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Terms modified by Athens Selected AbstractsInfluence of heavy metals on microbial growth kinetics including lag time: Mathematical modeling and experimental verification,ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2009S. Sevinç, engör Abstract Heavy metals can significantly affect the kinetics of substrate biodegradation and microbial growth, including lag times and specific growth rates. A model to describe microbial metabolic lag as a function of the history of substrate concentration has been previously described by Wood et al. (Water Resour Res 31:553,563) and Ginn (Water Resour Res 35:1395,1408). In the present study, this model is extended by including the effect of heavy metals on metabolic lag by developing an inhibitor-dependent functional to account for the metabolic state of the microorganisms. The concentration of the inhibiting metal is explicitly incorporated into the functional. The validity of the model is tested against experimental data on the effects of zinc on Pseudomonas species isolated from Lake Coeur d'Alene sediments, Idaho, USA, as well as the effects of nickel or cobalt on a mixed microbial culture collected from the aeration tank of a wastewater treatment plant in Athens, Greece. The simulations demonstrate the ability to incorporate the effect of metals on metabolism through lag, yield coefficient, and specific growth rates. The model includes growth limitation due to insufficient transfer of oxygen into the growth medium. [source] Development of a Gerodontology course in Athens: a pilot studyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 3 2006A. E. Kossioni Aim:, To describe the development of an undergraduate Gerodontology course in Athens Dental School. Background:, Because of demographic changes, undergraduate dental curricula should place appropriate emphasis on the oral care of the elderly. Therefore, the Athens Dental School Curriculum Committee authorised the development of a new Gerodontology course. Methods:, The new course was introduced in the 10th (final) semester of undergraduate studies. Teaching responsibilities were shared amongst staff from various Dental School departments and the National Health System. The course was elective and mainly didactic, consisting of seminars within the Dental School, educational visits to hospitals and geriatric day centres and elective clinical work in the comprehensive care clinic. The students evaluated the course at the end of the semester and indicated its strengths and weaknesses from their perspective. Conclusion:, The new course was generally satisfying. Based on the experience and evaluation of the first pilot year and taking into consideration the existing barriers, we plan to improve and expand educational activities, mainly including improved methods of teaching and assessment, and more clinical assignments. [source] Reasons for placement and replacement of restorations in student clinics in Manchester and AthensEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 4 2000V. Deligeorgi Data on reasons for the placement and replacement of restorations provide insight into patterns of clinical practice. This study investigated reasons for the provision of restorations in student clinics at the Universities of Manchester and Athens. Using the methods first described by Mjör, data were collected in relation to all initial and replacement restorations placed in adult patients in the main teaching clinics in the 2 schools over a 3-month period. The principal reason for intervention was recorded, according to approved treatment plans. Data were collected on 2620 restorations, 1431 (55%) of which were placed in Manchester. Primary caries was the main reason for the placement of initial restorations: 82% in Athens and 48% in Manchester (p<0.001). The principal reason for restoration replacement was secondary caries, accounting for 54% in Manchester and 33% in Athens (p<0.001). Other differences between the schools, included the ratio of initial placement to replacement restorations (Manchester 1:1.1; Athens 1:0.6: p<0.01) and significantly more 2-surface class II restorations having been placed in Manchester (p<0.001). Class III and IV restorations predominated in Athens. It is concluded, despite the acknowledged limitations of the methods employed, that the patterns of placement and replacement of restorations and the use of materials differ between the dental schools of Manchester and Athens. The differences are considered to relate more to local patterns of dental disease and patient selection for student clinics than to any differences in teaching philosophy. Subsequent studies of the type reported, despite acknowledged limitations would provide insight into the impact on patient care of the teaching of new materials, techniques and treatment philosophies. [source] Distribution and frequency of , -thalassemia mutations in northwestern and central GreeceEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2003I. Georgiou Abstract: Objectives : , -Thalassemia is a common autosomal recessive disorder resulting from over 200 different mutations of the , -globin genes. The spectrum of , -thalassemia mutations in Greece has been previously described in the population of the capital city of Athens, or in , -thalassemia patients having transfusion therapy. The aim of the present study was to identify the distribution of the most common , -thalassemia mutations in the population of northwestern and central Greece. Methods : The data for this study were derived from a total of 1130 unrelated subjects including 46 , -thalassemia major, three , -thalassemia intermedia and 1081 carriers identified in our antenatal screening program. , -Thalassemia mutations were identified by ARMS, DGGE and Reverse Dot Blot. Results : The most common mutation, IVS-I-110, is followed, in order of frequency, by the mutations Cd-39, IVS-I-1, IVS-II-1, Cd-6, IVS-I-6, IVS-I-5, IVS-II-745, Cd-5 and 44 bp del. IVS-I-110 and Cd-39 frequencies are similar with those found in other Balkan countries. Significant differences in regional distribution were observed. The results showed a clear drift of the distribution of the most frequent IVS-I-110 mutation in the south,north (29.4, 40.0, 44.6 and 61.7%) and the east,west axis (31.8 and 44.6%). Conclusions : Population screening and prenatal diagnosis are significantly facilitated by these data. Furthermore, the detailed distribution tables of , -thalassemia mutations are essential for counseling and extraction of genetic diversity estimates for population genetic studies in other inherited disorders. [source] Accounting for velocity anisotropy in seismic traveltime tomography: a case study from the investigation of the foundations of a Byzantine monumental buildingGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 1 2006L. Polymenakos ABSTRACT We estimate velocity anisotropy factors from seismic traveltime tomographic data and apply a correction for anisotropy in the inversion procedure to test possible improvements on the traveltime fit and the quality of the resulting tomographic images. We applied the anisotropy correction on a traveltime data set obtained from the investigation of the foundation structure of a monumental building: a Byzantine church from the 11th century AD, in Athens, Greece. Vertical transverse isotropy is represented by one axis of symmetry and one anisotropy magnitude for the entire tomographic inversion grid. We choose the vertical direction for the symmetry axis by analysing the available data set and taking into account information on the character of the foundations of the church from the literature and past excavations. The anisotropy magnitude is determined by testing a series of values of anisotropy and examining their effect on the tomographic inversion results. The best traveltime fit and image quality are obtained with an anisotropy value (Vmax/Vmin) of 1.6, restricted to the high velocity structures in the subsurface. We believe that this anisotropy value, which is significantly higher than the usual values reported for near-surface geological material, is related to the fabric of the church foundations, due to the shape of the individual stone blocks and the layout of the stonework. Inversion results obtained with the correction for anisotropy indicate that both the traveltime fit and the image quality are improved, providing an enhanced reconstruction of the velocity field, especially for the high-velocity features. Based on this enhanced and more reliable reconstruction of velocity distribution, an improved image of the subsurface material character was made possible. In particular, the pattern and state of the church foundations and possible weak ground material areas were revealed more clearly. This improved subsurface knowledge may assist in a better design of restoration measures for monumental buildings such as Byzantine churches. [source] Learning to be Palestinian in Athens: constructing national identities in diasporaGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 4 2007ELIZABETH MAVROUDI Abstract In this article I focus on constructions of diasporic national identities and the nation as active and strategic processes using the case study of Palestinians in Athens. I seek, thereby, to contribute to debates on national identity, the nation and long-distance nationalism, particularly in relation to those in diaspora with a collective cause to advocate. I explore how first- and second-generation Palestinians in Athens construct and narrate Palestinian national identities, the homeland and political unity. I argue that the need to ,choose' to be Palestinian, often for political reasons, highlights that the nation is not a ,given' entity. This can be a difficult process for those in diaspora to deal with, as there may be tensions between constructions of political unity and attachment to the homeland and feelings of ambivalence and in-between-ness that may be seen as politically counterproductive. However, I stress that ,messy' and contradictory narratives and spatialities of diasporic national identities that come about as a result of cross-border or transnational (dis)connections do not necessarily lead to apathy and, therefore, can be important. [source] Manipulating Rules, Contesting Solutions: Europeanization and the Politics of Restructuring Olympic Airways1GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 1 2007Kevin Featherstone In recent years much debate has been generated over the reshaping of the European airline industry and the restructuring of many of the heavily indebted national flag-carriers across the European Union. The European Commission has sought to orchestrate this reform process by the gradual break up of monopolies in air travel and its associated services and a much tighter policing of state aid practices. The EU's liberalizing agenda in air transport, however, has met with strong domestic opposition in the member states. Nowhere else has the resistance to reform been stronger than in Greece, where for a decade successive attempts to restructure or privatize Olympic Airways have yielded very limited success. By focusing, in particular, on the initiative of the Greek government in 2003 to create a new ,Olympic Airlines', the article examines how domestic pressures prompted the Greek government to shift away from cooperation with the Commission and invite conflict. The Greek government lost an ECJ case and both Athens and the Commission were left with a sub-optimal outcome. By linking the narrative to the conceptual literature on Europeanization and compliance, the article addresses a number of themes including: the contestation of European competition rules and the ability of national governments to manipulate them, policy entrepreneurship and complex problem-solving, as well as the Commission's role as a stimulus, but potentially also an obstacle to domestic reform. [source] XXVII International Congress of the International Academy of Pathology October 12-17, 2008, Athens, Greece POSTER PRESENTATIONSHISTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 2008Article first published online: 24 SEP 200 First page of article [source] Low adiponectin levels are associated with renal cell carcinoma: A case-control studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 7 2007Themistoklis N. Spyridopoulos Abstract Adiponectin is a novel endogenous insulin sensitizer, secreted by mature adipocytes. Circulating levels of adiponectin are inversely associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Because obesity is a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we hypothesized that low adiponectin levels are associated with RCC. To evaluate this hypothesis, we conducted a case- control study of 70 patients with histologically confirmed RCC and 280 healthy controls matched by gender, age and county of residence. Study subjects were interviewed and blood samples were collected during a 32-month period in Athens, Greece. Serum adiponectin levels were statistically, significantly and inversely associated with RCC when compared with controls (OR = 0.76, p = 0.05) and this association remained practically unchanged after controlling for BMI; the introduction of waist to hip ratio along with adiponectin in the multiple logistic regression analysis model rendered the association between adiponectin and RCC risk insignificant, indicating that altered levels of adiponectin may mediate the effect of central or intra-abdominal obesity on RCC. Prospective studies as well as studies exploring underlying mechanisms are needed to fully explore the role of adiponectin in predicting future risk of RCC in humans. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Abstracts: New alternatives to cosmetics preservationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010S. Papageorgiou pp. 107,123 This work was partially presented at the 7th Joint Meeting of AFRP, ASP, GA, PSE and SIF, Athens, Greece, and at the XIIIth COSMODERM Joint Meeting of ESCAD and the Hellenic Society of Dermatology and Venerology, Athens, Greece. In recent years, there is a considerable interest in the development of preservative-free or self-preserving cosmetics. The aim of our work was to develop new cosmetic formulations by replacing chemical preservatives with ingredients with antimicrobial properties that are not legislated as preservatives according to Annex VI of Commission Directive 76/768/EEC. This paper describes the preservative efficacy of the well-known antimicrobial extracts of Lonicera caprifoleum and Lonicera japonica in combination with glyceryl caprylate and/or levulinic acid, p-anisic acid, and ethanol. We prepared a series of acidic (pH = 5.5) aqueous and O/W formulations, i.e., tonic lotion, shampoo, shower gel, conditioning cream, anticellulite cream, cleansing milk and peeling cream, containing (0.2% w/w) Lonicera extracts, alone in the case of tonic lotion and in combination with (1% w/w) glyceryl caprylate in the other products, and we performed challenge tests according to the European Pharmacopoeia procedures and criteria. Formulations such as shampoo, shower gel, and conditioning cream fulfilled criterion A, while tonic lotion, anticellulite cream, cleansing milk, and peeling cream fulfilled criterion B, in regard to contamination from A. niger. Furthermore, we evaluated the efficacy of the antimicrobial systems in two states of use: the intact product and after 3 weeks of consumer use. The results showed that A. niger was also detected during use by consumers in the products that satisfied only criterion B in challenge tests. The addition of antimicrobial fragrance ingredients such (,0.3% w/w) levulinic acid or (0.1% w/w) p-anisic acid and/or (5% w/w) ethanol afforded products that met criterion A in challenge tests and were also microbiologically safe during use. The small quantity (5% w/w) of ethanol gave an important assistance in order to boost the self-preserving system and to produce stable and safe products. [source] Spectrum of idiopathic photodermatoses in a Mediterranean countryINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2003Alexander J. Stratigos md Background ,Idiopathic photodermatoses are considered to be common disorders in the population of northern latitude countries, presumably because of the dominance of more "sun-sensitive" individuals with a light-skinned complexion. The incidence of these disorders in the Mediterranean or tropical countries is often under-appreciated because of the higher degree of perennial presence of sunlight and the prevalence of darker skin-type individuals who are seemingly more resistant to the development of sun sensitivity. Methods ,We performed a retrospective, chart-based review of all patients who were diagnosed with idiopathic photodermatoses at a photodermatology referral center in Athens, Greece, during a period of 10 years. Our aim was to assess the pattern of idiopathic photosensitivity disorders in a Mediterranean country and to determine their epidemiological, clinical, and photobiological profile. Results ,A total of 310 patients were referred to our center with symptoms of photosensitivity. One hundred and forty-six patients (47.0%) were diagnosed with an idiopathic photosensitivity disorder by means of history, clinical examination, biochemical screening, histology, and phototesting. The most prevalent disorder was polymorphous light eruption, which was diagnosed in 95 patients (65.0%) of our cohort. Chronic actinic dermatitis occurred in 15 patients (10.2%), solar urticaria in 26 patients (17.8%), actinic prurigo in three patients (2.0%), hydroa vacciniforme in one patient (0.6%) and juvenile spring eruption in six patients (4.1%). Conclusions ,Compared with the results of other studies, the prevalence of idiopathic photodermatoses appears to have a similar trend to that of higher latitude countries. Distinct features in our series include the higher incidence of idiopathic photosensitivity in patients with a fair-skinned complexion (skin types II,III) and the frequent appearance of photo-induced eruptions during sunny weather breaks in the winter period. [source] Erythema dyschromicum perstans and hepatitis C virus infectionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2001George J. Kontochristopoulos MD A 48-year-old woman with a 10-month history of widespread, hyperpigmented, slightly pruritic macules, with a red border, involving the trunk and the proximal limbs (Fig. 1) was referred to our outpatient department. The oral mucosa, palms, soles, scalp, and nails were normal. Figure 1. Multiple hyperpigmented macules with an active border on the trunk Laboratory tests showed elevated liver enzymes [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 68 IU/L (normal value, <,40 IU/L); aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 41 IU/L (normal value, <,40 IU/L)], the presence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) and HCV RNA (Amplicor Roche). In addition, cryoglobulinemia type III (IgM,,,, IgG,,,) was detected with a high cryocrit value, and there was detectable C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, and a low titer of antinuclear antibodies (1 : 80). A percutaneous liver biopsy showed changes compatible with mild chronic hepatitis (grade, 6; stage, 0). The possible source of infection was unknown, as the patient had no history of parenteral transmission (e.g. blood transfusions, intravenous illicit drug use). A skin biopsy specimen from the active border of a lesion showed hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and hydropic degeneration of the basal cell layer, with the formation of colloid bodies in the epidermis. A moderate perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with melanophages and free melanin granules was observed in the upper dermis (Fig. 2). Immunostaining of paraffin-embedded tissue sections with the TORDJT-22 IgG1 mouse monoclonal antibody to HCV (Biogenex, Son Ramon, USA), which is specific for the nonstructural region of HCV (NS3-NSH, C100 antigen) using the avidin,biotin,peroxidase complex (ABC) as well as the alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase (APAAP) methods, failed to detect HCV in the lesion of erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) (Nakopoulou L, Manolaki N, Lazaris A et al. Tissue immunodetection of C100 hepatitis C virus antigen in major thalassemic patients. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1999; 46: 2515,2520). Direct immunofluorescence showed IgG, IgM, IgA, and fibrinogen deposits on colloid bodies. EDP was diagnosed on the basis of these clinical and laboratory findings. Figure 2. Hydropic degeneration of the basal cell layer with colloid bodies in the epidermis. Moderate perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with melanophages and free melanin granules in the upper dermis (hematoxylin and eosin, ×,200) The patient was treated with interferon-,2b (Intron-A, Schering Plough Athens, Greece), 3 MU thrice weekly subcutaneously for 12 months, with additional topical steroid application. There was no response to this treatment with new lesions appearing in previously unaffected areas of the trunk and extremities. HCV RNA remained persistently positive. Thus, a modified regimen with interferon-,2b, 6 MU thrice weekly for 6 months, was tried. At the end of the treatment course, the eruption of EDP had greatly improved. Liver enzymes were normal (ALT, 22 IU/L; AST, 24 IU/L) and HCV RNA had become negative. Four months later, however, cutaneous lesions reappeared and hepatitis C relapsed. At this time point, combination therapy of interferon-,2b, 3 MU thrice weekly, with ribavirin, 1000 mg daily, was given. Six months later, liver enzymes were normal (ALT, 42 IU/L; AST, 39 IU/L), HCV RNA was negative, and the lesions of EDP had resolved. [source] Computational energy analysis of an innovative isothermal chamber for testing of the special equipment used in the transport of perishable productsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 10 2004S. K. Chatzidakis Abstract This paper describes an improved numerical simulation study of an isothermal chamber recently constructed at Zografou Campus of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) for the testing of special equipment used for transporting perishable foodstuffs in accordance with the United Nations ATP agreement. Using a transient finite difference model, a simulation is developed for a modern ATP test chamber and a typical specimen refrigerated vehicle to be tested. The simulation results are compared to experimental measurements taken under real conditions by a data acquisition system and a refrigerated semi-trailer as specimen. Proportional,integral control is employed for the regulation of the cooling and heating system. The impact of various parameters on the time required to reach the set-point temperature (tset) is investigated and the energy consumption is simulated for a period of 22 h. In particular, the impact of specimen insulation thickness and the thickness of the chamber insulation floor are considered in detail. The total energy consumption increases by approximately 16% when the concrete floor layer thickness is increased from 8 to 16 cm for typical initial conditions and desired chamber and specimen temperatures of 32.5 and 7.5°C, respectively. Using a floor insulation of 6 cm extruded heavy strain-resistant polystyrene reduces the energy consumption by at least 13%. Specimen insulation thickness increase from U -value of 0.35 W m,2 K to 0.75 W m,2 K result to an increase in energy consumption by a percentage of 28%. Thermal capacity, temperature of car body and specimen dimensions are also treated as variables that affect the total duration of an ATP test and its total energy consumption. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Thalassemia: macroscopic and radiological study of a caseINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 3 2007A. Lagia Abstract Differentiation of the genetic and the acquired anaemias, particularly in areas of the world where they may co-exist, has been a challenge for palaeopathologists for over 100 years. In this paper we present macroscopic and radiographic skeletal lesions that are associated with the thalassemias in a 14-year-old girl from a modern reference collection of the University of Athens. This individual is of known sex, age, cause of death, place and dates of birth and death. The case is examined in terms of epidemiology, growth, distribution and severity of lesions and differential diagnosis. The entire skeleton is affected by marrow hyperplasia: lesions of the axial skeleton are extreme, and the appendicular skeleton is severely affected as well. The odontofacial manifestations that are diagnostic of thalassemia and differentiate it from other anaemias are present and include: maxillary and mandibular hyperplasia, reduced sinuses, displacement of maxillary dental structures, overbite, and generalised osteopenia. The development of extreme bone lesions and the ,advanced' age-at-death of this individual is explained as either the result of thalassemia major under a low transfusion regimen that was the norm during her lifetime, or to a form of thalassemia intermedia that allows survival to later life at the expense of gross skeletal alterations. The present status of skeletal studies in Greece does not support the identification of a genetic anaemia in past populations. The potential contribution of the current analysis in differentiating the anaemias in antiquity is evaluated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Athens and Jerusalem, Alexandria and Edessa: Is there a Metaphysics of Scripture?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY, Issue 2 2006JANET MARTIN SOSKICE Were the classic divine attributes simply lifted from Greek philosophers? This article does not set out to find a single metaphysic advocated by scripture but instead draws attention to the unique ,unhellenic' doctrine of creatio ex nihilo found in both Jewish and Christian teaching on metaphysics. Creatio ex nihilo marks a decisive break with ancient Greek cosmology. Philo is used as an example of the influence that creatio ex nihilo has upon his language about God. The essay concludes that the church Fathers did not simply baptize Aristotle but rather that their language is deeply rooted in a particular Judeo-Christian understanding of creation. [source] Vertical Social Differentiation in Athens: Alternative or Complement to Community Segregation?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2001Thomas Maloutas Vertical social differentiation is presented in the recent literature as an important element of reduced segregation in South European cities, and the supporting evidence originates mainly from Athens. The authors of this article question the claim about the common form and function of vertical social differentiation across South Europe, as well as its opposition to community segregation, and try to reveal the specificity of the processes leading to its formation in Athens. Since the mid-1970s, the dominant process of urban growth in Athens has been middle-class suburbanization. This process has reinforced community segregation and, at the same time, has triggered a filtering-down process in wide areas around the CBD, formerly occupied by upper and mainly intermediate professional categories. Interclass vertical segregation has subsequently appeared in these areas, where intermediate professional categories and lower middle-class households are now predominant. The fact that these areas do not represent a real choice for any of their resident groups shows that this vertical cohabitation has been the unintended consequence of changing segregation patterns, and hardly the outcome or the corollary of a growing process of sociospatial homogenization. Dans les textes récents, la différenciation sociale verticale est présentée comme un facteur important dans la réduction de la ségrégation urbaine en Europe du Sud, les éléments probants provenant essentiellement d'Athènes. Cet article conteste l'idée que la différenciation sociale verticale ait une forme ou une fonction commune en Europe méridionale, et qu'elle entrave la ségrégation horizontale; de plus, il tente d'exposer la spécificité des processus qui conduisent à sa formation à Athènes. Depuis le milieu des années 1970, l'expansion urbaine de la capitale grecque se caractérise par l'implantation en banlieue des classes supérieurs et moyennes. Ce processus a renforcé la ségrégation dans les quartiers et, parallèlement, a déclenché un processus de filtrage vers le bas dans de vastes zones entourant l'hypercentre, précédemment occupées par des catégories de professionnels libéraux supérieures et surtout moyennes. Une ségrégation verticale interclasse est ensuite apparue dans ces quartiers, des catégories de libéraux moyennes et des ménages de la petite bourgeoisie y prédominant désormais. Or, quel que soit le groupe de résidents, ces zones ne représentent pas un choix réel; cette cohabitation verticale est donc bien la conséquence imprévue de la modification des schémas de ségrégation, plutôt que le résultat ou le corollaire d'une homogénéisation socio-spatiale accentuée. [source] A Letter from Athens to the Christian Churches, Networks and CommunitiesINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 374 2005Come Holy Spirit, Healing Communities, Reconcile: Called in Christ to be Reconciling First page of article [source] The Holy Spirit, Healing and Reconciliation: Pentecostal/Charismatic Issues at Athens 2005INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 374 2005Allan Anderson First page of article [source] Spatial Optimization of Resources Deployment for Forest-Fire ManagementINTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2001Maria Dimopoulou The main objective of forest-fire management is to minimize the damage caused by forest fires. This may be achieved by deploying fire-fighting forces in critical locations so as to detect fires as early as possible and quickly dispatch an initial attack force that can control them while they are small. Empirical studies have identified several factors that affect the development of a forest fire. In the present study, a methodology is employed to classify regions within a forest area according to these factors. The classification is based on information provided by a Geographic Information System (GIS). This information is then passed on to a spatial optimization model that determines the optimal location of fire-fighting resources. A maximal covering model is employed that takes into account the classification of regions by varying coverage in regions of different class. The method has been applied to the area of Parnitha, near Athens. [source] Prevalence, species distribution and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from dogs and cats in the United StatesJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009C.R. Jackson Abstract Aims:, The contribution of dogs and cats as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant enterococci remains largely undefined. This is increasingly important considering the possibility of transfer of bacteria from companion animals to the human host. In this study, dogs and cats from veterinary clinics were screened for the presence of enterococci. Methods and Results:, A total of 420 enterococci were isolated from nasal, teeth, rectal, belly and hindquarters sites of 155 dogs and 121 cats from three clinics in Athens, GA. Eighty per cent (124 out of 155) of the dogs and 60% (72 out of 121) of the cats were positive for enterococci. From the total number of dog samples (n = 275), 32% (n = 87) were from hindquarter, 31% (n = 86) were rectal, and 29% (n = 79) were from the belly area. The majority of isolates originated from rectal samples (53 out of 145; 37%) from cats. The predominant species identified was Enterococcus faecalis (105 out of 155; 68%) from dogs and E. hirae (63 out of 121; 52%) from cats. Significantly more E. faecalis were isolated from rectal samples than any other enterococcal species (P < 0·05) for both dogs and cats suggesting site specific colonization of enterococcal species. The highest levels of resistance were to ciprofloxacin in E. faecium (9 out of 10; 90%), chloramphenicol resistance in E. faecalis (17 out of 20; 85%) and gentamicin resistance in E. faecalis (19 out of 24; 79%) from dog samples and nitrofurantoin resistance in E. faecium (15 out of 19; 79%) from cats. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) (resistance ,2 antimicrobials) was observed to as few as two and as many as eight antimicrobials regardless of class. Conclusion:, This study demonstrated that dogs and cats are commonly colonized with antimicrobial resistant enterococci. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Dogs and cats may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes that can be transferred from pets to people. [source] Machiavellianism and Economic OpportunismJOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Maria Sakalaki This study explores the relationship between 2 defecting strategies based on the manipulation of information; namely, Machiavellianism and economic opportunism. There are 3 main hypotheses that were confirmed in questionnaire investigations among samples of 191 and 113 university students in Athens. Machiavellianism was positively correlated with economic opportunism, shown by a statistically highly significant positive correlation between scores on scales measuring these 2 concepts. In situations of asymmetric information where they held the advantage, high Machs adopted more opportunistic strategies, showing the greatest inclination to maximize their own profit. High Machs showed less trust in potential economic partners, whom they regarded as untrustworthy maximizers. [source] A SURVEY OF THE QUALITY OF SIX RETAIL BRANDS OF BONELESS, SKINLESS CHICKEN BREAST FILLETS OBTAINED FROM RETAIL SUPERMARKETS IN THE ATHENS, GEORGIA AREA,JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 6 2007HONG ZHUANG ABSTRACT To assess the variation in quality of chicken breast fillets available from retail supermarkets, six brands of boneless, skinless fillets without additives were obtained from the fresh counter at grocery stores in Athens, GA, and the surrounding area during fall of 2005. The samples were stored at ,20C and subsequently cooked using a Henny Penny MCS-6 combi oven (Henny Penny Corp., Eaton, OH). Quality parameters of the fillets were measured on the cooked chicken breast fillets including cook yield, descriptive sensory flavor and texture profiling, and Warner,Bratzler (WB) shear force. Our results show that the average cook yield ranged from 78.1 to 80.9%, the average intensity of individual descriptive sensory characteristics was less than 5.4 in a 0,15 universal scale, and WB shear force values were less than 5.2 kg. There were no significant differences in the intensity among brands of all flavor attributes and the texture characteristics associated with moisture. However, significant differences were found among the brands for cook yield, mechanical properties of texture (including springiness, cohesiveness, hardness and chewiness) and WB shear force values. The variation of WB shear force measurements (coefficient of variation) depended on brand. These results indicate that differences exist in the quality and shear force consistency among market brands of boneless, skinless chicken breast fillets available in Athens, GA, and the surrounding area. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This study is the first survey reported to evaluate the quality of boneless, skinless chicken breast products without additives in U.S. retail market. This study supplies the evidence that the intensity of sensory quality is mild of cooked boneless, skinless chicken breast products and there are the differences in the quality among the different retail brands obtained by consumers. [source] SYNTHESIS OF MOLECULAR RESEARCH ON BATRACHOSPERMUM HELMINTHOSUM (RHODOPHYTA) FROM STREAM REACHES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICAJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2001Article first published online: 24 SEP 200 Vis, M. L., Hall, M. M., Machesky, N. J. & Miller, E. J. Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA The freshwater red alga Batrachospermum helminthosum was collected from eleven streams throughout the species range in eastern North America as follows: three stream reaches from Ohio, and one each from Michigan, Indiana, Tennessee, Louisiana, North Carolina, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The molecular marker technique of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and sequence data from the plastid encoded rubisco large subunit gene (rbcL), the mitochondrial COX2-COX3 gene spacer region, and the nuclear region of ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 were employed to examine biogeographic trends in this alga. Analysis of the rbcL sequence revealed 5 genotypes with one genotype representing individuals from seven stream reaches. Data from the ISSR molecular markers gave a distinct banding pattern for each of 165 individuals examined. ISSR results showed all individuals within a reach clustered together but did not provide well-defined groupings based on stream reach. The sequence data for the COX2-COX3 gene spacer was invariant among individuals from a stream reach. The individuals from Connecticut, Rhode Island and 2 Ohio stream reaches were identical and similarly the individuals from the North Carolina and another Ohio location did not vary in sequence so that seven genotypes were recorded among the individuals from the eleven stream reaches. Analysis of the ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 region showed sequence variation not only among individuals from different streams but also among individuals from the same reach. The utility and congruency of these data sets to answer biogeographic questions will be discussed. [source] ECOSYSTEM MODELING: A TOOL TO UNDERSTAND THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EXTRACTIVE AND FED AQUACULTUREJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2001Article first published online: 24 SEP 200 Yarish, C. 1, Rawson, Jr. M. V.2, Chopin, T.3, Wang, D. R.4, Chen, C.4, Carmona, R.1, Chen, C.5 , Wang, L.4, Ji , R.5 and Sullivan, J.5 1University of Connecticut, Stamford, Connecticut 06901-2315, USA; 2Georgia Sea Grant College Program, Athens, GA 30602-3636, USA; 3University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5, Canada; 4Marine and Fishery Dept. of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China; 5The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-3636, USA One of the most difficult tasks resource managers face is understanding the carrying capacity of coastal waters for aquaculture. Aquaculture, like many other human activities, can threaten coastal waters. Aquaculture producing shrimp and finfish depends on supplemental feeding and can contribute to eutrophication. A second type, involving shellfish and macroalgae, extracts plankton and nutrients from surrounding waters, and can have a significant positive impact on moderately eutrophic waters. Ecosystem modeling offers a 3-dimensional physical, chemical and biological simulation that can help understand and predict the impacts of aquaculture on coastal embayments. Such a model is being explored for Xincun Bay (22 km2), which is located in southeastern Hainan Province, China. Aquaculture in Xincun Bay includes 6500 fish pens, 100 ha of shrimp ponds, pearl oyster culture rafts and Kappaphycus alvarezii culture that produces 2,000 mt (Oct.-May). The surrounding area has ~ 15,000 people and Xincun City is a major offshore fishing and tourist center. The annual nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacity of Kappaphycus in Xincun Bay may have been in the order of 53.8 and 3.7 mt, respectively, during the 1999-2000 growing season. Lian Bay (~ 15 km2), a nearby bay with only Kappaphycus and pearl oyster culture (and little anthropogenic input), has a macroalgal production of 1,500 mt annually. The annual nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacity of Kappaphycus here may have been in the order of 25 and 0.33 mt, respectively. Our prototype model may hold the promise for showing the importance of integrating seaweed culture activities in the maintenance and health of coastal embayments. [source] The Greek moulages: a picture of skin diseases in former timesJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 4 2007A-M Worm Abstract Medical moulages are three-dimensional wax figures made for teaching in the beginning of the last century. A rather unknown hospital museum in Athens, Greece, stores 1660 moulages depicting skin and venereal diseases prevalent at that time such as syphilis, lepra and tuberculosis. The historical background behind the Greek moulages and the art of moulaging are described. [source] Treating missing values in INAR(1) models: An application to syndromic surveillance dataJOURNAL OF TIME SERIES ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2010Jonas Andersson Time-series models for count data have found increased interest in recent years. The existing literature refers to the case of data that have been fully observed. In this article, methods for estimating the parameters of the first-order integer-valued autoregressive model in the presence of missing data are proposed. The first method maximizes a conditional likelihood constructed via the observed data based on the k -step-ahead conditional distributions to account for the gaps in the data. The second approach is based on an iterative scheme where missing values are imputed so as to update the estimated parameters. The first method is useful when the predictive distributions have simple forms. We derive in full details this approach when the innovations are assumed to follow a finite mixture of Poisson distributions. The second method is applicable when there are no closed form expression for the conditional likelihood or they are hard to derive. The proposed methods are applied to a dataset concerning syndromic surveillance during the Athens 2004 Olympic Games. [source] Teaching & Learning Guide for: Victorian Life WritingLITERATURE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 5 2007Valerie Sanders Author's Introduction The Victorian period was one of the great ages for life-writing. Though traditionally renowned for its monumental ,lives and letters', mainly of great men, this was also a time of self-conscious anxiety about the genre. Critics and practitioners alike were unsure who should be writing autobiography, and whether its inherent assertiveness ruled out all but public men as appropriate subjects. It was also a period of experimentation in the different genres of life-writing , whether autobiography, journals, letters, autobiographical novels, and narratives of lives combined with extracts from correspondence and diaries. Victorian life-writing therefore provides rich and complex insights into the relationship between narrative, identity, and the definition of the self. Recent advances in criticism have highlighted the more radical and non-canonical aspects of life-writing. Already a latecomer to the literary-critical tradition (life-writing was for a long time the ,poor relation' of critical theory), auto/biography stresses the hidden and silent as much as the mainstream and vocal. For that reason, study of Victorian life-writing appeals to those with an interest in gender issues, postcolonialism, ethnicity, working-class culture, the history of religion, and family and childhood studies , to name but a few of the fields with which the genre has a natural connection. Author Recommends A good place to start is the two canonical texts for Victorian life-writing: George P. Landow's edited collection, Approaches to Victorian Autobiography (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1979) and Avrom Fleishman's Figures of Autobiography: The Language of Self-Writing in Victorian and Modern England (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1983). These two re-ignited interest in Victorian life-writing and in effect opened the debate about extending the canon, though both focus on the firmly canonical Ruskin and Newman, among others. By contrast, David Amigoni's recently edited collection of essays, Life-Writing and Victorian Culture (Aldershot: Ashgate 2006) shows how far the canon has exploded and expanded: it begins with a useful overview of the relationship between lives, life-writing, and literary genres, while subsequent chapters by different authors focus on a particular individual or family and their cultural interaction with the tensions of life-writing. As this volume is fairly male-dominated, readers with an interest in women's life-writing might prefer to start with Linda Peterson's chapter, ,Women Writers and Self-Writing' in Women and Literature in Britain 1800,1900, ed. Joanne Shattock (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 209,230. This examines the shift from the eighteenth-century tradition of the chroniques scandaleuses to the professional artist's life, domestic memoir, and spiritual autobiography. Mary Jean Corbett's Representing Femininity: Middle-Class Subjectivity in Victorian and Edwardian Women's Autobiographies (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1992) begins with material on Wordsworth and Carlyle, but ,aims to contest the boundaries of genre, gender, and the autobiographical tradition by piecing together a partial history of middle-class women's subjectivities in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries' (3). Corbett is particularly interested in the life-writing of actresses and suffragettes as well as Martineau and Oliphant, the first two women autobiographers to be welcomed into the canon in the 1980s and 90s. Laura Marcus's Auto/biographical Discourses, Theory, Criticism, Practice (Manchester and New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 1994) revises and updates the theoretical approaches to the study of life-writing, stressing both the genre's hybrid qualities, and its inherent instability: in her view, it ,comes into being as a category to be questioned' (37). Another of her fruitful suggestions is that autobiography functions as a ,site of struggle' (9), an idea that can be applied to aesthetic or ideological issues. Her book is divided between specific textual examples (such as the debate about autobiography in Victorian periodicals), and an overview of developments in critical approaches to life-writing. Her second chapter includes material on Leslie Stephen, who is also the first subject of Trev Lynn Broughton's Men of Letters, Writing Lives: Masculinity and Literary Auto/biography in the Late Victorian Period (London: Routledge, 1999) , her other being Froude's controversial Life of Carlyle. With the advent of gender studies and masculinities, there is now a return to male forms of life-writing, of which Martin A. Danahay's A Community of One: Masculine Autobiography and Autonomy in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993) is a good example. Danahay argues that nineteenth-century male autobiographers present themselves as ,autonomous individuals' free of the constraints of social and familial contexts, thus emphasizing the autonomy of the self at the expense of family and community. Online Materials My impression is that Victorian life-writing is currently better served by books than by online resources. There seem to be few general Web sites other than University module outlines and reading lists; for specific authors, on the other hand, there are too many to list here. So the only site I'd recommend is The Victorian Web: http://.victorianweb.org/genre/autobioov.html This Web site has a section called ,Autobiography Overview', which begins with an essay, ,Autobiography, Autobiographicality and Self-Representation', by George P. Landow. There are sections on other aspects of Victorian autobiography, including ,Childhood as a Personal Myth', autobiography in Dickens and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and a list of ,Suggested Readings'. Each section is quite short, but summarizes the core issues succinctly. Sample Syllabus This sample syllabus takes students through the landmarks of Victorian life-writing, and demonstrates the development of a counter-culture away from the mainstream ,classic male life' (if there ever was such a thing) , culminating in the paired diaries of Arthur Munby (civil servant) and Hannah Cullwick (servant). Numerous other examples could have been chosen, but for those new to the genre, this is a fairly classic syllabus. One week only could be spent on the ,classic male texts' if students are more interested in pursuing other areas. Opening Session Open debate about the definition of Victorian ,life-writing' and its many varieties; differences between autobiography, autobiographical fiction, diary, letters, biography, collective biography, and memoir; the class could discuss samples of selected types, such as David Copperfield, Father and Son, Ruskin's Praeterita, and Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Brontë. Alternatively, why not just begin with Stave Two of Dickens's A Christmas Carol (1843), in which the First Spirit takes Scrooge back through his childhood and youth? This is a pretty unique type of life-writing, with Scrooge ,laughing and crying' as his childhood and youth are revealed to him in a series of flashbacks (a Victorian version of ,This is Your Life?'). The dual emotions are important to note at this stage and will prompt subsequent discussions of sentimentality and writing for comic effect later in the course. Week 2 Critical landmarks: discussion of important stages in the evolution of critical approaches to life-writing, including classics such as Georges Gusdorf's ,Conditions and Limits of Autobiography', in Autobiography: Essays Theoretical and Critical, ed. James Olney (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980), 28,47; Philippe Lejeune's ,The Autobiographical Pact', in On Autobiography, ed. Paul John Eakin, trans. Katherine Leary (original essay 1973; Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), 3,30; and Paul De Man's ,Autobiography as De-Facement', Modern Language Notes 94 (1979): 919,30. This will provide a critical framework for the rest of the course. Weeks 3,4 Extracts from the ,male classics' of Victorian life-writing: J. S. Mill's Autobiography (1873), Ruskin's Praeterita (1885,89), and Newman's Apologia pro Vita Sua (1864). What do they think is important and what do they miss out? How open or otherwise are they about their family and personal lives? Are these essentially ,lives of the mind'? How self-aware are they of autobiographical structures? Are there already signs that the ,classic male life' is fissured and unconventional? An option here would be to spend the first week focusing on male childhoods, and the second on career trajectories. Perhaps use Martin Danahay's theory of the ,autonomous individual' (see above) to provide a critical framework here: how is the ,Other' (parents, Harriet Taylor) treated in these texts? Weeks 5,6 Victorian women's autobiography: Harriet Martineau's Autobiography (1877) and Margaret Oliphant's Autobiography (1899): in many ways these are completely unalike, Martineau's being ordered around the idea of steady mental growth and public recognition, while Oliphant's is deeply emotional and disordered. Can we therefore generalize about ,women's autobiography'? What impact did they have on Victorian theories of life-writing? Students might like to reconsider Jane Eyre as an ,autobiography' alongside these and compare scenes of outright rebellion. The way each text handles time and chronology is also fascinating: Martineau's arranged to highlight stages of philosophical development, while Oliphant's switches back and forth in a series of ,flashbacks' to her happier youth as her surviving two sons die ,in the text', interrupting her story. Week 7 Black women's autobiography: how does Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands (1857) differ from the Martineau and Oliphant autobiographies? What new issues and genre influences are introduced by a Caribbean/travelogue perspective? Another key text would be Harriet Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave-Girl (1861). How representative and how individual are these texts? Do these authors see themselves as representing their race as well as their class and sex? Week 8 Working-class autobiography: Possible texts here could be John Burnett's Useful Toil (Allen Lane, 1974, Penguin reprint); Carolyn Steedman's edition of John Pearman's The Radical Soldier's Tale (Routledge, 1988) and the mini oral biographies in Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor (1861,62) (e.g., the Water-Cress Seller). There is also a new Broadview edition of Factory Lives (2007) edited by James R. Simmons, with an introduction by Janice Carlisle. This contains four substantial autobiographical texts (three male, one female) from the mid-nineteenth century, with supportive materials. Samuel Bamford's Passages in the Life of a Radical (1839,42; 1844) and Early Days (1847,48) are further options. Students should also read Regenia Gagnier's Subjectivities: A History of Self-Representation in Britain 1832,1910 (Oxford University Press, 1991). Week 9 Biography: Victorian Scandal: focus on two scandals emerging from Victorian life-writing: Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857) (the Branwell Brontë/Lady Scott adultery scandal), and Froude's allegations of impotence in his Life of Carlyle (1884). See Trev Broughton's ,Impotence, Biography, and the Froude-Carlyle Controversy: ,Revelations on Ticklish Topics', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 7.4 (Apr. 1997): 502,36 (in addition to her Men of Letters cited above). The biographies of the Benson family written about and by each other, especially E. F. Benson's Our Family Affairs 1867,1896 (London: Cassell, 1920) reveal the domestic unhappiness of the family of Gladstone's Archbishop of Canterbury, Edward White Benson, whose children and wife were all to some extent homosexual or lesbian. Another option would be Edmund Gosse's Father and Son (1907) in which the son's critical stance towards his father is uneasy and complex in its mixture of comedy, pity, shame, and resentment. Week 10 Diaries: Arthur Munby's and Hannah Cullwick's relationship (they were secretly married, but lived as master and servant) and diaries, Munby: Man of Two Worlds: The Life and Diaries of Arthur Munby, ed. Derek Hudson (John Murray, 1972), and The Diaries of Hannah Cullwick: Victorian Maidservant, ed. Liz Stanley (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1984): issues of gender and class identity; the idealization of the working woman; the two diaries compared. Half the class could read one diary and half the other and engage in a debate about the social and sexual fantasies adopted by each diarist. It would also be sensible to leave time for an overview debate about the key issues of Victorian life-writing which have emerged from this module, future directions for research, and current critical developments. Focus Questions 1To what extent does Victorian autobiography tell an individual success story? Discuss with reference to two or three contrasting examples. 2,All life writing is time writing' (Jens Brockmeier). Examine the way in which Victorian life-writers handle the interplay of narrative, memory, and time. 3To what extent do you agree with the view that Victorian life-writing was ,a form of communication that appeared intimate and confessional, but which was in fact distant and controlled' (Donna Loftus)? 4,Bamford was an autobiographer who did not write an autobiography' (Martin Hewitt). If autobiography is unshaped and uninterpreted, what alternative purposes does it have in narrating a life to the reader? 5,Victorian life-writing is essentially experimental, unstable, and unpredictable.' How helpful is this comment in helping you to understand the genre? [source] DIONYSIUS, PAUL AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PSEUDONYMMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 4 2008CHARLES M. STANG This essay interprets the CD through the lens of the pseudonym, Dionysius the Areopagite, and the corresponding influence of Paul. First, this essay argues that the author of the CD writes under the name of Dionysius the Areopagite in order to suggest that, following Paul, he will effect a new rapprochement between the wisdom of pagan Athens and the revelation of God in Christ. Second, this essay demonstrates how crucial Paul is for Dionysius' own "apophatic anthropology," that is, his view of how the human self that would solicit union with the "unknown God" must also become somehow "unknown." Finally, this essay hazards a final hypothesis regarding the significance of the pseudonym: that the practice of pseudonymous writing is itself an ecstatic devotional practice in the service of "unknowing" both God and self. [source] The microbiota on different oral surfaces in healthy childrenMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009W. Papaioannou Introduction:, Knowledge of the early oral colonization patterns could provide a better understanding of oral biofilm development and disease initiation that in turn could be the basis for early preventive programmes. Methods:, Microbial samples were collected from five different oral habitats from a total of 93 children (age 3,12 years), attending the Dental School of the University of Athens, who were split into three age groups. A total of 38 microbial species were sought out by the checkerboard DNA,DNA hybridization technique. Results:, All of the test species, except Parvimonas micra and Porphyromonas gingivalis, differed significantly among sample locations providing quite distinct microbial profiles for the different oral surfaces. Supragingival and subgingival plaque had similar profiles and exhibited higher proportions of Actinomyces species and Green complex while soft tissue samples were dominated by streptococci of the Yellow complex. The profiles of the tongue dorsum and saliva were also similar. Many of the species were in similar proportions in all three age groups for a given location. Periodontal pathogens showed increases in proportions with increasing age. Specifically, the Red complex species (Tannerella forsythia, P. gingivalis, Treponema denticola) showed a significant increase in proportion with age (P < 0.05) in all sample locations. Conclusions:, The results showed a pattern of colonization in children similar to that previously found in adults. Differences in the profile between age groups suggest a gradual maturation of the oral microbiota, with it being made up of an increasing number of Orange and Red complex species. [source] Threatening Others: Nicaraguans and the Formation of National Identities in Costa RicaAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 4 2005TANYA BASOK Threatening Others: Nicaraguans and the Formation of National Identities in Costa Rica. Carlos Sandoval-García. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004. 263 pp. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||