			Home About us Contact

Protein Requirements (protein + requirement)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Earth and Environmental Science	73%
Medical Sciences	17%
Life Sciences	5%

Kinds of Protein Requirements

dietary protein requirement

Selected Abstracts

Reevaluation of the Dietary Protein Requirement of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 2 2003
Kangwoong Kim
An experiment was conducted to determine the dietary protein requirement by different analysis methods and to study the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance and body composition in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed white fish meal and casein-based diets for 8 wk. After a 1-wk conditioning period, one of six isocaloric diets containing 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, and 60% crude protein (CP) was fed to fish at approximately 4,5% of wet body weight on a dry matter basis to triplicate groups of 15 fish averaging 13.3 ± 0.06 g (mean ± SD). After 8 wk of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) from fish fed 48% CP diet were similar to those from fish fed 42% and 54% CP diets, and were significantly higher than those from fish fed 30, 36 and 60% CP diets (P < 0.05). Fish fed 48 and 54% CP diets had a significant higher specific growth rate (SGR) than did fish fed 30 and 36% CP diets (P 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was inversely related to the dietary protein level. No significant differences existed in hematocrit (PCV) and survival rate among the dietary treatments. Broken-line model analysis indicated that the optimum dietary protein level could be 44.0 ± 3.0% for maximum WG in Japanese flounder. Polynomial regression analysis of the dose-response showed that maximum WG occurred at 50.2% (R2= 0.94) based on WG, and the second-order polynomial regression analysis with 95% confidence limits revealed that the range of minimum protein requirement was between 38.9% and 40.3% based on WG. Therefore, these findings suggest that the optimum dietary protein requirement for maximum growth of Japanese flounder is greater than 40%, but less than 44% CP in the fish meal and casein-based diets containing 17.0 kJ/g of energy. [source]

Increasing Dietary Protein Requirements in Elderly People for Optimal Muscle and Bone Health

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 6 2009
Erin Gaffney-Stomberg MS
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are degenerative diseases frequently associated with aging. The loss of bone and muscle results in significant morbidity, so preventing or attenuating osteoporosis and sarcopenia is an important public health goal. Dietary protein is crucial for development of bone and muscle, and recent evidence suggests that increasing dietary protein above the current Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) may help maintain bone and muscle mass in older individuals. Several epidemiological and clinical studies point to a salutary effect of protein intakes above the current RDA (0.8 g/kg per day) for adults aged 19 and older. There is evidence that the anabolic response of muscle to dietary protein is attenuated in elderly people, and as a result, the amount of protein needed to achieve anabolism is greater. Dietary protein also increases circulating insulin-like growth factor, which has anabolic effects on muscle and bone. Furthermore, increasing dietary protein increases calcium absorption, which could be anabolic for bone. Available evidence supports a beneficial effect of short-term protein intakes up to 1.6 to 1.8 g/kg per day, although long-term studies are needed to show safety and efficacy. Future studies should employ functional measures indicative of protein adequacy, as well as measures of muscle protein synthesis and maintenance of muscle and bone tissue, to determine the optimal level of dietary protein. Given the available data, increasing the RDA for older individuals to 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg per day would maintain normal calcium metabolism and nitrogen balance without affecting renal function and may represent a compromise while longer-term protein supplement trials are pending. J Am Geriatr Soc 57:1073,1079, 2009. [source]

Quantitative Protein Requirements of the Edible Snail Pomacea urceus (Muller)

JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 2 2004
Indar W. Ramnarine
Six isocaloric, semi-purified diets containing 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% crude protein were formulated and fed to juvenile Pomacea urceus (mean length 34.8 mm, mean weight 7.35 g) at the daily rate of 4% biomass over an 18-wk period. The best weight gain of 230% was obtained with the test diet containing 30% crude protein, but was not significantly different from the weight gain of 228% obtained with the 20% protein diet. A lower feed conversion ratio (1.77 compared with 1.90) was obtained with the test diet containing 20% crude protein. A diet containing 20% crude protein is recommended for the culture of Pomacea urceus. [source]

Protein requirement for maintenance and maximum growth of two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris) juveniles

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2009
R.O.A. OZÓRIO
Abstract The effects of various dietary protein levels on growth performance, whole body composition and nutrient utilization were studied in two-banded sea bream (Diplodus vulgaris), a candidate species for aquaculture. Fish (initial weight 6.1 g) were fed to satiety six iso-energetic diets, containing 5%, 12.5%, 25%, 35%, 45% or 55% of crude protein during 72 days. Fish fed 35% and 45% protein attained better growth and feed utilization than the other groups (P < 0.05). Daily growth index and feed conversion ratio were the poorest for fish fed 5% and 12.5% protein (P < 0.001), while the 25% and 55% protein groups had intermediate performance. Lipid retention increased significantly from 13.7% to 30.1% (P < 0.0001) and protein retention decreased from 35.5% to 21.3% (P < 0.01) with increasing protein levels from 12.5% to 45%. Muscle protein, lipid and energy concentrations were not significantly affected by dietary protein level. The estimated protein requirement for maintenance and maximum growth of two-banded seabream growing from 6 to 20 g were 7.5% and 35.7%, respectively. Protein requirements as calculated from body protein gain were 2.3 and 6.5 g of protein intake per kilogram body weight per day. [source]

Protein requirements of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry cultured at different salinities

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 8 2010
Edvino Larumbe-Morán
Abstract Effect of isolipidic (62.7 ± 5.0 g kg,1) diets with protein levels of 204.6 (T20), 302.3 (T30), 424.6 (T40) or 511.0 g kg,1 (T50) on growth and survival in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus 1758) fry cultured for 70 days at one of four salinities (0, 15, 20 and 25 g L,1) was evaluated. A bifactorial (4 × 4) design was used with 16 treatments run in triplicate and 20 fry (0.25 ± 0.04 g) per replicate under semi-controlled conditions. Four independent, recirculating systems (one per salinity level) were used, each one with 12 circular tanks (70 L capacity), filters and constant aeration. The different salinities had no significant effect on growth. Weight gain improved significantly as dietary protein content increased, although organisms fed the T50 diet had a lower growth rate. Survival was highest (98.33%) in the T50/15 (protein/salinity levels) treatment and lowest (71.0%) in the T20/20 treatment, with no pattern caused by the variables. The T40/25, T40/20 and T50/0 treatments produced the most efficient growth and feed utilization values while the T20 treatments at all the salinities resulted with the lowest performance. With the exception of the T50 treatments, a non-significant tendency to increased weight gain was observed as water salinity increased, suggesting that the salinity of the culture environment does not influence dietary protein requirements in Nile tilapia O. niloticus fry. [source]

Protein requirements of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L.

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 3 2010
Jón Árnason
Abstract Three feeding trials were conducted to estimate the minimum protein requirements for maximum growth of Atlantic cod (initial size 37,600 g). The diets in each trial were near iso-energetic and contained 47,64% crude protein (CP) in dry matter for small fish while diets for larger fish contained 36,57% CP. There was no significant difference in the final weight of small fish (90,130 g) fed different levels of CP. However, the specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed 59% and 64% CP (0.9% day,1) was significantly higher than that of fish fed either 47% or 48% CP (0.5,0.7% day,1). The hepato-somatic index (HSI) increased progressively with decreased CP and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was negatively correlated with CP of the diets. In two trials with larger fish, CP did not significantly affect mean final weight (750,900 g), SGR or FCR. As for the smaller fish, the HSI was negatively correlated with CP and in one of the experiments, the feed intake was also negatively correlated with CP. The feed efficiency tended to be reduced. The results suggest that the protein requirement for maximum growth in Atlantic cod is size dependent: for 40,107 g fish, the minimum CP is 47,52% and for larger fish (400,900 g) it is 36% or lower. [source]

Energy metabolizability and nutrient digestibility in the Black-billed Magpie Pica pica

IBIS, Issue 2 2001
E. JEAN HARPER1
Energy metabolizability (ME) and nutrient digestibility were investigated in a captive colony of nine adult Black-billed Magpies Pica pica over a 12-day period. The mean digestibility coefficients ranged from 0.84 for protein to 0.94 for fat and were generally close to those of other birds. Mean daily protein intake was 10.5 g/bird which was relatively high compared with the values reported for other species. Raptor studies have also reported high protein intakes which not only reflects the diet composition but may suggest that meat-eating birds have a high protein requirement. The magpies exhibited an energy metabolizability of 324.3 kJ ME/100 g wet mass intake which corresponded well with the value of 328.8 Id ME/100 g calculated using the standard poultry equation. The measured ME intakes of the magpies were all higher than the values predicted using published allometric equations. The data from the magpies were combined with those of other studies on raptorial birds to derive an equation to predict daily ME requirement: ME (kJ) = 15.16M0.65 We propose that this equation predicts the daily ME requirements of birds of 100,1500 g. [source]

Reevaluation of the Dietary Protein Requirement of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Influence of dietary protein levels on growth performance and body composition of African bonytongue fingerlings, Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829)

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 2 2010
S.-E. MONENTCHAM
Abstract Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of dietary protein levels on growth and carcass proximate composition of Heterotis fingerlings. Four isoenergetic practical diets were formulated to contain dietary protein levels from 250 to 400 g kg,1 diet. Replicate groups of young Heterotis (initial live weight 3.96 and 26.40 g in experiments 1 and 2 respectively) were handfed twice daily to apparent satiation for a period of 42 and 28 days respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that growth rate was significantly affected by dietary protein level (P < 0.01). The highest weight gain was observed in fingerlings fed with 300 and 350 g protein kg,1 diet for fish size ranging between 3,15 and 26,62 g respectively. There was no significant difference between groups fed with 300, 350 and 400 g protein kg,1 diet for Heterotis fingerlings (3,15 g) in the one hand; in the other hand, significant differences were found between fish (26,62 g) fed with 350 g protein kg,1 diet and those receiving 300 and 400 g protein kg,1 diet, with no significant difference between each other. The specific growth rate varied from 2.4% to 3.1% day,1. The whole-body protein, lipid, moisture and ash contents were not significantly affected by dietary protein levels (P > 0.05). The relationships between percentage weight gain and dietary protein levels suggested very similar dietary protein requirement (about 310 g crude protein kg,1 diet) for Heterotis ranging from 3 to 62 g. The maximum growth occurred at about 345 g protein kg,1 diet. [source]

Growth performance and body composition of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) in response to dietary protein and energy levels

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 2 2010
A.J.A. BICUDO
Abstract Improper dietary protein and energy levels and their ratio will lead to increased fish production cost. This work evaluated effects of dietary protein : energy ratio on growth and body composition of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Fingerling pacu (15.5 ± 0.4 g) were fed twice a day for 10 weeks until apparent satiation with diets containing 220, 260, 300, 340 or 380 g kg,1 crude protein (CP) and 10.9, 11.7, 12.6, 13.4 or 14.2 MJ kg,1 digestible energy (DE) in a totally randomized experimental design, 5 × 5 factorial scheme (n = 3). Weight gain, specific growth rate increased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when CP increased from 220 to 271, 268 and 281 g kg,1 respectively. Pacu was able to adjust feed consumption in a wide range of dietary DE concentration. Fish fed 260 CP diets showed best (P < 0.05) protein efficiency ratio and FCR with 11.7,12.6 MJ kg,1; but for the 380 CP-diets group, significant differences were observed only at 14.2 MJ kg,1 dietary energy level, suggesting that pacu favours protein as energy source. DE was the chief influence on whole body chemical composition. Minimum dietary protein requirement of pacu is 270 g kg,1, with an optimum CP : DE of 22.2 g MJ,1. [source]

Dietary protein requirement of white sea bream (Diplodus sargus) juveniles

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 4 2008
R. SÁ
Abstract A trial was undertaken to estimate the protein requirement of white sea bream (Diplodus sargus). Five fish meal-based diets were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (from 60 to 490 g kg,1). Each diet was assigned to triplicate groups of 25 fish with a mean individual body weight of 22 g. Fish fed the 60 g kg,1 protein diet lost weight during the trial, while growth improved in the other groups as dietary protein level increased up to 270,370 g kg,1. Feed efficiency improved as dietary protein level increased. Maximum protein efficiency ratio (PER) was observed with the 17% protein diet. N retention (NR) (% N intake) was not different among groups fed diets with 17% protein and above. Ammonia excretion (g kg,1ABW day,1) increased as dietary protein level increased, while no differences in urea excretion were noted. An exponential model was used to adjust specific growth rate and NR (g kg,1 day,1) to dietary protein level. Based on that model, dietary protein required for maximum retention was 330 g kg,1, while for maximum growth it was 270 g kg,1. On a wet weight basis, there were no differences in whole body composition of fish-fed diets with 170 g kg,1 protein and above, except for the protein content, which was lower in group fed the 170 g kg,1 protein diet than the 490 g kg,1 protein diet. Specific activities of hepatic amino acid catabolism enzymes (glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) increased as dietary protein levels increased. There were no differences among groups in fatty acid synthetase and malyc enzyme but 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was significantly lower in fish fed the 60 g kg,1 protein diet than the 170 and 490 g kg,1 protein diets. [source]

A multivariate approach to optimization of macronutrient composition in weaning diets for cod (Gadus morhua)

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2006
K. HAMRE
Abstract Atlantic cod, initial weight 0.26 g, were fed diets varying in added protein from 530 to 830 g kg,1, lipid from 50 to 300 g kg,1 and carbohydrate from 0 to 150 g kg,1 of dry weight, according to a three-component mixture design. Analysed values of protein and lipid were 500,770 g kg,1 and 30,270 g kg,1, respectively. Analysed carbohydrate levels were as added. Increasing levels of both lipid and carbohydrate had a positive effect on fish growth (P < 10,3), whereas protein levels above 600 g kg,1 gave a reduction in growth (P < 10,4). The effects on growth were evident in fish less than 4 g, whereas fish growth between 4 and 6 g was unaffected by the dietary variation. It is hypothesized that the reduction in growth at high protein levels in fish of less than 4 g could be owing to incomplete utilization of protein, as the stomach of cod is not fully developed before the fish is approximately 1 g. Mortality and cannibalism were high in fish less than 4 g but low when the fish grew from 4 to 6 g. There was a significant decrease in cannibalism with increasing dietary lipid during the first half of the experiment (P < 0.05) and cannibalism was consistently high in fish fed less than 150 g kg,1 lipid. The lipid level in whole fish increased with increasing dietary levels of lipid (P < 10,6) and carbohydrate (P < 10,4), whereas the liver lipid level increased with increasing dietary lipid up to 200 g kg,1 (P < 10,6) and decreased thereafter (P < 10,4). Whole body glycogen increased slightly with increasing levels of dietary carbohydrate (P < 0.05) and was not affected by the other dietary variables. Liver glycogen increased in response to increasing dietary carbohydrate (P < 10,5) and decreasing levels of dietary lipid (P < 10,5). An abrupt increase in liver glycogen was seen with the reduction in dietary lipid from 100 to 50 g kg,1. The hepatosomatic index increased in response to both dietary lipid and carbohydrate (P < 10,6). It is concluded that the protein requirement of young cod is less than 500 g kg,1 of dry diet. Fish of less than 4 g should not be given more than 620 g kg,1 protein and should be supplemented with 150,200 g kg,1 lipid. Carbohydrate up to 150 g kg,1 of dry diet promoted growth and did not seem to affect the fish negatively. Fish above 4 g can be given diets varying in protein and carbohydrate over the wide range of concentrations used in the present study, but lipid supplementation should be restricted to between 100 and 200 g kg,1. [source]

Protein requirements of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L.

Dietary protein requirement of giant mud crab Scylla serrata juveniles fed iso-energetic formulated diets having graded protein levels

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 2 2010
Unniyampurath Unnikrishnan
Abstract The protein requirement of juvenile mud crab Scylla serrata (body weight=0.25±0.051 g, carapace width=9.3±0.04 mm) fed with different iso-energetic, iso-lipidic diets with graded protein levels (15,55% crude protein at 5% intervals) was determined. The feeding trial was conducted for a period of 63 days to determine the minimum and optimum protein requirement of juvenile S. serrata. The crabs fed with 15% and 20% dietary protein levels showed 100% and 12.5% of mortalities respectively. The mortalities observed in the above treatments were associated with the prolonged intermoult duration (46 and 32 days respectively). All other treatments recorded 100% survival. The best growth performance as well as the nutrient turn-over was recorded in crabs fed with 45% crude protein in the diet. Second-order polynomial regression of specific growth rate (SGR) as well as body protein gain vs. dietary protein levels suggested that 46.9,47.03% dietary protein is required for the best growth response and protein deposition in juvenile S. serrata. An extrapolation of ,SGR' and ,daily protein gain' upon the ,dietary protein level' axis (Y=0) showed that 14.7,16.2% dietary protein is necessary for the minimum maintenance metabolism. [source]

Effects of dietary protein levels on the growth performance, digestive capacity and amino acid metabolism of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2009
Yong Liu
Abstract This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of protein levels on the growth performance, digestive capacity and amino acid metabolism of juvenile Jian carp. Brown fish meal was used as the sole protein source in the present study. Six isoenergetic experimental diets containing 14.4 MJ kg,1 of digestible energy and 220,495 g crude protein kg,1 diets were fed to triplicate groups of 50 fish with a mean initial weight of 16.67 ± 0.01 g for 45 days. Per cent weight gain (PWG) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) improved with an increase in the dietary protein levels up to 330 g kg,1 diet. The condition factor, relative gut length, intestinal folds height, hepatopancreas and intestine protein content improved with an increase in the protein levels up to 330,385 g kg,1 diet. Trypsin, creatinkinase, Na+, K+ -ATPase and alkaline phosphatase activities generally followed the same tendency as that of growth parameters. Amylase and ,-glutamyl transpeptidase (,-GT) activities were negatively correlated with increasing protein levels from 220 to 330 g kg,1 diet, and no differences were found thereafter. Lipase activity was unaffected by protein levels. Lactobacillus amount was increased with protein levels up to 275 g kg,1 diet, while Aeromonas amount followed the opposite pattern. Escherichia coli amount was not influenced by dietary protein levels. Glutamate,oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activities in the hepatopancreas and plasma ammonia concentration (PAC) were not influenced by protein levels between 220 and 275 g kg,1 diet, but significantly increased with increasing protein levels from 275 to 440 g kg,1 diet, and remained similar thereafter. Glutamate,pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities significantly increased with protein levels >275 g kg,1 diet. Based on the broken-line model, the dietary protein requirement for PWG of Jian carp (16.7,55.0 g) was estimated to be 341 g kg,1 diet with a digestible energy of 14.4 MJ kg,1 diet. [source]

Dietary protein requirements of juvenile haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.)

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 2001
J D Kim
Abstract A study was conducted to determine growth and feed utilization by haddock fed diets containing graded levels of protein (35, 40, 45 and 50%). Haddock fingerlings with an average weight of 24 g were hand-fed one of the four isoenergetic (,16.6 MJ digestible energy kg,1) experimental diets to satiation, three times a day during the 9-week period. Filtered and UV-treated water (salinity, 30,) was supplied to each circular tank (holding capacity: 320 L) at 4 L min,1 in a flow-through system. Increases in dietary protein improved weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed : gain ratio. The highest weight gain (percentage/initial weight) was observed in fish fed 50% protein, although there was no significant difference between groups fed 45% and 50% protein. A similar effect was observed in SGR of fish fed 50% protein, which was the highest among treatments. Although an increase in dietary protein resulted in a slight increase in feed intake, the lowest feed : gain ratio was obtained in fish fed the diet with the highest protein. Nitrogen intake increased from 1.48 to 2.33 g with the increase in dietary protein levels, which resulted in an improvement in whole-body nitrogen gain, although there were no significant differences in nitrogen retention and protein efficiency ratio among fish groups. The broken-line regression of weight gain against protein level yielded an estimated protein requirement of 49.9%. [source]

Nocturnal nutritional supplementation improves total body protein status of patients with liver cirrhosis: A randomized 12-month trial,

HEPATOLOGY, Issue 2 2008
Lindsay D. Plank
Patients with liver cirrhosis exhibit early onset of gluconeogenesis after short-term fasting. This accelerated metabolic reaction to starvation may underlie their increased protein requirements and muscle depletion. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the hypothesis that provision of a late-evening nutritional supplement over a 12-month period would improve body protein stores in patients with cirrhosis. A total of 103 patients (68 male, 35 female; median age 51, range 28,74; Child-Pugh grading: 52A, 31B, 20C) were randomized to receive either daytime (between 0900 and 1900 hours) or nighttime (between 2100 and 0700 hours) supplementary nutrition (710 kcal/day). Primary etiology of liver disease was chronic viral hepatitis (67), alcohol (15), cholestatic (6), and other (15). Total body protein (TBP) was measured by neutron activation analysis at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Total daily energy and protein intakes were assessed at baseline and at 3 months by comprehensive dietary recall. As a percentage of values predicted when well, TBP at baseline was similar for the daytime (85 ± 2[standard error of the mean]%) and nighttime (84 ± 2%) groups. For the nighttime group, significant increases in TBP were measured at 3 (0.38 ± 0.10 kg, P = 0.0004), 6 (0.48 ± 0.13 kg, P = 0.0007), and 12 months (0.53 ± 0.17 kg, P = 0.003) compared to baseline. For the daytime group, no significant changes in TBP were seen. Daily energy and protein intakes at 3 months were higher than at baseline in both groups (P < 0.0001), and these changes did not differ between the groups. Conclusion: Provision of a nighttime feed to patients with cirrhosis results in body protein accretion equivalent to about 2 kg of lean tissue sustained over 12 months. This improved nutritional status may have important implications for the clinical course of these patients. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.) [source]

Are Elderly Hospitalized Patients Getting Enough Protein?

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 6 2008
Cathy Gaillard MSc
OBJECTIVES: To determine the protein requirements of elderly hospitalized patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional evaluation of nitrogen balance. SETTING: Short-stay geriatric ward or rehabilitation care unit. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-six elderly hospitalized patients (aged 65,99) admitted to short-stay and rehabilitation care units. MEASUREMENTS: Resting energy expenditure and nitrogen balance were determined under usual and spontaneous energy and protein intake after subjects were clinically stable (3,5 days after admission). All items consumed over a 3-day period were weighed to determine energy and protein intake. RESULTS: Energy (23.5±6.3 kcal/kg per day) and protein (0.99±0.24 g/kg per day) intake were similar in men and women, and nitrogen balance was neutral (0.37±2.6 g/day; P=.41 vs a neutral nitrogen balance, i.e., 0 g/d). Half of the patients had a positive nitrogen balance. Plasma C-reactive protein, renal function, nutritional status, and initial diagnosis had no influence on nitrogen balance. In contrast, energy and protein intakes correlated positively with nitrogen balance. Linear regression analysis suggested that an elderly hospitalized patient with an energy intake of 1.31 times resting energy expenditure or greater appears to require a minimum protein intake of 1.06±0.28 g/kg per day. CONCLUSION: Mean protein intake to reach a neutral nitrogen balance in elderly hospitalized patients is 1.06±0.28 g/kg per day, which is higher than current recommendations for healthy elderly people. Safe protein intake (that would be adequate to ensure that 95% of patients remain in positive nitrogen balance) is difficult to establish. [source]

Nutritional advice and treatment by dietitians to patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neurone disease: a survey of current practice in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Canada

JOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 1 2007
A. Rio
Abstract Background, The management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neurone disease (ALS/MND) has shifted from an attitude of nihilism to treatments that prolong survival and offer hope. Nutrition is an integral component of ALS/MND care requiring coordination among acute and community multi-disciplinary teams (MDT). Evidence-based nutrition guidelines exist for this patient group but their use among dietitians is unknown. The aim of this study was to survey the knowledge, practice and guideline use of dietitians working in ALS/MND centres/clinics across England, Wales, Northern Ireland (EWNI) and Canada. Method, Dietetic contact details were obtained from the Motor Neurone Disease Association (MNDA) and the ALS Society of Canada (ALSSC) websites. Telephone interviews were conducted with 23 dietitians using a standardized questionnaire. Results, Multi-disciplinary team membership was high (78%). Only 22% dietitians had >4-years experience in ALS/MND care. Dietitians reported using body weight, percentage weight loss (PWL) and body mass index (BMI) to assess nutritional status. Equations used to estimate energy and protein requirements differed. Most frequent dietary advice was high calorie, texture modification and prescription nutritional supplements. Artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) was discussed when patients developed dysphagia, energy intake was inadequate, weight loss of 10% or forced vital capacity (FVC) was reduced. A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) service was available at all clinics/centres. Conclusion, Nutritional assessment techniques and dietary advice should be standardized. Dietetic collaboration at national and international level is recommended to reduce professional isolation. Training and support in ALS/MND nutrition should be made available as part of post-dietetic registration. Further dietetic research is required to stimulate nutritional care. [source]

New approaches to parenteral nutrition in infants and children

JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 5 2002
RG Heine
Abstract: Parenteral nutrition (PN) has become a mainstay in the treatment of children with intestinal failure or conditions that preclude enteral feeding. Estimated energy and protein requirements can usually be met, unless the patient is fluid volume restricted or glucose intolerant. Although PN is generally well tolerated, in some patients it is still associated with a significant morbidity. Complications include metabolic disturbances, venous access device infection or dysfunction, venous thrombosis and cholestatic liver disease. Patients need to be carefully monitored for evidence of micronutrient deficiencies or excesses. There is a close relationship between line sepsis and thrombosis. Strict aseptic technique is the key to preventing line infections. Recurrent sepsis and thrombosis may eventually lead to loss of venous access and may jeopardize the long-term delivery of PN. Chronic cholestatic liver disease is common in premature infants with gastrointestinal problems, recurrent sepsis and lack of enteral feeding. The aetiology is multifactorial. Early enteral feeding is the most effective strategy in preventing PN-associated liver disease. New specialized nutrient solutions and lipid emulsions promise improved clinical outcomes. However, long-term clinical data are not yet available in children. In recent years, nutrition support teams have improved clinical and economic outcomes by encouraging the appropriate use and monitoring of PN therapy. In patients with intestinal failure, parent-administered home PN has become an alternative to long-term hospitalization. Apart from a positive effect on the quality of life of patient and family, home PN is cost-effective and reduces the risk of nosocomial infections and catheter-related complications. [source]

Optimum Dietary Protein Levels and Protein to Energy Ratios in Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 2 2005
Kang-Woong Kim
The olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is one of the most commercially important fish species in Korea. In order to formulate better diets for cultured olive flounder we evaluated the optimum dietary protein requirements for larval, fry and juvenile olive flounder, and the optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for juvenile olive flounder. Results of four separate experiments suggested that the optimum dietary protein requirements were 60% in larvae (0.3 g), 46.4,51.2% in 4.1-g juvenile, and 40,44% in 13.3 g growing olive flounder. The optimum dietary protein to energy ratio based on weight gain, feed efficiency, specific growth rate, and protein retention efficiency was 27,28 mg protein/kJ 2 energy (35 and 45% CP for diets containing 12.5 and 16.7 kJ energylg diet, respectively). [source]

Meal and food preferences of nutritionally at-risk inpatients admitted to two Australian tertiary teaching hospitals

NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 1 2008
Angela VIVANTI
Abstract Aim:, To determine preferences for meals and snack of long-stay patients and hospitalised patients with increased energy and protein requirements. Methods:, Using consistent methodology across two tertiary teaching hospitals, a convenience sample of adult public hospital inpatients with increased energy and protein requirements or longer stays (seven days or more) were interviewed regarding meal and snack preferences. Descriptive reporting of sample representativeness, preferred foods and frequency of meals and between meal snacks. Results:, Of 134 respondents, 55% reported a decreased appetite and 28% rated their appetite as ,poor'. Most felt like eating either nothing (42%) or soup (15%) when unwell. The most desired foods were hot meal items, including eggs (31%), meat dishes (20%) and soup (69%). Of items not routinely available, soft drink (7.6%) and alcohol (6.7%) were most commonly desired during admission. Almost half (49%) reported difficulty opening packaged food and a majority (81%) indicated finger foods were easy to eat. Conclusion:, Appetites during admission were frequently lower than usual. Responses encourage consideration of eggs, meat dishes and soups for long-stayers or those with high-energy, high-protein needs. Easy to consume but not routinely offered, between meal items, such as soup, juice, cake, soft drink or Milo could be explored further to enhance oral intakes. [source]

Effects of digestible protein levels in isonitrogenous diets on growth performance and tissue composition of juvenile Atractoscion nobilis

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2010
E. DURAZO
Abstract A study was undertaken to estimate the effects of isonitrogenous diets (ca. 604 g kg,1 crude protein) containing formaldehyde-treated (FT) fish meal and graded levels of digestible protein (DP) (541, 491, 372, 347 and 247 g kg,1) on growth performance and tissue composition of juveniles white seabass. Five diets were formulated to contain increasing levels of FT fish meal (from 0 to 384 g kg,1) and decreasing levels of non-treated fish meal (from 480 to 96 g kg,1). Each dietary treatment was fed in triplicate to apparent satiation to groups of 25 fish for 50 days. Significantly higher growth performance and feed conversion ratio were obtained in fish-fed diets containing 491 or 541 g kg,1 DP, compared with all other treatments. Apparent digestibility coefficient of protein in the diets was not significantly affected by the inclusion of treated fish meal in the diets. Estimation of protein requirements using a broken-line regression analysis indicated that maximum weight gain would be obtained with a diet containing 503 ± 23 g kg,1 DP. The results from this study suggest that a single-diet formulation using protein treated with formaldehyde as filler might be useful to estimate the requirement of DP for fish. [source]

The problem of meeting dietary protein requirements in intensive aquaculture of marine fish larvae, with emphasis on Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2007
A. KVÅLE
Abstract Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) achieve a mature gastrointestinal tract approximately 2 months after first feeding (12 °C). The immature digestion may be the reason that compound diets fail to sustain growth and survival in first feeding halibut larvae and in larvae of other marine fish species. On the other hand, larvae fed with live feeds are capable of extraction of sufficient quantities of nutrients to sustain high growth rates. A lower availability of the protein in formulated diets compared with live prey is considered to be an important reason for the low performance of formulated diets. One approach to increase dietary protein availability is supplementation of pre-digested proteins. Experiments using tube fed individual larvae show that halibut larvae are able to utilize hydrolysed protein more efficiently than intact protein. However, Atlantic halibut in culture did not respond well to dietary supplementation of hydrolysed protein, in contrast to some other species. One reason may be extensive leaching of pre-hydrolysed proteins from the microparticulate feed. Atlantic halibut are slow feeders and may thus suffer more from nutrient leaching than species eating more rapidly. Feed formulation techniques affect dietary protein leaching, and in this paper, different techniques and their impact on feed properties are described. Microbound diets are most widely used in larval rearing, but show high rates of nutrient leaching. Lipid-based capsules seem to have the best potential to prevent leaching, however, they are not able to deliver a complete diet. The high need for improvements in larval feed formulation techniques are clearly stated, and some suggestions are given. Among these are production of complex particles, where small lipid-based capsules or liposomes containing the low molecular weight water-soluble nutrients are embedded. In such feed particles the water-soluble molecules are protected from leaching. Techniques for delivery of water-soluble nutrients that are needed in large quantities, i.e. free amino acids or hydrolysed and water-soluble protein, remain to be developed. [source]

Dietary protein level and natural food management in the culture of blue (Litopenaeus stylirostris) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in microcosms

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2003
L.R. Martinez-Cordova
Abstract The effect of dietary protein level and natural food management on the production parameters of blue and white shrimp, as well as on water quality, was evaluated in a microcosms system (plastic pools simulating aquaculture ponds). Two experimental trials were carried out in the facilities of DICTUS, University of Sonora, Northwest México. Treatment with low protein diet (LP) consisted of a low protein input (diet with 250 g kg,1 crude protein) through the culture period; treatment with high protein diet (HP) consisted of a high protein input (diet with 400 g kg,1 crude protein) through the trial, and finally treatment VP consisted of an adjustment of protein input (diets with 250, 350 or 400 g kg,1 crude protein), depending on the abundance of biota (zooplankton and benthos) in the system. Each species responded differently to the treatments. For blue shrimp, low protein input resulted in the lowest final body weight (12.9 ± 0.6 g) and biomass (696.0 g pool,1). Survival and feed conversion ratio were similar in the three treatments. For white shrimp, the best growth, biomass and food conversion ratio were obtained in the low protein input treatment. Water quality parameters such as nitrate, ammonia and organic matter during the two trials, were better for LP and VP treatments. White shrimp seems to have lower protein requirements than blue shrimp. For the blue shrimp culture, adjusting protein input according to natural food abundance (zooplankton and benthos) in the system, seems to be advantageous because of the possibility of getting a production similar to that obtained with a high protein input through the farming period, but at lower feed cost, and with a lower environmental impact. It is concluded that a high protein input through the whole farming period is not the best feeding strategy for any of the two species. [source]

Protein requirements of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry cultured at different salinities

Protein requirements of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L.

Dietary protein requirements of juvenile haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.)

Estimating digestible protein requirements of silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 5 2001
G L Allan
Abstract In this study, we estimated requirements for digestible protein, using intact protein sources, at one digestible energy content. Using digestibility data for silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell) for a large number of ingredients, we formulated a ,summit' diet to contain between 1.4 and 1.8 times the ,expected requirements' for digestible essential amino acids (based on requirements for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque). A ,diluent' diet was formulated to contain 0.4,0.5 times the expected requirements of digestible essential amino acids. Both ,summit' and ,diluent' diets contained similar digestible energy (14.7 MJ digestible energy kg,1 for the summit and 13.4 MJ digestible energy kg,1 for the diluent). Six diets were prepared with the following amounts of summit,diluent diets: 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100. A practical diet widely used by commercial farmers was also included as a control. Ten juvenile fish (2.1,2.6 g) were stocked into each experimental 70-L acrylic aquarium, and each dietary treatment was randomly assigned to five replicate aquaria. Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 54 days. Final individual fish weight ranged from 4,15.5 g. Results were analysed using intersecting linear regression analysis. The optimum digestible dietary protein for diets with 13.4,14.7 MJ digestible energy kg,1, after which protein deposition did not increase significantly, was 28%. Although this study did not determine requirements for individual amino acids, for diets with the digestible energy content used here, requirements for individual amino acids obviously did not exceed the content in the 28% protein diet. These contents are useful as an estimate of ,recommended levels' for silver perch diets with 13.4,14.7 MJ digestible energy kg,1. The proximate composition of fish was affected by diet. Whole body protein and moisture increased, whereas lipid content decreased with increasing dietary protein content (and increasing protein,energy ratio and decreasing lipid). Fish size was also affected by diet; however, the changes in whole carcass proximate composition also occurred for fish fed diets 60:40, 80:20 and the summit diet which were a similar final weight. [source]

Protein feeds coproduction in biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals

BIOFUELS, BIOPRODUCTS AND BIOREFINING, Issue 2 2009
Bruce E. Dale
Abstract Agriculture has changed greatly in the past in response to changing human needs. Now agriculture is being called on to provide raw materials for very large-scale fuel and chemical production. Agriculture will change again in response to this demand and all producers and users of agricultural feedstocks will be affected by this change. For example, livestock feeding practices have already changed in response to the availability of distillers' grains from corn ethanol production. A fuels industry based on herbaceous biomass energy crops will be many-fold larger than the existing corn ethanol industry and will produce its own set of impacts on livestock feeding. We explore here one of these impacts: the availability of large new sources of feed protein from biomass energy crops. In addition to structural carbohydrates, such as cellulose and hemicellulose, herbaceous biomass energy crops can easily be produced with approximately 10% protein, called ,leaf protein'. This leaf protein, as exemplified by alfalfa leaf protein, is superior to soybean meal (SBM) protein in its biological value. Leaf protein recovery and processing fit well into many process flow diagrams for biomass fuels. When leaf protein is properly processed to concentrate it and remove antinutritional factors, as we have learned over the years to do with soybean meal protein, protein in leaf protein concentrate (LPC) will probably be at least as valuable in livestock diets as SBM protein. If LPC is used to meet 20% of total animal protein requirements (i.e., market penetration of 20%) then the potential utilization of leaf protein concentrate could reach as much as 24 million metric tons annually. This leaf protein will replace protein from SBM and other sources. This much leaf protein will reduce by approximately 16 million hectares the amount of land required to provide protein for livestock. Likewise the amount of land required to meet fuel needs will effectively be reduced by 8 million hectares because this land will effectively do ,double duty' by producing needed animal protein as well as feedstocks for fuel production. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [source]