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Protective Strategies (protective + strategy)
Selected AbstractsSexual Protective Strategies of Late Adolescent Females: More Than Just CondomsJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 4 2001M. Katherine Hutchinson RN Objective: To identify the sexual protective strategies of late adolescent heterosexual women. Design: Open-ended questioning regarding sexual protective strategies was included in a larger cross-sectional survey on sexual risk. Participants' responses were recorded verbatim and analyzed using content analysis. Participants: 234 African American, Hispanic/Latina, and non-Hispanic white 19- to 21-year-old females were recruited from the driver's license records of a mid-Atlantic state. Main Outcome Measures: Participants re-1 to the on-ended question, "How or what do you do to reduce your risk for sexually transmitted diseases and HIV?" Results: Seven primary sexual protective strategies were identified from participants' responses: using condoms, abstaining or postponing sexual intercourse, getting tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted diseases (SIDs), selecting safe partners, negotiating condom use, talking about sexual risk histories, and limiting the number of sexual partners. Conclusions: Some of the sexual protective strategies identified by study participants were less than effective and left young women vulnerable to infection with HIV and STDs. In addition, the use of these alternative strategies may leave young women feeling less at risk and thus less likely to use other more effective strategies such as condoms. The implications for nursing practice and the assessment of the sexual protective strategies of young heterosexual women are discussed. [source] Ischemic preconditioning and intermittent clamping improve murine hepatic microcirculation and Kupffer cell function after ischemic injuryLIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4 2004Katarína Vajdová The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the protective effect of intermittent clamping and ischemic preconditioning is related to an improved hepatic microcirculation after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 75 or 120 min of hepatic ischemia and 1 or 3 hours of reperfusion. The effects of continuous ischemia, intermittent clamping, and ischemic preconditioning before prolonged ischemia on sinusoidal perfusion, leukocyte-endothelial interactions, and Kupffer cell phagocytic activity were analyzed by intravital fluorescence microscopy. Kupffer cell activation was measured by tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-,, and the integrity of sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells were evaluated by electron microscopy. Continuous ischemia resulted in decreased sinusoidal perfusion rate and phagocytic activity of Kupffer cell, increased leukocyte-endothelial interactions and TNF-, levels. Both protective strategies improved sinusoidal perfusion, leukocyte-endothelial interactions and phagocytic activity of Kupffer cells after 75-minutes of ischemia, and intermittent clamping also after 120 minutes ischemia. TNF-, release was significantly reduced and sinusoidal wall integrity was preserved by both protective procedures. In conclusion, both strategies are protective against ischemia/reperfusion injury by maintaining hepatic microcirculation and decreasing Kupffer cell activation for clinically relevant ischemic periods, and intermittent clamping appears superior for prolonged ischemia. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:520,528.) [source] Correlation between melanogenic and catalase activity in in vitro human melanocytes: a synergic strategy against oxidative stressPIGMENT CELL & MELANOMA RESEARCH, Issue 2 2008Vittoria Maresca Summary UV-induced DNA damage can lead to melanoma, the most dangerous form of skin cancer. Understanding the mechanisms employed by melanocytes to protect against UV is therefore a key issue. In melanocytes, catalase is the main enzyme responsible for degrading hydrogen peroxide and we have previously shown that that low basal levels of catalase activity are associated with the light phototype in in vitro and ex vivo models. Here we investigate the possible correlation between its activity and melanogenesis in primary cultures of human melanocytes. We show that while the total melanin concentration is directly correlated to the level of pigmentation, the more the degree of pigmentation increased, the lower the proportion of pheomelanin present. Moreover, in human melanocytes in vitro, catalase-specific mRNA, protein and enzymatic activity were all directly correlated with total cellular melanin content. We also observed that immediately after a peroxidative treatment, the increase in reactive oxygen species was inversely associated with pigmentation level. Darkly pigmented melanocytes therefore possess two protective strategies represented by melanins and catalase activity that are likely to act synergistically to counteract the deleterious effects of UV radiation. By contrast, lightly pigmented melanocytes possess lower levels of melanogenic and catalase activity and are therefore more susceptible to accumulate damage after UV exposition. [source] Relationships between asthma and work exposures among non-domestic cleaners in OntarioAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 9 2009Maya Obadia MSc Abstract Background Cleaners have been reported to have increased risk for work-related asthma symptoms but few studies have studied non-domestic cleaners. In this study, we compared work-related asthma symptoms among cleaners and other building workers and determined associations with tasks. Methods School and racetrack workers in Ontario, Canada, completed a questionnaire to identify the prevalence of cleaning tasks, physician-diagnosed asthma, new-onset asthma, respiratory symptoms, and work-related asthma symptoms. Results Cleaners and controls had a similar prevalence of most asthma outcomes although female cleaners reported significantly more respiratory symptoms; odds ratio (OR), 2.59 confidence intervals (CI) 1.6,4.3, and work-related asthma symptoms, OR 3.90 (CI 2.1,7.4) compared with female controls with adjustment for age and smoking history. Male cleaners showed a non-significant trend to more physician-diagnosed asthma, adjusted OR 2.10 (CI 0.9,4.8) and work-related asthma symptoms, adjusted OR 1.53 (CI 0.8,3.0). The work-related asthma symptoms among men were significantly associated with waxing floors, OR 2.19 (CI 1.0,4.4); wax-stripping floors, OR 2.54 (1.2,5.2); spot-cleaning carpets, OR 2.20 (1.3,3.8); and cleaning tiles, OR 4.46 (1.0,19.3) and grout, OR 2.12 (1.1,4.0). Conclusions Female cleaners have more asthma symptoms worse at work than controls. Work-related asthma symptoms among male cleaners were associated with a number of specific cleaning tasks. Findings suggest the need for school cleaners to have reduced exposure to cleaning chemicals and need for protective strategies during performance of tasks expected to exacerbate asthma, such as wax stripping. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:716,723, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Ultraviolet radiation exposure pattern in winter compared with summer based on time-stamped personal dosimeter readingsBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2006E. Thieden Summary Background, Personal annual ultraviolet (UV) radiation data based on daily records are needed to develop protective strategies. Objectives, To compare UV radiation exposure patterns in the winter half-year (October,March) and the summer half-year (April,September) for Danish indoor workers. Methods, Nineteen indoor workers (age range 17,56 years) wore personal UV dosimeters, measuring time-stamped UV doses continuously during a year. The corresponding sun exposure behaviour was recorded in diaries. Similar data were collected for 28 volunteers during sun holidays in the winter half-year. The relationship between UV dose and sun exposure behaviour was analysed. Results, The ambient UV dose during the winter in Denmark (at 56°N) was 394 standard erythema doses (SED) or 10·5% of the annual ambient UV dose. In winter compared with summer the subjects had: (i) a lower percentage of ambient UV radiation, 0·82% vs. 3·4%; (ii) a lower solar UV dose in Denmark, 3·1 SED (range 0·2,52) vs. 133 SED (range 69,363); (iii) less time outdoors per day with positive dosimeter measurements, 10 min vs. 2 h; and (iv) no exposure (0 SED) per day on 77% vs. 19% of the days. Sun holidays outside Denmark in winter gave a median 4·3 SED per day (range 0·6,7·6) and 26 SED (range 3,71) per trip. Conclusions, In the winter half-year indoor workers received a negligible UV dose from solar exposure in Denmark and needed no UV precautions. No UV precautions are needed from November to February during holidays to latitudes above 45 °N, while precautions are needed the whole year around at lower latitudes. [source] Lung protective ventilatory strategies in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: from experimental findings to clinical applicationCLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL IMAGING, Issue 2 2007Serge J. C. Verbrugge Summary This review addresses the physiological background and the current status of evidence regarding ventilator-induced lung injury and lung protective strategies. Lung protective ventilatory strategies have been shown to reduce mortality from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We review the latest knowledge on the progression of lung injury by mechanical ventilation and correlate the findings of experimental work with results from clinical studies. We describe the experimental and clinical evidence of the effect of lung protective ventilatory strategies and open lung strategies on the progression of lung injury and current controversies surrounding these subjects. We describe a rational strategy, the open lung strategy, to accomplish an open lung, which may further prevent injury caused by mechanical ventilation. Finally, the clinician is offered directions on lung protective ventilation in the early phase of ARDS which can be applied on the intensive care unit. [source] A randomized trial of delayed extubation for the reduction of reintubation in extremely preterm infants,PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Claude Danan MD Abstract Objective To compare immediate extubation versus delayed extubation after 36 hr in extremely low-birth weight infants receiving gentle mechanical ventilation and perinatal lung protective interventions. Our hypothesis was that a delayed extubation in this setting would decrease the rate of reintubation. Study design/Methodology A prospective, unmasked, randomized, controlled trial to compare immediate extubation and delayed extubation after 36 hr. Optimized ventilation in both groups included continuous tracheal gas insufflation (CTGI), prophylactic surfactant administration, low oxygen saturation target and moderate permissive hypercapnia. Successful extubation for at least 7 days was the primary criterion and ventilatory support requirements until 36 weeks gestational age the main secondary criteria. Patient selection Eighty-six infants under 28 weeks gestational age in a single neonatal intensive tertiary care unit. Results Delayed extubation (1.9,±,0.8 days vs. 0.5,±,0.7 days) did not improve the rate of successful extubation but had no long-term adverse effects. CTGI and the lung protective strategy we describe resulted in a very gentle ventilation. The rate of survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD, defined as any respiratory support at 36 weeks gestational age) was similar in the two groups and remarkably high for the global population (78%) and for the subgroup of infants <1,000 g at birth (75%). Conclusions Adding 36 hr of optimized mechanical ventilation before first extubation does not improve the rate of successful extubation but has no adverse effects. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:117,124. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||