method:, This article outlines the conceptual and methodological requirements for evaluating mechanisms of change, highlights the importance of such a focus, and offers specific recommendations for research aimed at elucidating change mechanisms. Results and Conclusions:, Conceptualizing and conducting studies that test mechanisms of change requires substantial modifications to traditional research designs, but doing so will significantly enhance scientific understanding as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of clinical interventions. [source] Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Understanding the Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Supporting StudentsJOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 3 2007Jennifer H. Green PhD ABSTRACT Background:, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) affect a significant number of children in this country. This article addresses diagnostic issues related to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and other alcohol-related disabilities, discusses associated features and behaviors of FASD, and introduces interventions to support children with FASD in school settings. Methods:, A comprehensive review of FAS and FASD literature as it relates to school functioning was conducted. Results:, Prenatal alcohol exposure can result in a broad range of negative developmental consequences, including deficits in cognitive and academic functioning, psychological disorders, behavioral problems, and difficulties with independent living. Children with prenatal alcohol exposure are at risk for a spectrum of difficulties at school. Conclusions:, This topic is of considerable relevance to all professionals in a school setting, including teachers, administrators, school psychologists, special education providers, special service providers, and school nurses who interact with children who may be prenatally exposed to alcohol. Successful interventions will need to balance the use of environmental modifications, immediate and meaningful positive and negative consequences for behaviors, and opportunities to teach children skills to monitor and modify their behavior. [source] Who are the nonresponders to standard treatment with tricyclic antidepressant agents for cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults?ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2010R. A. HEJAZI Summary Background, Cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults is a disorder characterized by recurrent and stereotypic episodes of severe nausea and vomiting separated by symptom-free periods. Aims, To investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of adult cyclic vomiting syndrome patients not responding to standard tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) therapy. Methods, A total of 132 adults (62 men) with cyclic vomiting syndrome were followed for a mean of 1.6 years. Of these, 17 (eight men) patients were identified as nonresponders based on the criteria of unchanged, increased or minimally changed (<25%) frequency/duration of episodes and/or emergency department visits/hospitalizations. Demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline and annually up to 4 years were investigated. Results, The nonresponders were receiving TCAs at an average dose of 90 mg/day compared to a mean dose of 85 mg/day in responders. Compared with the responders, the nonresponders were significantly more likely to have a history of migraine (P < 0.05); co-existing psychological disorders (P < 0.05); chronic marijuana use (P < 0.05) and reliance on narcotics for pain control between cyclic vomiting syndrome episodes (P < 0.05). Conclusions, (1) Nonresponse to standard therapy in adult cyclic vomiting syndrome patients occurs in approximately 13% and is not explained by under dosing with TCA therapy. (2) The main risk factors for nonresponse are: co-existing migraine headache, psychiatric disorder, chronic narcotic and marijuana use, which should be addressed aggressively when symptom exacerbations continue during attempts to induce remission in cyclic vomiting syndrome with high-dose TCA therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther,31, 295,301 [source] Psychopathology in the schools: Multicultural factors that impact assessment and interventionPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 4 2006Lisa A. Suzuki All cultures promote specific norms of behavior that can influence the assessment and intervention process with members of racially/ethnically diverse groups who are diagnosed with various forms of psychopathology. The purpose of this article is to highlight literature on the prevalence of psychological disorders with respect to children and adolescents from different racial/ethnic groups and present variables that may impact assessment and intervention within these diverse populations (e.g., contextual factors, racial and ethnic identity, religious/spiritual beliefs, parenting factors, student attitudes). In addition, cultural issues related to the assessment process and culturally sensitive recommendations for intervention are addressed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 429,438, 2006. [source] Psychopathology in female juvenile offendersTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 6 2004Angela Dixon Background:, The aim was to document the spectrum of present and lifetime psychological disorders in female juvenile offenders, and to examine the relations between mental health status and socio-demographic, family and trauma variables. Method:, One hundred juvenile offenders were matched with a comparison group of 100 females on age and socioeconomic status (SES). Psychological profiles and trauma histories of both groups were assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children , Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and family functioning was assessed with the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale II (FACES II) self-report measure. Results:, Rates of psychopathology were higher for offenders than non-offenders (p < .001), with particularly high levels of conduct disorder (91% v.1%, p < .001), substance abuse disorders (85% v. 5%, p < .001), depression (55% v. 25%, p < .001) and posttraumatic stress disorder (37% v. 4%, p < .001). In the offenders, 78% met the criteria for three or more diagnoses. The number of psychiatric diagnoses was the most significant factor associated with offender status (OR = 21.26, p < .001). Conclusions:, There is a high prevalence of psychological disorder in females in juvenile justice custody and this has a very strong association with offender status. Because these co-morbid disorders are treatable, there is a clear opportunity to intervene to decrease psychological distress. [source] Burning mouth syndrome and psychological disordersAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009LM Abetz Abstract Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an oral dysaesthesia that causes chronic orofacial pain in the absence of a detectable organic cause. The aetiology of BMS is complex and multifactorial, and has been associated in the literature with menopause, trigger events and even genetic polymorphisms. Other studies have found evidence for mechanisms such as central and peripheral nervous system changes, with clinical and laboratory investigations supporting a neuropathologic cause. These physiological explanations notwithstanding, there is still much evidence that BMS aetiology has at least some psychological elements. Somatoform pain disorder has been suggested as a mechanism and factors such as personality, stress, anxiety, depression and other psychological, psychosocial and even psychiatric disorders play a demonstrable role in BMS aetiology and symptomatology. In order to treat BMS patients, both physiological and psychological factors must be managed, but patient acceptance of possible components of psychological disease basis is a major hurdle. Clinical signs of patient stress, anxiety or depression are a useful reinforcement of clinical discussions. The current paper proposes a number of clinical signs that may be useful for both clinical assessment and subsequent patient discussions by providing visible supportive evidence of the diagnosis. [source] Continuing professional development self-assessment quiz: Burning mouth syndrome and psychological disordersAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Article first published online: 21 MAY 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] The relationships among clinical depression, suicide, and other actions that may hasten deathBEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW, Issue 5 2004James L. Werth Jr. Ph.D. Clinical depression and other psychological disorders have been associated with suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths. Because of the link between suicide and mental illness, whenever discussion of "assisted suicide" arises, the possibility that major depression is affecting the decision arises. This article examines the literature on clinical depression as it relates to suicide, "assisted suicide," and other decisions that will hasten death (i.e. withholding and withdrawing treatment, terminal sedation, and voluntarily stopping eating and drinking). Ethical and legal considerations when working with individuals who are considering taking an action that would hasten death are also briefly reviewed. The article ends with practice and policy recommendations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Book Review: Alphabet Kids: from ADD to Zellweger syndrome: a guide to developmental, neurobiological and psychological disorders for parents and professionals , By Robbie WoliverBRITISH JOURNAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION, Issue 3 2009Margaret Cousins No abstract is available for this article. [source] Erectile Dysfunction in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients Treated with Beta-Blockade AgentsCARDIOVASCULAR THERAPEUTICS, Issue 1 2010Alberto Cordero Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a multifactorial disease related to age, vascular disease, psychological disorders, or medical treatments. Beta-blockade agents are the recommended treatment for hypertensive patients with some specific organ damage but have been outlined as one of leading causes of drug-related ED, although differences between beta-blockade agents have not been assessed. Methods: Cross-sectional and observational study of hypertensive male subjects treated with any beta-blockade agent for at least 6 months. ED dysfunction was assessed by the International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF). Results: 1.007 patients, mean age 57.9 (10.59) years, were included. The prevalence of any category of ED was 71.0% (38.1% mild ED; 16.8% moderate ED; 16.1% severe ED). Patients with ED had longer time since the diagnosis of hypertension and higher prevalence of risk factors and comorbidities. The prevalence of ED increased linearly with age. ED patients received more medications and were more frequently treated with carvedilol and less frequently with nebivolol. Patients treated with nebivolol obtained higher scores in every parameter of the IIEF questionnaire. The multivariate analysis identified independent associations between ED and coronary heart disease (OR: 1.57), depression (OR: 2.25), diabetes (OR: 2.27), atrial fibrillation (OR: 2.59), and dyhidopiridines calcium channel blockers (OR: 1.76); treatment with nebivolol was associated to lower prevalence of ED (OR: 0.27). Conclusion: ED is highly prevalent in hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockade agents. The presence of ED is associated with more extended organ damage and not to cardiovascular treatments, except for the lower prevalence in nebivolol-treated patients. [source] A prospective 10-year study on children who had severe infantile colicACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 2005Francesco Savino Abstract Aim: To evaluate the association between infantile colic and gastrointestinal, allergic and psychological disorders in childhood. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 103 infants aged 31,87 d. After 10 y, between 2001 and 2003, the children were recalled and a paediatrician evaluated the selected disorders by anamnesis, medical examination, laboratory tests and parent interviews. Results: Of the 103 infants enrolled, 96 completed the study. There was an association between infantile colic and recurrent abdominal pain (p=0.001) and allergic disorders: allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthmatic bronchitis, pollenosis, atopic eczema and food allergy (p<0.05). Sleep disorders, fussiness, aggressiveness and feelings of supremacy are more frequent in children who suffered from colic during early infancy (p<0.05). A family history of gastrointestinal diseases and atopic diseases was significantly higher in infants with colic than in controls (p<0.05). Conclusion: Susceptibility to recurrent abdominal pain, allergic and psychological disorders in childhood may be increased by infantile colic. Our findings confirm that severe infantile colic might be the early expression of some of the most common disorders in childhood. [source] Linking stigma to psychological distress: testing a social,cognitive model of the experience of people with intellectual disabilitiesCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 4 2004Dave Dagnan In this study we explore the link between the social experience of people with intellectual disabilities and core cognitive process that have previously been shown to be related to a range of psychological disorders. Thirty-nine people with intellectual disabilities completed self-report scales measuring the perception of stigma, core negative evaluations and social comparison. Correlation analysis suggests that core negative evaluative beliefs about the self are positively associated with the experience of feeling different: a process that could be described as internalizing the experienced stigma. Relationships were also found between negative self-evaluations and the social attractiveness dimension of the social comparison scale. Using regression techniques stigma was found to have an impact on social comparison processes that was mediated by evaluative beliefs. These findings support a social,cognitive view of the importance of the social world to people with an intellectual disability, and the psychological damage that stigmatization can cause. We discuss interventions that integrate both social and cognitive domains.,Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Anxiety and Its Disorders: Implications for PharmacotherapyCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 2 2010Jonathan S. Abramowitz [Clin Psychol Sci Prac 17: 104,106, 2010] Otto, McHugh, and Kantak (2010) have crafted a model to account for the observation that pharmacologic treatments do not reliably add to the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders. In this commentary, we discuss the nature of anxiety and its disorders and review three approaches to the pharmacotherapy of these psychological disorders. When the implications of these approaches are considered, the use of N -methyl- d -aspartate agonists, in theory, holds the greatest promise for a pharmacological treatment to complement CBT for anxiety disorders. [source] | ||||||||||||||||