Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Prophylactic Drug (prophylactic + drug)
Selected AbstractsEvaluation of analogues of DRDE-07 as prophylactic agents against the lethality and toxicity of sulfur mustard administered through percutaneous routeJOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, Issue 2 2006A. S. Kulkarni Abstract Sulfur mustard (SM), chemically bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide is a bifunctional alkylating agent that causes serious blisters on contact with human skin. Although several antidotes have been reported for the systemic toxicity of SM in experimental animals none of them are approved so far and decontamination of SM immediately by physical or chemical means is recommended as the best protection. Two compounds amifostine [S-2(3-aminopropylamino) ethyl phosphorothioate] and DRDE-07 [S-2(2-aminoethylamino) ethyl phenyl sulfide] gave very good protection as an oral prophylactic agent against SM the in mouse model, but in the rat model the protection was only moderate. In the search for more effective and less toxic compounds, a number of analogues of DRDE-07 were synthesised and their protective efficacy was evaluated in mouse and rat models. The LD50 of S-aryl substitution was between 1 and 2 g kg,1 and S-alkyl substitution was more than 2 g kg,1. In the mouse model, DRDE-07, DRDE-10, DRDE-21, DRDE-30 and DRDE-35 gave about 20 fold protection, and DRDE-23 and DRDE-38 gave less protection of 4.8 and 9.0 fold respectively, against percutaneously administered SM. In the rat model, DRDE-07, DRDE-09, DRDE-10 and DRDE-21 gave about two fold protection. Percutaneously administered SM (19.33 mg kg,1) significantly depleted the hepatic GSH content in mice. Pretreatment with DRDE-21 significantly elevated the levels. A 4.4 fold increase in % DNA fragmentation was observed 7 days after SM administration (19.33 mg kg,1) in mice. Pretreatment with DRDE-07, DRDE-09, DRDE-10, DRDE-21, DRDE-30 and DRDE-35 significantly protected the mice from SM induced DNA damage. The histopathological lesions in liver and spleen induced by percutaneously administered SM was reduced by pretreatment with DRDE-07, DRDE-09, DRDE-10 and DRDE-21. These analogues may prove as prototypes for the designing of more effective prophylactic drug for SM. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Malaria Antibodies and Mefloquine Levels among United Nations Troops in AngolaJOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE, Issue 3 2001Eli Schwartz Background: The United Nations deployed about 8,000 soldiers in a peacekeeping mission in Angola. Malaria is the most common disease there and consequently it was the major risk to the UN troops. Most of them are from malaria free areas. As a result of improper prophylactic measures there were many cases of malaria, including some deaths in 1995. In February,March 1996, an Israeli team was sent to Angola to evaluate the malaria situation among UN soldiers. This paper deals specifically with some aspects of chemoprophylaxis and diagnosis. The efforts were concentrated in one particular area where malaria incidence had been reported as the highest. Methods: Blood samples were collected from nonimmune soldiers who were using mefloquine as a prophylactic drug and were exposed to malaria. The mefloquine and the antimalarial antibody plasma levels were monitored. Results: While the local laboratory indicated that about 80% had a malaria episode, the serological results revealed that only 5 soldiers of the 56 (9%) examined had antimalarial antibodies, of which 3 were Angolans. Despite a controlled prophylactic regimen there was considerable variability in mefloquine plasma levels: 46% of the samples were below the required prophylactic level and 26% above it. All patients who were proven positive with malaria by both microscopic and serologic observation had a low level of mefloquine. Conclusions: In field conditions, a kit which identifies plasmodial antigens, is preferable, to a microscopic diagnostic method. Controlled mefloquine prophylaxis may not prevent malaria, especially when blood levels are low. The reason for the low mefloquine blood levels is not clear and needs further evaluation. [source] How pediatricians manage asthma in ThailandPEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Pakit Vichyanond MD Abstract Currently, there is no existing information regarding prescribing practices for the management of childhood asthma among pediatricians in Thailand. In order to evaluate the management standards for childhood asthma in Thailand, 400 self-administered questionnaires were randomly mailed to nonacademic pediatricians throughout Thailand, asking questions about their preferences in the treatment of childhood asthma. One hundred and seventy-four of these 400 questionnaires were returned (a response rate of 43.5%). Data were analyzed using the descriptive module of the Epi-info 6 program. For acute asthma, 17% of the respondents used objective measures such as peak flow meters in assessing asthma severity and severity of acute asthma attacks. The drug of first choice for treating acute attacks was a nebulized beta-agonist q 20 min (81.8%). Although 93% indicated that they had used theophylline for treating acute attacks, most would reserve the drug for patients with severe symptoms. Corticosteroids were reserved for those with severe attacks (91.7% both for clinic and for in-hospital settings). Hydrocortisone was the most preferred corticosteroid preparation (59.8%). Ninety-seven percent used antibiotics in treating acute asthma, but only with appropriate indications. For chronic asthma, a strong preference was observed for oral beta-agonists as the bronchodilator of choice (88%). For moderately severe asthmatics, theophylline was still preferred by 41% of the responders. Among prophylactic agents, ketotifen was the most favored drug (90.4%), whereas inhaled steroids and cromolyn were chosen by 9.6% and 2.4%, respectively. Eighty-five percent indicated that they would prescribe prophylactic agents for 1 year or less. Forty-two percent never considered allergy evaluation as a part of a workup for childhood asthma. Certain prescribing practices of childhood asthma management in Thailand were observed among pediatricians, i.e., 1) low frequency of using objective measures in assessing asthma severity among pediatricians; 2) frequent use of theophylline and antibiotics in the treatment of acute asthma; 3) late introduction of corticosteroids in treating acute asthma; 4) preference for oral bronchodilators; and 5) preference of ketotifen as the prophylactic drug of choice. This survey provides baseline data and will aid in the evaluation of management guidelines for childhood asthma in Thailand. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32:109,114. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Mediastinal node and diaphragmatic targeting after intracavitary injection of avidin/99mTc-blue-biotin-liposome systemJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 1 2006Luis A. Medina Abstract A method for delivering drugs to sites of disease extension in mediastinal nodes is described. Mediastinal node and lymphatic distributions were determined after intracavitary injection of the avidin/biotin-liposome system in normal rats. The effect of the injected dose on lymphatic targeting of liposomes after intraperitoneal injection of 99mTc-blue-biotin-liposomes and intrapleural injection of avidin, and vice versa, is presented. Scintigraphic imaging was used to follow the movement of 99mTc-blue-biotin-liposomes to determine the pharmacokinetics and organ uptake. Tissue biodistribution studies were performed 22 h after injection of the 99mTc-blue-biotin-liposomes. Results indicated that independent of the cavity in which each agent was injected, a dose of 5.0 mg of each agent results in higher mediastinal node targeting (8%,10% ID/Organ) as compared with the injection of a 0.5 mg dose (2%,5% ID/Organ, p,<,0.05). Targeting of diaphragm and associated lymphatics was observed when 99mTc-blue-biotin-liposomes were injected in peritoneum and avidin in pleural space. In contrast, pleural, and pericardial lymphatic targeting was observed when 99mTc-blue-biotin-liposomes were injected in pleural space and avidin in peritoneum. Intracavitary injection of the avidin/biotin-liposome system could potentially be used for the delivery of prophylactic drugs that could reduce tumor metastasis and infection spread to mediastinal nodes. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 95:207,224, 2006 [source] Trapping Norovirus by Glycosylated Hydrogels: a Potential Oral Antiviral DrugCHEMMEDCHEM, Issue 12 2006Yalong Zhang Trapped! Hydrogels have potential for use as prophylactic drugs against norovirus infection, as they absorb virus particles with high affinity. Virus entrapped in the hydrogel would be rendered harmless as it is cleared from the body. This approach could be useful in the worldwide fight against viral gastroenteritis outbreaks. [source] | |||||||||||||