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Projection Patterns (projection + pattern)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Life Sciences84%

Selected Abstracts

A practical 3D measurement system based on projection pattern control techniques

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN, Issue 11 2009
Genki Cho
Abstract Most of the recent 3D image measurement methods have employed certain pattern projection techniques because of their higher reliabilities. Especially, the intensity-modulated technique can detect more stripe addresses by a single projection and therefore is very much expected for its practical use in the near future. The traditional techniques of this type, however, have encountered several serious problems where 3D measurements are difficult in sensitivity, speed and accuracy or fatally impossible for unknown objects. In order to solve these problems, we propose an automatic control technique of angle and space frequency of projection pattern. Furthermore, for security of measurement accuracy and measurement speed, projection pattern intensity control technique and optimal intensity-modulation projection technique are adopted in the proposal measurement system. By using the proposed technique the automatic 3D measurement intended for the geostationary objects and the swaying objects were realized in experimental results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(11): 34,41, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10147 [source]

Distribution of large terminal inputs from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices to the dorsal thalamus in the rodent

THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 13 2010
Chia-Chi Liao
Abstract The present study was undertaken to determine the precise projection pattern from the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory cortices to the posterior nuclear proper (POm) and ventroposterior thalamic nuclei (VP). The POm was previously shown to receive large boutons arising exclusively from layer V of the S1 barrel region. This descending input was proposed to play a key role, namely, as a driver, in shaping the receptive property of POm neurons. To determine whether other body parts and the S2 also contribute such unique inputs to the dorsal thalamus, anterograde neuroanatomical tracers were focally deposited in the S1 and S2 forepaw and whisker regions of rats and C57BL6-Tg (GFPm)/Thy1 transgenic mice. Our major findings were that, 1) irrespective of body representations, both the S1 and the S2 provided corticothalamic large terminals to the POm with comparable morphological characteristics and 2) descending large terminals were also noted in particular subzones within the VP, including boundary and caudal areas. We concluded, based on these findings, that the rodent VP has three partitions: the rostral VP innervated by small corticothalamic terminals, the caudal VP with both corticothalamic small and large terminals, and a surrounding shell region, which also contained large terminals. Furthermore, assuming that the large terminal has a driver's role, we propose that particular subzones in the VP may play a role as a multiple-order thalamic relay so that they can simultaneously coordinate with first- and higher-order relays in the thalamocortical circuitry for processing somatosensory information. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2592,2611, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Selective projection patterns from subtypes of retinal ganglion cells to tectum and pretectum: Distribution and relation to behavior

THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2009
Marcus Robert Jones
Abstract An important issue to understand is how visual information can influence the motor system and affect behavior. Using the lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as an experimental model we examined the morphological subtypes of retinal ganglion cells and their projection pattern to the tectum, which controls eye, head, and body movements, and to the pretectum, which mediates both visual escape responses and the dorsal light response. We identified six distinct morphological types of retinal ganglion cell. Four of these distribute their dendrites in the inner plexiform layer (image forming layer) and project in a retinotopic manner to all areas of the tectum. The posterior part of the retina has the highest density of ganglion cells and projects to the rostral part of the tectum, in which the visual field in front of the lamprey will be represented. From this area both orienting and evasive behaviors can be elicited. In contrast, pretectum receives input from two ganglion cells types that send their dendrites only to the outer plexiform layer or the outer limiting membrane and therefore may directly contact photoreceptors, and transmit information without additional delay to pretectum, which may be particularly important for visual escape responses. One of these two types, the bipolar ganglion cell, is only found in a small patch of retina just ventral of the optic nerve. Due to its distribution, morphology, and projections we suggest that this cell may control the dorsal light response. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:257,275, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Selective projection patterns from subtypes of retinal ganglion cells to tectum and pretectum: Distribution and relation to behavior

THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Marcus Robert Jones
Abstract An important issue to understand is how visual information can influence the motor system and affect behavior. Using the lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as an experimental model we examined the morphological subtypes of retinal ganglion cells and their projection pattern to the tectum, which controls eye, head, and body movements, and to the pretectum, which mediates both visual escape responses and the dorsal light response. We identified six distinct morphological types of retinal ganglion cell. Four of these distribute their dendrites in the inner plexiform layer (image forming layer) and project in a retinotopic manner to all areas of the tectum. The posterior part of the retina has the highest density of ganglion cells and projects to the rostral part of the tectum, in which the visual field in front of the lamprey will be represented. From this area both orienting and evasive behaviors can be elicited. In contrast, pretectum receives input from two ganglion cells types that send their dendrites only to the outer plexiform layer or the outer limiting membrane and therefore may directly contact photoreceptors, and transmit information without additional delay to pretectum, which may be particularly important for visual escape responses. One of these two types, the bipolar ganglion cell, is only found in a small patch of retina just ventral of the optic nerve. Due to its distribution, morphology, and projections we suggest that this cell may control the dorsal light response. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:257,275, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Selective projection patterns from subtypes of retinal ganglion cells to tectum and pretectum: Distribution and relation to behavior

THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Marcus Robert Jones
Abstract An important issue to understand is how visual information can influence the motor system and affect behavior. Using the lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as an experimental model we examined the morphological subtypes of retinal ganglion cells and their projection pattern to the tectum, which controls eye, head, and body movements, and to the pretectum, which mediates both visual escape responses and the dorsal light response. We identified six distinct morphological types of retinal ganglion cell. Four of these distribute their dendrites in the inner plexiform layer (image forming layer) and project in a retinotopic manner to all areas of the tectum. The posterior part of the retina has the highest density of ganglion cells and projects to the rostral part of the tectum, in which the visual field in front of the lamprey will be represented. From this area both orienting and evasive behaviors can be elicited. In contrast, pretectum receives input from two ganglion cells types that send their dendrites only to the outer plexiform layer or the outer limiting membrane and therefore may directly contact photoreceptors, and transmit information without additional delay to pretectum, which may be particularly important for visual escape responses. One of these two types, the bipolar ganglion cell, is only found in a small patch of retina just ventral of the optic nerve. Due to its distribution, morphology, and projections we suggest that this cell may control the dorsal light response. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:257,275, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Olfactory neurons expressing identified receptor genes project to subsets of glomeruli within the antennal lobe of Drosophila melanogaster

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2003
Sheetal Bhalerao
Abstract We have used green fluorescent protein to trace the projection patterns of olfactory neurons expressing identified candidate odorant receptors to the brain of Drosophila. At the periphery, receptor expression correlates with specific sense-organ subtype, independent of location on the antennal surface. The majority of neurons expressing a given receptor converge onto one or two major glomeruli as described previously. However, we detected a few additional glomeruli, which are less intensely innervated and also tend to be somewhat variable. This means that functionally similar olfactory neurons connect to small subsets of glomeruli rather than to a single glomerulus as believed previously. This finding has important implications for our understanding of odor coding and the generation of olfactory behavior. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 54: 577,592, 2003 [source]

New reproductive anomalies in fruitless -mutant Drosophila males: Extreme lengthening of mating durations and infertility correlated with defective serotonergic innervation of reproductive organs

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2001
Gyunghee Lee
Abstract Several features of male reproductive behavior are under the neural control of fruitless (fru) in Drosophila melanogaster. This gene is known to influence courtship steps prior to mating, due to the absence of attempted copulation in the behavioral repertoire of most types of fru -mutant males. However, certain combinations of fru mutations allow for fertility. By analyzing such matings and their consequences, we uncovered two striking defects: mating times up to four times the normal average duration of copulation; and frequent infertility, regardless of the time of mating by a given transheterozygous fru -mutant male. The lengthened copulation times may be connected with fru -induced defects in the formation of a male-specific abdominal muscle. Production of sperm and certain seminal fluid proteins are normal in these fru mutants. However, analysis of postmating qualities of females that copulated with transheterozygous mutants strongly implied defects in the ability of these males to transfer sperm and seminal fluids. Such abnormalities may be associated with certain serotonergic neurons in the abdominal ganglion in which production of 5HT is regulated by fru. These cells send processes to contractile muscles of the male's internal sex organs; such projection patterns are aberrant in the semifertile fru mutants. Therefore, the reproductive functions regulated by fruitless are expanded in their scope, encompassing not only the earliest stages of courtship behavior along with almost all subsequent steps in the behavioral sequence, but also more than one component of the culminating events. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 47: 121,149, 2001 [source]

Chemical Nanostructures of Multifunctional Self-Assembled Monolayers,

ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 2 2008
N. Herzer
The fabrication of multifunctional surface patterns by employing removable metal barrier nanostructures and site-selective assembly of chemical active monolayers is reported. Latex bead gold projection patterns serve as barrier structures to obtain high-fidelity nanostructures consisting of n -octadecyl/n -thiolundecyl multifunctional self-assembled monolayers (NanoMuSes). Large scale, high resolution, stable and addressable chemically active surface patterns are obtained. [source]

Cellular configuration of single octopamine neurons in Drosophila

THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 12 2010
Sebastian Busch
Abstract Individual median octopamine neurons in the insect central nervous system serve as an excellent model system for comparative neuroanatomy of single identified cells. The median octopamine cluster of the subesophageal ganglion consists of defined sets of paired and unpaired interneurons, which supply the brain and subesophageal ganglion with extensive ramifications. The developmental program underlying the complex cellular network is unknown. Here we map the segmental location and developmental origins of individual octopamine neurons in the Drosophila subesophageal ganglion. We demonstrate that two sets of unpaired median neurons, located in the mandibular and maxillary segments, exhibit the same projection patterns in the brain. Furthermore, we show that the paired and unpaired neurons belong to distinct lineages. Interspecies comparison of median neurons revealed that many individual octopamine neurons in different species project to equivalent target regions. Such identified neurons with similar morphology can derive from distinct lineages in different species (i.e., paired and unpaired neurons). J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2355,2364, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Selective projection patterns from subtypes of retinal ganglion cells to tectum and pretectum: Distribution and relation to behavior

THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2009
Marcus Robert Jones
Abstract An important issue to understand is how visual information can influence the motor system and affect behavior. Using the lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as an experimental model we examined the morphological subtypes of retinal ganglion cells and their projection pattern to the tectum, which controls eye, head, and body movements, and to the pretectum, which mediates both visual escape responses and the dorsal light response. We identified six distinct morphological types of retinal ganglion cell. Four of these distribute their dendrites in the inner plexiform layer (image forming layer) and project in a retinotopic manner to all areas of the tectum. The posterior part of the retina has the highest density of ganglion cells and projects to the rostral part of the tectum, in which the visual field in front of the lamprey will be represented. From this area both orienting and evasive behaviors can be elicited. In contrast, pretectum receives input from two ganglion cells types that send their dendrites only to the outer plexiform layer or the outer limiting membrane and therefore may directly contact photoreceptors, and transmit information without additional delay to pretectum, which may be particularly important for visual escape responses. One of these two types, the bipolar ganglion cell, is only found in a small patch of retina just ventral of the optic nerve. Due to its distribution, morphology, and projections we suggest that this cell may control the dorsal light response. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:257,275, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Selective projection patterns from subtypes of retinal ganglion cells to tectum and pretectum: Distribution and relation to behavior

THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Marcus Robert Jones
Abstract An important issue to understand is how visual information can influence the motor system and affect behavior. Using the lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as an experimental model we examined the morphological subtypes of retinal ganglion cells and their projection pattern to the tectum, which controls eye, head, and body movements, and to the pretectum, which mediates both visual escape responses and the dorsal light response. We identified six distinct morphological types of retinal ganglion cell. Four of these distribute their dendrites in the inner plexiform layer (image forming layer) and project in a retinotopic manner to all areas of the tectum. The posterior part of the retina has the highest density of ganglion cells and projects to the rostral part of the tectum, in which the visual field in front of the lamprey will be represented. From this area both orienting and evasive behaviors can be elicited. In contrast, pretectum receives input from two ganglion cells types that send their dendrites only to the outer plexiform layer or the outer limiting membrane and therefore may directly contact photoreceptors, and transmit information without additional delay to pretectum, which may be particularly important for visual escape responses. One of these two types, the bipolar ganglion cell, is only found in a small patch of retina just ventral of the optic nerve. Due to its distribution, morphology, and projections we suggest that this cell may control the dorsal light response. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:257,275, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Selective projection patterns from subtypes of retinal ganglion cells to tectum and pretectum: Distribution and relation to behavior

THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Marcus Robert Jones
Abstract An important issue to understand is how visual information can influence the motor system and affect behavior. Using the lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as an experimental model we examined the morphological subtypes of retinal ganglion cells and their projection pattern to the tectum, which controls eye, head, and body movements, and to the pretectum, which mediates both visual escape responses and the dorsal light response. We identified six distinct morphological types of retinal ganglion cell. Four of these distribute their dendrites in the inner plexiform layer (image forming layer) and project in a retinotopic manner to all areas of the tectum. The posterior part of the retina has the highest density of ganglion cells and projects to the rostral part of the tectum, in which the visual field in front of the lamprey will be represented. From this area both orienting and evasive behaviors can be elicited. In contrast, pretectum receives input from two ganglion cells types that send their dendrites only to the outer plexiform layer or the outer limiting membrane and therefore may directly contact photoreceptors, and transmit information without additional delay to pretectum, which may be particularly important for visual escape responses. One of these two types, the bipolar ganglion cell, is only found in a small patch of retina just ventral of the optic nerve. Due to its distribution, morphology, and projections we suggest that this cell may control the dorsal light response. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:257,275, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Differential vulnerability of propriospinal tract neurons to spinal cord contusion injury

THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2004
Amanda C. Conta
Abstract The propriospinal system is important in mediating reflex control and in coordination during locomotion. Propriospinal neurons (PNs) present varied patterns of projections with ascending and/or descending fibers. Following spinal cord contusion injury (SCI) in the rat, certain supraspinal pathways, such as the corticospinal tract, appear to be completely abolished, whereas others, such as the rubrospinal and vestibuospinal tracts, are only partially damaged. The amount of damage to propriospinal axons following different severities of SCI is not fully known. In the present study retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques were used to assess the projection patterns of propriospinal neurons in order to determine how this system is affected following SCI. Our findings reveal that PNs have differential vulnerabilities to SCI. While short thoracic propriospinal axons are severely damaged after injury, 5,7% of long descending propriospinal tract (LDPT) projections survive following 50 and 12.5-mm weight drop contusion lesions, respectively, albeit with a reduced intensity of retrograde label. Even though the axons of short thoracic propriospinal cells are damaged, their cell bodies of origin remain intact 2 weeks after injury, indicating that they have not undergone postaxotomy retrograde cell death at this time point. Thus, short PNs may constitute a very attractive population of cells to study regenerative approaches, whereas LDPT neurons with spared axons could be targeted with therapeutic interventions, seeking to enhance recovery of function following incomplete lesions to the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 479:347,359, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]