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Protection Schemes (protection + scheme)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Humanities and Social Sciences	33%
Engineering	16%

Selected Abstracts

Development of terabit-class super-networking technologies

IEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2007
Junichi Murayama Member
Abstract We propose terabit-class super-networking technologies, designed to improve the scalability, reliability and performance of optical Internet protocol networks. Our technologies comprise both intra- and interlayer traffic engineering technologies. The intralayer technologies include an optical path protection scheme, an electrical load-balancing scheme and a distributed content-caching scheme. These provide an effective and economical way of improving performance and reliability. The interlayer technologies include both traffic-driven and application-driven optical cut-through control schemes and a policy control scheme. These provide an effective and economical way of improving scalability and performance. The feasibility of our technologies has been verified by means of experiments using prototype systems. The results showed that the different techniques can be combined to form a single network architecture for dynamic optical path control. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source]

A novel fault management approach for DWDM optical networks

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NETWORK MANAGEMENT, Issue 5 2006
W. Fawaz
Connection availability is considered as a critical metric when providing differentiated services in Wavelength-Division Multiplexing mesh networks. Indeed, one of the major concerns of optical network operators is related to improving the availability of services provided to their highest-class clients. Achieving this objective is possible through managing faults using the different classical protection schemes, namely the so-called dedicated and shared protection schemes. However, the majority of the work concerning protection schemes has considered the primary connections as equally important when contending for the use of the backup resources. As a main contribution in this paper, we therefore propose an improvement of the existing protection schemes through the introduction of relative priorities among the different primary connections contending for the access to the protection path. To evaluate numerically the benefits of the service differentiation feature introduced in our proposal, we first develop a mathematical model, based on which we derive explicit expressions for the average connection availabilities that result from both the classical protection schemes and the proposed priority-aware one. Through this model, we show how the availability of the highest-class clients is improved when deploying the proposed priority-aware protection scheme. Finally, with the same objective in mind, we develop a simulation study, where a given set of connection demands with predefined availability requirements is provisioned using different protection strategies. Through this study, we show that the priority-aware protection strategy satisfies service-availability requirements in a cost-effective manner compared with the classical protection schemes.Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Prediction of triple-orbital diversity performance in Earth-space communication

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING, Issue 3 2002
A. D. Panagopoulos
Abstract Orbital diversity is considered to be an effective technique to overcome large fade margins in satellite communication links. This paper discusses triple-orbital diversity, which uses three satellites and an Earth receiving site. A method for calculating the outage probability of a triple-orbital diversity protection scheme is proposed. It is based on a model for convective raincells and the lognormal assumption for point rainfall rate statistics. Numerical results are compared with an available set of experimental data taken from a VSAT Earth-station located in Japan. The agreement was found to be quite encouraging. Some useful conclusions, concerning the relative advantage of using triple- against the double-orbital diversity scheme are also deduced. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Minimum income schemes for the unemployed: a case study from Dalian, China*

INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 179 2004
Ge Daoshun
This article summarizes the background, implementation, and impact of a study of social welfare in Dalian, China, designed to enhance the efficiency and fairness of the minimum living protection scheme for unemployed people. While the scope of the case study is fairly narrow, its significance is much broader. In social and economic terms, China is currently undergoing a transitional period in the context of which social welfare reform is an important task. The setting up of a community public service agency in Dalian, as the result of both policy research and government action, is a successful example of Chinese social welfare reform. To that extent, the study is significant for social welfare reform at the national level, as well as providing references for the management of social transition in other developing countries. [source]

Introduction: Overcoming Barriers to the Extension of Social Protection: Lessons from the Asia Region

IDS BULLETIN, Issue 4 2010
Naila Kabeer
The contributions to this IDS Bulletin report on some of the findings from research undertaken under the Social Protection in Asia programme. This is a three-year policy-oriented research and network building programme, funded by the Ford Foundation and IDRC, with project partners in China, Vietnam, Indonesia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The research focuses on examining interventions aimed at extending social protection to those sections of the population, the majority in many Asian countries, who are excluded from formal social security systems. It has sought to identify and address barriers to the establishment of more comprehensive social protection systems that could address such difficult-to-reach groups. This issue of the IDS Bulletin brings together some initial reflections on the findings from this research. These relate to advocacy efforts to draw attention to those groups that have been largely invisible in the social protection agenda; to the importance of civil society and grassroots mobilisation in creating access to state provision and to lessons from social protection efforts to go to scale. These reflections are intended to feed into current debates about the design of appropriate social protection schemes that effectively meet identified needs. [source]

A novel fault management approach for DWDM optical networks

The Role of Insurance in Social Protection in Latin America

INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY REVIEW, Issue 2-3 2005
Daniel Titelman
Social protection schemes in Latin America face serious short falls in the financial resources available to meet their needs. New types of insurance envisaged in reforms should help to contain costs and increase coverage. However, in strengthening schemes' coverage it is highly probable that considerable demand for additional financial resources will arise to address the need to introduce the principle of solidarity into the system. This article examines reforms in the financing of social security for healthcare and pensions, highlighting the implications of various public-private combinations for financial management and coverage. [source]

A new amino acid derivative with a masked side-chain aldehyde and its use in peptide synthesis and chemoselective ligation

JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE, Issue 10 2001
Jane C. Spetzler
Abstract A new amino acid derivative with a diol side-chain, ,,-2-amino-4,5-dihydroxy-pentanoic acid (Adi), has been prepared from ,,-allylglycine by suitable protection, for use in peptide synthesis, as Fmoc-,,-Adi(Trt)2. This building block enables the introduction of a side-chain aldehyde at any position in a given peptide sequence without use of specialized side-chain protection schemes. The aldehyde is revealed by mild oxidation with sodium periodate, circumventing the problematic release of reactive peptidic aldehydes in TFA solution. Peptides with aldehyde side-chains are useful for chemo-selective ligation, reacting selectively with oxyamines to yield oxime links, while all other peptide functions can be left unprotected. The utility of the new building block has been demonstrated by the synthesis of peptide dimers and a cyclo-peptide. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Knowledge management and decision support for electrical power utilities

KNOWLEDGE AND PROCESS MANAGEMENT: THE JOURNAL OF CORPORATE TRANSFORMATION, Issue 4 2001
G. M. West
This paper describes a case study for a knowledge management project carried out in conjunction with two major UK electrical utilities. The focus of the work is on the design of protection schemes for electrical power transmission systems. A brief overview is provided of the traditional protection system design processes implemented within both companies and the associated shortcomings relating to the management of the data, information and knowledge throughout this process. The development of the Design Engineering Knowledge Application System (DEKAS), designed to address the knowledge management issues within both companies, is described, and the perceived benefits this system offers the existing protection design and application process of each company will be discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Institutional competitiveness, social investment, and welfare regimes

REGULATION & GOVERNANCE, Issue 3 2007
Paul Bernard
Abstract Are the rather generous welfare regimes found in most European countries sustainable; that is, are they competitive in a globalizing economy? Or will they, on the contrary, be crowded out by the more austere and less expensive regimes generally found in liberal Anglo-Saxon countries? We first discuss this issue conceptually, focusing on the notions of institutional competitiveness, social investment, and short-term and long-term productivity. We then briefly present the results of an empirical study of 50 social indicators of policies and outcomes in 20 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries during the early 2000s. We conclude that welfare regimes have not been forced to converge through a "race to the bottom." There remain three distinct ways to face the "trilemma" of job growth, income inequality, and fiscal restraint: Nordic countries achieve high labor market participation through high social investment; Anglo-Saxon countries attain the same objective through minimal public intervention; while Continental European countries experience fiscal pressures because their social protection schemes are not promoting participation to the same extent. [source]

Impact of Low-Temperature Plasmas on Deinococcusradiodurans and Biomolecules

BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 3 2003
Rakesh Mogul
The effects of cold plasma on Deinococcus radiodurans, plasmid DNA, and model proteins were assessed using microbiological, spectrometric, and biochemical techniques. In low power O2 plasma (,25 W, ,45 mTorr, 90 min), D. radiodurans, a radiation-resistant bacterium, showed a 99.999% reduction in bioburden. In higher power O2 plasma (100 W and 500 mTorr), the reduction rate increased about 10-fold and observation by atomic force microscopy showed significant damage to the cell. Damage to cellular lipids, proteins, and chromosome was indicated by losses of infrared spectroscopic peaks at 2930, 1651, 1538, and 1245 cm - 1, respectively. In vitro experiments show that O2 plasmas induce DNA strand scissions and cross-linking as well as reduction of enzyme activity. The observed degradation and removal of biomolecules was power-dependent. Exposures to 200 W at 500 mTorr removed biomolecules to below detection limits in 60 s. Emission spectroscopy indicated that D. radiodurans cells were volatilized into CO2, CO, N2, and H2O, confirming that these plasmas were removing complex biological matter from surfaces. A CO2 plasma was not as effective as the O2 plasma, indicating the importance of plasma composition and the dominant role of chemical degradation. Together, these findings have implications for NASA planetary protection schemes and for the contamination of Mars. [source]