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Proper Way (proper + way)
Selected AbstractsAspects of cleavage fracture initiation , relative influence of stress and strainFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 9-10 2006K. WALLIN ABSTRACT Cleavage fracture initiation has generally been assumed to be controlled mainly by matrix stress. Recently, several different cleavage fracture models have been proposed, where also strain is included in the failure criterion. However, the proposals have been rather crude and unable to provide clearly improved fracture estimates. Here, the first two steps of cleavage fracture (particle failure and grain fracture) are examined in more detail. It is shown that both stress and strain are important for cleavage fracture initiation, but that strain mainly affects particle failure, whereas grain fracture is controlled by a pure Griffith criterion. The findings are important for the development of new cleavage fracture models and to the proper way of accounting for constraint. [source] The simulation of heat and water exchange at the land,atmosphere interface for the boreal grassland by the land-surface model SWAPHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 10 2002Yeugeniy M. Gusev Abstract The major goal of this paper is to evaluate the ability of the physically based land surface model SWAP to reproduce heat and water exchange processes that occur in mid-latitude boreal grassland regions characterized by a clear seasonal course of hydrometeorological conditions, deep snow cover, seasonally frozen soil, as well as seasonally mobile and shallow water table depth. A unique set of hydrometeorological data measured over 18 years (1966,83) at the Usadievskiy catchment (grassland) situated in the central part of Valdai Hills (Russia) provides an opportunity to validate the model. To perform such validation in a proper way, SWAP is modified to take into account a shallow water table depth. The new model differs from its previous version mainly in the parameterization of water transfer in a soil column; besides that, it includes soil water,groundwater interaction. A brief description of the new version of SWAP and the results of its validation are presented. Simulations of snow density, snow depth, snow water equivalent, daily snow surface temperature, daily evaporation from snow cover, water yield of snow cover, water table depth, depth of soil freezing and thawing, soil water storage in two layers, daily surface and total runoff from the catchment, and monthly evaporation from the catchment are validated against observations on a long-term basis. The root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of simulations of soil water storage in the layers of 0,50 cm and 0,100 cm are equal to 16 mm and 24 mm respectively; the relative RMSE of simulated annual total runoff is 16%; the RMSE of daily snow surface temperature is 2·9 °C (the temperature varies from 0 to ,46 °C); the RMSE of maximum snow water equivalent (whose value averaged over 18 years is equal to 147 mm) is 32 mm. Analysis of the results of validation shows that the new version of the model SWAP reproduces the heat and water exchange processes occurring in mid-latitude boreal grassland reasonably well. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Numerical simulation of bolt-supported tunnels by means of a multiphase model conceived as an improved homogenization procedureINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 13 2008Patrick de Buhan Abstract This paper examines the possibility of applying a homogenization procedure to analyze the convergence of a tunnel reinforced by bolts, regarded as periodically distributed linear inclusions. Owing to the fact that a classical homogenization method fails to account for the interactions prevailing between the bolts and the surrounding ground and thus tends to significantly overestimate the reinforcement effect in terms of convergence reduction, a so-called multiphase model is presented and developed, aimed at improving the classical homogenization method. Indeed, according to this model, the bolt-reinforced ground is represented at the macroscopic scale as the superposition of two mutually interacting continuous phases, describing the ground and the reinforcement network, respectively. It is shown that such a multiphase approach can be interpreted as an extension of the homogenization procedure, thus making it possible to capture the ground,reinforcement interaction in a proper way, provided the constitutive parameters of the model and notably those relating to the interaction law can be identified from the reinforced ground characteristics. The numerical implementation of this model in a finite element method-based computer code is then carried out, and a first illustrative application is finally presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Treatment of Neumann boundaries in the complex variable boundary element methodINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2004Kozo Sato Abstract For potential flow, the complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM) is formulated in terms of the velocity potential , and the stream function ,. In actual flow problems, , and ,,/,n are given along Dirichlet and Neumann boundaries, respectively. In the CVBEM, the Neumann-type condition ,,/,n is not directly handled, and, instead, , is used to define Neumann boundaries. Owing to this discrepancy, numerical difficulties are raised along Neumann boundaries. The current study addresses two such difficulties: (1) multiple Neumann boundaries and (2) branch cuts across Neumann boundaries. The first problem is due to the fact that , along multiple boundaries cannot be specified a priori, and the second problem is due to the discontinuous jump inherent in , for sink/source singularities. To overcome these difficulties, a new formulation of the CVBEM to solve for the unknown , values and a proper way of branch-cut placement are proposed, and these techniques are verified against example problems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Föderalismusreform II: Zur Frage des Controlling der KonsolidierungshilfenPERSPEKTIVEN DER WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITIK, Issue 3 2010Joachim Ragnitz One element of this reform are so called "consolidation transfers" for heavily indebted states as an measure to reduce debt. In turn, receiving states have to run a strict consolidation strategy in the years to come, that is a reduction of public expenditure. It is shown that these bail-out rules will only help if the accompanying regulations will be enforced in a restrictive matter; however. There are risks that this will not be pursued in a proper way. [source] Physical-Object Ontology, Verbal Disputes, and Common SensePHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2005ELI HIRSCH Two main claims are defended in this paper: first, that typical disputes in the literature about the ontology of physical objects are merely verbal; second, that the proper way to resolve these disputes is by appealing to common sense or ordinary language. A verbal dispute is characterized not in terms of private idiolects, but in terms of different linguistic communities representing different positions. If we imagine a community that makes Chisholm's mereological essentialist assertions, and another community that makes Lewis's four-dimensionalist assertions, the members of each community speak the truth in their respective languages. This follows from an application of the principle of interpretive charity to the two communities. [source] Legal Positivism, Law's Normativity, and the Normative Force of Legal JustificationRATIO JURIS, Issue 4 2003Torben Spaak In this article, I distinguish between a moral and a strictly legal conception of legal normativity, and argue that legal positivists can account for law's normativity in the strictly legal but not in the moral sense, while pointing out that normativity in the former sense is of little interest, at least to lawyers. I add, however, that while the moral conception of law's normativity is to be preferred to the strictly legal conception from the rather narrow viewpoint of the study of law's normativity, it is less attractive than the latter from the broader viewpoint of the study of the nature of law. I then distinguish between a moral and a strictly legal conception of the normative force of legal justification, and argue that legal positivists may without contradiction embrace the moral conception, and that therefore the analysis of the normative force of legal justification need not be a problem for legal positivists. I conclude that, on the whole, we have reason to prefer legal positivism to natural law theory. I begin by introducing the subject of jurisprudence (section 1). I then introduce the natural law/legal positivism debate, suggesting that we ought to understand it as a debate about the proper way to explicate the concept of law (section 2). I proceed to argue that legal decision-making is a matter of applying legal norms to facts, and that syllogistic reasoning plays a prominent role in legal decision-making thus conceived (section 3). Having done that, I discuss law's normativity (section 4), the normative force of legal justification (section 5), and the relation between the former and the latter (section 6). I conclude with a critical comment on Joseph Raz' understanding of the question of law's normativity (appendix). [source] Defining the patient at high risk for melanomaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Estee L. Psaty BA In this practical review, we aim to help clinicians identify patients who are at significant risk of developing malignant melanoma. Universal screening is challenging, thus it is important to effectively single out patients who have a high risk of developing the disease. We provide a summary of pertinent questions to review when taking the patient's history, point out the phenotypic features to note during skin examination, and suggest risk stratification as a means to plan initial and long-term surveillance strategy. We mention personal and family history of melanoma as prime risk factors for melanoma, yet the review also focuses on the patient who has no history of melanoma, either in himself or his family, and the proper ways to evaluate his likelihood of developing the disease. [source] Larval chaetotaxy of Coleoptera (Insecta) as a tool for evolutionary research and systematics: less confusion, more clarityJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH, Issue 2 2007A. Y. Solodovnikov Abstract Chaetotaxy of beetle larvae is a significant source of characters for descriptive and phylogenetic aspects of systematics of this largest group of animals of comparable age. Survey of the mostly modern systematic literature employing larval chaetotaxy in Coleoptera reveals, however, that contrary to some general claims for the utility of this character set, use of larval chaetotaxy is rather limited. This is mostly because researchers find working with larval chaetotaxy difficult and time consuming. Factors that make exploration of chaetotaxy so cumbersome are methodologically analysed here and divided into two categories: intrinsic and operational. It is revealed that the most dangerous of them are operational, which arise from the multiplication of inconsistencies coming from different levels of comparative morphological research. As a result, ill-defined assessments of larval chaetotaxy may bring more confusion than clarity to the systematics of beetles, especially to its phylogenetic component which is intuitively avoided by researchers who refuse to use chaetotaxy. This paper attempts to scrutinize the sources of these inconsistencies undermining studies of larval chaetotaxy in hope of eliminating them from present and future systematic studies of Coleoptera. Some methodological issues raised here are also applicable to adult Coleoptera, to other insects and invertebrates, or to the proper ways of exploring the comparative morphology of living organisms, underlying evolutionary and systematic research. Zusammenfassung Die larvale Chaetotaxie von Käfern stellt wichtige Merkmale für deskriptive und phylogenetische Aspekte der Systematik dieser größten Tiergruppe zur Verfügung. Die Auswertung überwiegend moderner systematischer Schriften, in denen larvale Chaetotaxie bei Käfern angewendet wird, hat jedoch ergeben, dass, entgegen der allgemeinen Behauptung der Nützlichkeit dieses Merkmalskomplexes, dessen tatsächliche Anwendung recht begrenzt bleibt. Dies rührt haupsächlich daher, dass larvale Chaetotaxie als schwierig und zeitraubend angesehen wird. Die Faktoren, welche chaetotaxonomische Untersuchungen erschweren, werden hier methodologisch analysiert und in zwei Gruppen unterteilt: intrinsische Faktoren und operationale Faktoren. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass die operationalen Faktoren die größten Gefahren mit sich bringen, bedingt durch die Multiplikation widersprüchlicher Befunde von verschiedenen Ebenen vergleichend-morphologischer Forschung. Als Resultat können fehlgeleitete Bewertungen larvaler Chaetotaxie mehr zur Verwirrung als zur Aufklärung der Käfersystematik beitragen. Dies trifft insbesondere auf die phylogenetische Komponente der Systematik zu, die von Forschern, welche die Verwendung der Chaetotaxie ablehnen, intuitiv gemieden wird. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht, die Quellen der widersprüchlichen Befunde zu ergründen, welche den Wert von Untersuchungen zur larvalen Chaetotaxie untergraben, sodass sie in aktuellen und zukünftigen systematisch-coleopterologischen Untersuchungen vermieden werden können. Einige der hier erörterten methodologischen Gesichtspunkte sind auch anwendbar auf adulte Käfer, andere Insekten und Wirbellose oder allgemein auf die korrekte Vorgehensweise bei der Erforschung der vergleichenden Morphologie lebender Organismen, die der Systematik und Evolutionsforschung zugrunde liegen. [source] La Vida Matizada: Time Sense, Everyday Rhythms, and Globalized Ideas of WorkANTHROPOLOGY & HUMANISM, Issue 2 2009David Syring SUMMARY This article explores three instances of the frictions and negotiations that are sparked by specific transnational encounters with global capitalist temporality. Capitalist ideas about the proper ways to organize time and labor have long dominated global practices. Such ideas simultaneously force acceptance of a limited model of the proper relationships between work and everyday life. This article provides ethnographic descriptions of the work rhythms of three men in interconnected contexts,those of an indigenous Saraguro (Ecuador) man, the experience of a migrant Saraguro man who works in industrial agriculture in the United States, and the author's experience as an academic. [source] | |||||||||||||