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Psychological Approach (psychological + approach)
Kinds of Psychological Approach Selected AbstractsBook review: Hormones and Behavior: A Psychological ApproachAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Markus HausmannArticle first published online: 6 JAN 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] A Social Psychological Approach to Enduring RivalriesPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Cameron G. Thies The recent scholarly work on the concept of enduring rivalries offers a promising way to examine strategic interaction among dyads of states over extended periods of time. A focus on rivalry, and on the mechanisms that provide for such interaction, may offer a way to bridge existing theories of international relations that rely exclusively on structure or process. Unfortunately, the potential for theory-building has not been fully realized because research into rivalry has tended to be inductive. This paper seeks to rectify that problem by situating the rivalry concept within a social psychological approach to international relations. The rivalry concept is appropriately located in a theoretical approach that views the international system as a social system where actors are conditioned by mechanisms of competition and socialization. [source] Reinvigorating the Study of Foreign Policy Decision Making: Toward a Constructivist ApproachFOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2007DAVID PATRICK HOUGHTON For many years, the study of foreign policy analysis (FPA) has been a kind of free-floating enterprise, logically unconnected to the main theories of international relations (IR). Sometimes, it has been subsumed under the liberal or pluralist sections of textbooks, and at other times placed within a discussion of realism. But the logical connections to both of these paradigms were always strained. The appeal of FPA approaches has also waxed and waned over the years, in part because these approaches do not appear to "fit" anywhere within the framework of the larger debates going on in IR. This article suggests that a dialogue with social constructivism provides the most logical base from which to launch a revitalized approach to FPA, especially the cognitive psychological approach to the study of foreign policy. If the FPA agenda is to be reinvigorated and taken more seriously outside the subfield itself, this article suggests, it must hitch its wagon to some of the critical substantive debates going on in IR theory today. Indeed, there are already some signs that the cognitive approach to FPA in particular is increasingly being associated with this larger body of theory. [source] Sexist talk: Gender categories, participants' orientations and ironyJOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 3 2002Susan A. Speer This paper uses a discursive social psychological approach to develop and extend what we know about the constitution of sexist talk. Using data from a variety of sources where the topic under discussion is gender and leisure, I examine actual instances of sexism in action. Specifically, I examine the ways in which participants use arguments about possible injury to justify women's non,participation in certain sport and leisure activities. I identify three resources that participants use to sustain sexist accounts, and bolster their arguments against attack. A fourth resource problematises just what counts as sexist talk, and provides evidence for the ways in which participants themselves can exploit sexist arguments in an ironic fashion to expose and challenge sexist assumptions. I end by considering the implications of this approach for future work on sexist talk, and discursive work on the relationship between gender and language more generally. [source] Creativity through a rhetorical lens: implications for schooling, literacy and media educationLITERACY, Issue 2 2007Shakuntala Banaji Abstract This article, which is speculative in outlook and emerges from an extended literature review on this subject, takes as its basic premise the notion that the idea of ,creativity', whether in relation to literacy, schooling or the economy, is constructed as a series of rhetorical claims. These rhetorics of creativity emerge from the contexts of research, theory, policy and practice. Initially, we distinguish 10 rhetorics, which are described in relation to the philosophical or political traditions from which they spring. The discussion then focuses on four rhetorics , play, technology, politics/democracy and the creative classroom , which have most relevance for understandings of literacies and the way in which these are nurtured, encouraged and expressed in different social settings. This article aims to summarise the rhetorics and their major concerns, while considering how selected ones might apply to an instance of media literacy. Key questions addressed in this article ask whether creativity is more usefully understood as an internal cognitive function or an external cultural phenomenon; whether it is a ubiquitous human activity or a special faculty; whether it is necessarily ,pro-social' or should be dissident; and what the implications of a culturalist social psychological approach to creativity might be for analyses of the media literacy of children and young people. [source] A Social Psychological Approach to Enduring RivalriesPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Cameron G. Thies The recent scholarly work on the concept of enduring rivalries offers a promising way to examine strategic interaction among dyads of states over extended periods of time. A focus on rivalry, and on the mechanisms that provide for such interaction, may offer a way to bridge existing theories of international relations that rely exclusively on structure or process. Unfortunately, the potential for theory-building has not been fully realized because research into rivalry has tended to be inductive. This paper seeks to rectify that problem by situating the rivalry concept within a social psychological approach to international relations. The rivalry concept is appropriately located in a theoretical approach that views the international system as a social system where actors are conditioned by mechanisms of competition and socialization. [source] Proposal for a Definition of Lifelong Premature Ejaculation Based on Epidemiological Stopwatch DataTHE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 4 2005Marcel D. Waldinger MD ABSTRACT Introduction., Consensus on a definition of premature ejaculation has not yet been reached because of debates based on subjective authority opinions and nonstandardized assessment methods to measure ejaculation time and ejaculation control. Aim., To provide a definition for lifelong premature ejaculation that is based on epidemiological evidence including the neurobiological and psychological approach. Methods., We used the 0.5 and 2.5 percentiles as accepted standards of disease definition in a skewed distribution. We applied these percentiles in a stopwatch-determined intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) distribution of 491 nonselected men from five different countries. The practical consequences of 0.5% and 2.5% cutoff points for disease definition were taken into consideration by reviewing current knowledge of feelings of control and satisfaction in relation to ejaculatory performance of the general male population. Main Outcome Measures., Literature arguments to be used in a proposed consensus on a definition of premature ejaculation. Results., The stopwatch-determined IELT distribution is positively skewed. The 0.5 percentile equates to an IELT of 0.9 minute and the 2.5 percentile an IELT of 1.3 minutes. However, there are no available data in the literature on feelings of control or satisfaction in relation to ejaculatory latency time in the general male population. Random male cohort studies are needed to end all speculation on this subject. Exact stopwatch time assessment of IELT in a multinational study led us to propose that all men with an IELT of less than 1 minute (belonging to the 0.5 percentile) have "definite" premature ejaculation, while men with IELTs between 1 and 1.5 minutes (between 0.5 and 2.5 percentile) have "probable" premature ejaculation. Severity of premature ejaculation (nonsymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe) should be defined in terms of associated psychological problems. Conclusion., We define lifelong premature ejaculation as a neurobiological dysfunction with an unacceptable increase of risk to develop sexual and psychological problems anywhere in a lifetime. By defining premature ejaculation from an authority-defined disorder into a dysfunction based on epidemiological evidence it is possible to establish consensus based on epidemiological evidence. Additional epidemiological stopwatch studies are needed for a final decision of IELT values at both percentile cutoff points. [source] Mental health status of Japanese-Brazilian children at Brazilian schools in JapanASIA-PACIFIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 2 2010Shu Kondo MD PhD Abstract Introduction: Although the mental health of Japanese-Brazilian children in Japan has become a matter of concern, few studies have employed a psychological approach and no research of these children's mental health has previously been performed at Brazilian schools in Japan. Methods: The present study used a sample of 241 children aged 4 to 10 years at five Brazilian schools in Japan. The Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire was applied for their guardians and teachers to detect the probable cases of mental disorders. Demographic data of the children were also collected from their guardians and a further analysis was made to determine the risk factors of the probable cases of conduct disorders. Results: The proportion of probable cases was 0.8% for emotional disorders, 9.1% for conduct disorders, 2.1% for hyperactivity disorders, and 10.0% for any psychiatric disorder. The detected risk factors of conduct disorders were male sex, 8 to 10 years of age, living without a father, and not talking often with their teacher. Discussion: The proportions of probable cases of mental disorders were not as high compared to general prevalence ranges or earlier studies. Considering the school and home situation of the children, living without a father seemed to be the foremost risk factor of conduct disorders. [source] Lifelong premature ejaculation: from authority-based to evidence-based medicineBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2004M.D. Waldinger SUMMARY Historically, four periods can be distinguished in the approach to and treatment of lifelong premature ejaculation. Although drug treatment has been an option for many decades, psychotherapy prevailed as the first choice of treatment. However, the application of the principles of evidence-based medicine shows that there is little evidence to support the psychological approach and behavioural treatment. In contrast, controlled trials with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, clomipramine and anaesthetic ointments have repeatedly shown the efficacy of both daily and ,as-needed' drug treatment to delay ejaculation. Currently, an evidence-based approach is gradually replacing the authority-based psychological attitude that characterized the view of premature ejaculation. Based on psychopharmacological studies there is evidence that premature ejaculation is related to a diminished serotonergic neurotransmission, and 5-HT2C or 5-HT1A receptor disturbances. Moreover, animal studies show the presence of a distinct ejaculation-related neural circuit in the central nervous system; its role in premature ejaculation remains to be elucidated. [source] Managing people and performance: an evidence based framework applied to health service organizationsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS, Issue 2 2004Susan Michie People and their performance are key to an organization's effectiveness. This review describes an evidence-based framework of the links between some key organizational influences and staff performance, health and well-being. This preliminary framework integrates management and psychological approaches, with the aim of assisting future explanation, prediction and organizational change. Health care is taken as the focus of this review, as there are concerns internationally about health care effectiveness. The framework considers empirical evidence for links between the following organizational levels: 1Context (organizational culture and inter-group relations; resources, including staffing; physical environment) 2People management (HRM practices and strategies; job design, workload and teamwork; employee involvement and control over work; leadership and support) 3Psychological consequences for employees (health and stress; satisfaction and commitment; knowledge, skills and motivation) 4Employee behaviour (absenteeism and turnover; task and contextual performance; errors and near misses) 5Organizational performance; patient care. This review contributes to an evidence base for policies and practices of people management and performance management. Its usefulness will depend on future empirical research, using appropriate research designs, sufficient study power and measures that are reliable and valid. [source] Psychological functioning in families that blame: from blaming events to theory integrationJOURNAL OF FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 4 2005Ceri Bowen Blaming events in therapy were used as a focus for discussions with family therapists in order to examine their construal of the therapeutic process when working with families who blame. Interview transcripts were used as data which were analysed using a qualitative methodology, with a view to building a theoretical model. We present an exploratory model that allows therapists to position their therapy within a broader framework of psychological approaches. When prompted by a video-clip of blaming from the therapy setting, therapists tended to categorize current difficulties in terms of fear and control issues from past relationships and consequent underlying beliefs, and they also described the resultant negative outlook as a direct challenge to therapist idealism. Interestingly, the two themes that emerged from the interview data with the most categories and quotes were ,unhealthy allocation of responsibility for problems', which is arguably the main source of overt blaming, and ,family identity and cohesion', so often a point of contention during therapy. [source] | |||||||||||||