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Atherosclerosis Risk (atherosclerosis + risk)
Selected AbstractsGenetic variation and decreased risk for obesity in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities StudyDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 4 2007M. L. Hart Sailors Aim:, To investigate the effects of variation in the leptin [LEP (19A>G)] and melanocortin-4 receptor [MC4R (V103I)] genes on obesity-related traits in 13,405 African-American (AA) and white participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Methods:, We tested the association between the single-locus and multilocus genotypes and obesity-related measures [body mass index (BMI), body weight (BW), waist,hip ratio, waist circumference and leptin levels], adjusted for age, physical activity level, smoking status, diabetic status, prevalence of coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Results:, AA and white female carriers of the MC4R I103 allele exhibited significantly lower BW than non-carriers of this allele (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively). AA female carriers of both the LEP A19 allele and the MC4R I103 allele were 63% [odds ratio (OR) = 0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.18,0.78)] less likely to be obese, and white female carriers of the same two alleles were 46% [OR = 0.54, 95% CI (0.32,0.91)] less likely to be obese, than non-carriers of the variant alleles. Female carriers of both the LEP A19 and MC4R I103 alleles had significantly lower BW (p < 0.05), BMI (p < 0.05) and plasma leptin (p < 0.01) than the non-carriers of both the alleles. Carriers of the two variant alleles had lower BMI over the 9-year course of the ARIC study and significantly lower weight gain from age 25 years. No significant joint effect of these two variants was observed in males. Conclusion:, These results suggest that variation within the LEP and MC4R genes is associated with reduced risk for obesity in females. [source] Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Mass in African-AmericansECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2003The Jackson Cohort of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Characterization of target organ damage from hypertension is of particular interest in African-Americans, and evidence from electrocardiographic studies suggests that left ventricular hypertrophy is a frequent clinical finding of considerable prognostic importance. Echocardiographic studies may permit more precise characterization of the pathologic impact of hypertension on cardiac structure and function. The objective of this study is to characterize left ventricular (LV) structure including measures of wall thickness, septal thickness, internal dimension, and mass in a middle-aged sample of African-Americans using echocardiography. This study is a cohort (cross-sectional) study in which 2445 middle-aged African-American study participants from a population-based sample initially enrolled by the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, Jackson, Mississippi Examination Center in 1987,1989 underwent an M-mode echocardiograpic examination at their third or fourth clinic visit in 1993,1996. Measures of LV mass, even where indexed by size were conspicuously greater in men compared to women, and men exhibited a demonstrably steeper gradient of LV mass across the rather restricted age range of the study. However, when gender specific thresholds for LV hypertrophy were utilized, African-American men appear to have lower prevalence of LV hypertrophy than women. The lowest prevalence of LV hypertrophy was observed in African-American men who did not have hypertension (28.4%). The findings confirm previous suggestions from electrocardiographic investigations that cardiac hypertrophy is common, if not epidemic in middle-aged African-American men and women, whether or not they have hypertension. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, February 2003) [source] LPL polymorphism predicts stroke risk in menGENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Alanna C. Morrison Abstract Variation in lipid levels has been associated with atherosclerotic vascular disease, including stroke. Genes contributing to interindividual variation in lipid levels may play a role in the etiology of stroke, either through their effects on lipid synthesis and metabolism or through separate pathways. For this reason, we sought to examine the association between polymorphisms in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes and subclinical and clinical stroke in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Subclinical stroke was determined by cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Subclinical cerebral infarct cases (n = 197) were compared to a stratified random sample identified from individuals participating in the MRI examination (n = 200). Incidence of clinical ischemic stroke was determined by following the ARIC cohort for an average of 7.5 years for potential cerebrovascular events; 218 validated clinical ischemic strokes were identified. A stratified random sample of the ARIC cohort (CRS, n = 964) was used as the comparison group for clinical cases. The LPL S291-carrying genotypes and APOE ,2- and ,4-carrying genotypes were not significantly associated with subclinical or clinical stroke. The LPL X447-containing genotypes were significantly associated with subclinical (odds ratio [OR], 4.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23,15.15; P = 0.020) and clinical stroke (hazard rate ratio [HRR], 2.57; 95% CI, 1.24,5.34; P = 0.01) in men, both by themselves and after adjustment for multiple stroke risk factors. The LPL S447X polymorphism is significantly associated with subclinical cerebral infarction and incident clinical ischemic stroke in men from a middle-aged American population. This association does not appear to be mediated by triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels, or additional stroke risk factors. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:233,242, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Hepatitis C virus infection and incident type 2 diabetesHEPATOLOGY, Issue 1 2003M.P.H. Assistant Research Professor, Shruti H. Mehta Ph.D. Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is more common among adults with type 2 diabetes, it is uncertain whether HCV precedes the development of diabetes. Thus, we performed a prospective (case-cohort) analysis to examine if persons who acquired type 2 diabetes were more likely to have had antecedent HCV infection when enrolled in a community-based cohort of men and women between the ages of 44 and 65 in the United States (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study [ARIC]). Among 1,084 adults free of diabetes at baseline, 548 developed diabetes over 9 years of follow-up evaluation. Incident cases of diabetes were identified by using fasting glucose and medical history and HCV antibodies were assessed at baseline. A priori, persons were categorized as low-risk or high-risk for diabetes based on their age and body mass index, factors that appeared to modify the type 2 diabetes-HCV infection incidence estimates. The overall prevalence of HCV in this population was 0.8%. Among those at high risk for diabetes, persons with HCV infection were more than 11 times as likely as those without HCV infection to develop diabetes (relative hazard, 11.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.39-96.6). Among those at low risk, no increased incidence of diabetes was detected among HCV-infected persons (relative hazard, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.05-4.40). In conclusion, pre-existing HCV infection may increase the risk for type 2 diabetes in persons with recognized diabetes risk factors. Additional larger prospective evaluations are needed to confirm these preliminary findings. [source] Gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-1,, prostaglandin E2 and periodontal status in a community populationJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 4 2007Y. Zhong Abstract Aim: Interleukin-1 , (IL-1,) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are key inflammatory mediators involved in periodontal disease. The purposes of this molecular cross-sectional epidemiological study were to investigate relationships in a community sample between mean concentrations of IL-1, and PGE2 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and (1) clinical periodontal signs and (2) risk factors of host inflammatory response and/or periodontal disease. Material and Methods: The sample comprised 6277 community-dwelling adults aged 52,74 years enrolled in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. IL-1, and PGE2 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Person-level summary variables were computed for maximum pocket depth (MaxPD), maximum clinical attachment level (MaxCAL) and presence/absence of bleeding on probing (BOP). Mean GCF IL-1, and PGE2 concentrations were dependent variables in multiple linear regression models with periodontal measures and covariates as explanatory variables. Results: Both GCF IL-1, and PGE2 were positively related to MaxPD and BOP in multiple regression models (p<0.01). Increased levels of IL-1, and PGE2 were associated with body mass index 30 kg/m2. Conclusion: Higher levels of GCF IL-1, and PGE2 were significantly associated with clinical signs of periodontal disease and independently related to patient-based anthropomorphic measures, behaviours and exposures in community-dwelling adults. [source] Measurement of HbA1c from stored whole blood samples in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities studyJOURNAL OF DIABETES, Issue 2 2010Elizabeth SELVIN Abstract Background:, The aims of the present study were to demonstrate the reliability of HbA1c measurements during two time periods and to compare these measurements with HbA1c distribution in the general US population. Methods:, HbA1c was measured in 14 069 whole blood samples in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study using different HPLC instruments across two time periods, namely 2003,2004 and 2007,2008. At the time of measurement, samples had been in storage at ,70°C for up to 18 years. To assess differences in values, HbA1c measurements were repeated in 383 samples at both periods. Indirect comparisons were made by comparing our measurements against those from a nationally representative study. Results:, The coefficients of variation for quality control samples were 1.8% (n = 89) in 2003,2004 and 1.4% (n = 259) in 2007,2008. The correlation between measurements at the two time points was high (r = 0.99), but with a slight bias: 0.29% points higher in 2007,2008 vs 2003,2004 (n = 383; P < 0.0001). The comparison yielded the following Deming regression equation: y(2007,2008) = 0.073 + 1.034x(2003,2004). After alignment using this equation, the distribution of HbA1c in the ARIC study was similar to that in the national study using fresh samples. Conclusions:, Measurements of HbA1c from samples stored for up to 18 years are highly reliable when using state-of-the-art HPLC instruments, but with some bias introduced over time. The HbA1c data now available in the ARIC study should be invaluable for investigations into the clinical utility of HbA1c as a diagnostic test for diabetes. [source] Metabolic syndrome, its preeminent clusters, incident coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality , results of prospective analysis for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities studyJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2007Y. Hong Abstract. Objective., To investigate the prospective association between Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and coronary heart disease (CHD) and all-cause mortality. Subjects and Design., A bi-racial cohort of 14 699 middle-aged Americans from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study were followed for the development of new CHD and death over a period of 9 years. MetS, using the original ATP-III criteria, was defined as having at least three of the following components: elevated blood pressure (BP), elevated plasma glucose, elevated blood triglyceride (TG), increased waist circumference, and low HDL cholesterol (HDL-c). Incident CHD cases included hospitalized myocardial infarction (MI), fatal CHD, revascularization procedures, and silent MI as detected by EKG. Results., The prevalence of the MetS at baseline was 29%, 30%, 40% and 26% among CHD-free white women, white men, black women, and black men, respectively. There were 1018 incident CHD cases and 1039 deaths. The relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of incident CHD associated with MetS was 2.46 (1.99, 3.03) for women and 1.86 (1.59, 2.18) for men. Clear dose,response relationship between the number of MetS components and incidence of CHD was found (P for linear trend <0.001). The following three clusters of MetS components posed the highest risk for CHD: (i) the elevated BP and glucose and low HDL-c group [RR = 5.68 (3.44, 9.37)]; (ii) the elevated BP and glucose and TG group [RR = 5.08 (2.96, 8.70)]; and (iii) the elevated BP and TG and low HDL-c group [RR = 3.98 (2.75, 5.77)]. When all five components co-existed, the risk was the highest [RR = 6.24 (4.65, 8.36)]. Similar results with attenuated RR were found for all-cause mortality. Conclusions., Individuals, especially women, with the MetS have significantly higher risk of developing CHD. The riskiest combination is high-BP and glucose clustered with low HDL-c or high TG. These data highlight the importance of targeting MetS in the prevention of CHD and premature death. [source] Prospective study of the A455V polymorphism in the thrombomodulin gene, plasma thrombomodulin, and incidence of venous thromboembolism: the LITE StudyJOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 1 2003N. Aleksic Summary., Plasma thrombomodulin (soluble TM; sTM) is considered to be a marker of endothelial injury, but a recent report indicated that the relationship of sTM with thrombosis is complex. Venous thromboembolic events were identified in adults in two longitudinal cohort studies, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and the Cardiovascular Health Study, totaling 21 690 participants. After 8 years of follow-up, sTM was measured in baseline plasma of 305 participants who developed venous thrombosis and 607 who did not. Thrombomodulin A455V genotype was determined in 302 cases and 626 controls. There was no difference in the prevalence of the three TM genotypes between cases and controls and no difference in age-adjusted mean values of sTM by genotype. There were no associations of age-adjusted sTM or TMA455V genotype with overall venous thromboembolism or with thrombosis in any subtype of venous thromboembolism. [source] | ||||||||||