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Professional Expertise (professional + expertise)
Selected AbstractsAge and Assessments of Professional Expertise: The Relationship between Higher Level Employees' Age and Self-assessments or Supervisor Ratings of Professional ExpertiseINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 4 2001Beatrice Van Der Heijden In this article the relationship between higher level employees' age and assessments of professional expertise is described. Hypotheses have been tested with original survey data from 417 higher level employees and 224 direct supervisors. Concerning the analyses of the effects of age, our hypotheses have for the greater part been confirmed. In our study, we have found that age-related stereotyping is an important phenomenon where assessments concerning professional expertise are made by supervisors. As regards the self-ratings, there is no relationship between age and professional expertise. Further research is needed to understand the pattern of differences between the two types of ratings. Some speculations concerning improvements of the measurements are discussed. [source] THE MOLECULAR FUTURE IN CYTOLOGYCYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 2006M. Salto-Tellez Molecular diagnosis is the application of molecular biology techniques and knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of disease to diagnosis, prognostication and treatment of diseases. Molecular Diagnosis is, arguably, the fastest growing area of diagnostic medicine. The US market for molecular testing generated $1.3 billion in 2000, which was predicted to increase to about $4.2 billion by 2007.1 We proposed the term Diagnostic Molecular Cytopathology to define the application of molecular diagnosis to cytopathology2. Diagnostic Molecular Cytopathology is essential for the following reasons: (i) Molecular testing is sometimes indispensable to establish an unequivocal diagnosis on cell preparations; (ii) Molecular testing provides extra information on the prognosis or therapy of diseases diagnosed by conventional cytology; (iii) Molecular testing provides genetic information on the inherited nature of diseases that can be directly investigated in cytology samples, by either exfoliation or by fine needle aspiration; (iv) Sometimes the cytopathology sample is the most convenient (or the only available) source of material for molecular testing; (v). Direct molecular interrogation of cells allows for a diagnostic correlation that would otherwise not be possible. Parallel to this direct diagnostic implication, cytopathology is increasing important in the validation of biomarkers for specific diseases, and in therefore of significant importance in the overall translational research strategies. We illustrate its application in some of the main areas of oncology molecular testing, such as molecular fingerprinting of neoplasms,3 lymphoreticular diseases,2 sarcomas4 and lung cancer,5 as well as translational research using diagnostic cytopathology techniques. The next years will see the consolidation of Diagnostic Molecular Cytopathology, a process that will lead to a change of many paradigms. In general, diagnostic pathology departments will have to reorganize molecular testing to pursue a cost-efficient operation. Sample preparation will have to take into account optimal preservation of nuclear acids. The training of technical staff and the level of laboratory quality control and quality assurance would have to follow strict clinical (not research) laboratory parameters. And, most importantly, those pathologists undertaking molecular diagnosis as a discipline would have to develop their professional expertise within the same framework of fellowships and professional credentials that is offered in other sub-specialties. The price to pay if this effort is not undertaken is too important for the future of diagnostic pathology in general. The increasing characterization of molecular biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic value is making the analysis of tissue and cell samples prior to treatment a more complex exercise. If cytopathologists and histopathologists allow others to take charge of molecular diagnosis, our overall contribution to the diagnostic process will be diminished. We may not become less important, but we may become less relevant. However, those within the discipline of diagnostic pathology who can combine the clinical background of diseases with the morphological, immunocytochemical and molecular diagnostic interpretation will represent bona fide diagnostic specialists. Such ,molecular cytopathologists' would place themselves at the centre of clinical decision-making. Reference:, 1. Liz Fletcher. Roche leads molecular diagnostics charge. Nature Biotechnol 20, 6,7; 2002 2. Salto-Tellez M and Koay ESC. Molecular Diagnostic Cytopathology - Definitions, Scope and Clinical Utility. Cytopathology 2004; 15:252,255 3. Salto-Tellez M, Zhang D, Chiu LL, Wang SC, Nilsson B, and Koay ESC. Immunocytochemistry Versus Molecular Fingerprinting of Metastases. Cytopathology, 2003 Aug; 14(4):186,90. 4. Chiu LL, Koay SCE, Chan NL and Salto-Tellez M. Molecular Cytopathology: Sequencing of the EWS-WT1 Gene Fusion Transcript in the Peritoneal Effusion of a Patient with Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumour. Diagnostic Cytopathology, 2003 Dec; 29(6): 341,3. 5. TM Chin, D Anuar, R Soo, M Salto-Tellez, WQ Li, B Ahmad, SC Lee, BC Goh, K Kawakami, A Segal, B Iacopetta, R Soong. Sensitive and Cost-Effective deptection of epidermal growth factor Receptor Mutations in Small Biopsies by denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography. (In press). [source] The relationship between healthcare professionals and the parents of chronically ill children: negotiating the boundaries between dependence and expertiseINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE, Issue 1 2007Alda Hummelinck senior clinical pharmacist Objective Mutual respect and understanding between parents and healthcare professionals are fundamental to the realisation of a partnership in the provision of care to chronically ill children. The aim of this study was an exploration of parents' perspectives on their relationship with healthcare professionals and their involvement in decisions about their child's care. Setting The paediatric department of a district general hospital in the West Midlands, England. Method Qualitative methodology using semi-structured interviews with 27 parents from 20 families with a chronically ill child. Key findings In the time following the child's diagnosis, parents' attitudes towards healthcare professionals often moved from reliance and trust to scepticism and suspicion. This change in attitude derived from their experience of inadequate communication and perception of professionals' failure to understand the reality of the intense and relentless demands and challenges that confront families providing care for a chronically ill child. Parents tended to be initially accepting and deferential to professional expertise. Over time, however, as their experience and confidence increased, they often desired a greater involvement in decisions about treatment and care. This transition, between initial, or episodic, dependency and active partnership, was often not recognised or accommodated by professionals. It was difficult for both parties to negotiate the transition from parents' dependency on health professionals to becoming more independent managers of care. Conclusions Professionals should be aware of parents' preferred and changing level of involvement in care and decision making, and endeavour to accommodate these throughout the process of providing care for chronically ill children. [source] Age and Assessments of Professional Expertise: The Relationship between Higher Level Employees' Age and Self-assessments or Supervisor Ratings of Professional ExpertiseINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 4 2001Beatrice Van Der Heijden In this article the relationship between higher level employees' age and assessments of professional expertise is described. Hypotheses have been tested with original survey data from 417 higher level employees and 224 direct supervisors. Concerning the analyses of the effects of age, our hypotheses have for the greater part been confirmed. In our study, we have found that age-related stereotyping is an important phenomenon where assessments concerning professional expertise are made by supervisors. As regards the self-ratings, there is no relationship between age and professional expertise. Further research is needed to understand the pattern of differences between the two types of ratings. Some speculations concerning improvements of the measurements are discussed. [source] Perfect Masters of Their Art: Re-imagining ExpertiseJOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION, Issue 3 2000Peter Schneider This essay examines the testimony presented in a court action that took place in Utrecht, Holland in 1542. It uses the trial as a case study that illustrates and elaborates the significant issues that emerge when the basis of any professional expertise is challenged and tested. It suggests that the case presents us with a model for understanding one way in which the professions make use of specialized definitions of their expertise to circumscribe and defend the privileged domains of their beliefs and practices. It also provides us with a documented example of the way in which the new, platonic view of the architect framed by both Vitruvius and Alberti was rapidly received, adopted, and diffused in postmedieval Europe. [source] Legislating Professionals: Private Bills for Entry to Practise Professions in Ontario, 1868,1914JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005TRACEY L. ADAMS This paper explores profession-state relations, through a case study of the Ontario government's historical practice of granting individual petitioners the right to circumvent requirements for entry to practise established by professional bodies. Through this practice, the Ontario legislature implicitly challenged professions' right to determine competence and expertise. While some have argued that states regulate professions to regulate expertise, this analysis suggests that state acceptance of professional expertise was a gradual process that came several decades after the establishment of professions in the province. [source] Detection of Childhood Visual Impairment in At-Risk GroupsJOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 3 2007Heleen Evenhuis Abstract, Children with intellectual disabilities have an increased risk of visual impairment, caused by both ocular and cerebral abnormalities, but this risk has not been quantified. The same applies to preterm children and children with cerebral palsy with a normal intelligence. Many cases probably go unidentified, because participation of these children in preschool vision screening programs is not guaranteed, or because no screening program is available. Although there may be a case for specific screening, there is insufficient scientific evidence supporting such a claim. A "safety net" construction for vision screening is proposed by a Dutch expert working party, based on scientific information and joint professional expertise, to improve identification of both ocular and cerebral visual impairment in at-risk groups. Costs and gains of the model should be scientifically evaluated in a test region. [source] Community family medicine teachers' perceptions of their teaching roleMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 3 2001Karen V Mann Objectives Our study explored community preceptors' perceptions of their teaching role, to better understand effective ambulatory and community-based teaching. Methods Bandura's social cognitive theory and Schön's notion of reflective practice guided conceptual development of an interview exploring preceptors' views of their role, teaching goals, teaching techniques, student assessment practices, factors affecting teaching and learning, and balance of patient and student needs. Preceptors reflected also on a significant personal teaching experience. A total of 17 highly student-rated preceptors participated. A trained interviewer conducted each interview; all were transcribed and subjected to content analysis. Results Preceptors (male, 14; female, 3) described learner-centred approaches, setting goals jointly with the student. Demonstration, guided practice, observation and feedback were integral to the experience. Preceptors saw student comfort in the environment as key to effective learning; they attempted to maximize students' learning and breadth of experience. They wanted students to understand content, ,know-how' and ,being a family physician'. Patients remained the primary responsibility, but learners' needs were viewed as compatible with that responsibility. Many preceptors perceived a professional responsibility as ,role models'. Conclusions Preceptors recognized the dynamic environment in which they taught students, and they described strategies which demonstrated how they adapted their teaching to meet the needs of the learner in that environment. These teachers combined learner-centred approaches with sound educational practices, broad learning experiences, attention to student learning and concern for development of professional expertise and judgement. These findings may assist faculty development in family medicine, and other disciplines, in providing effective ambulatory care teaching. [source] Reforming hospital nursing: the experiences of Maria MachinNURSING INQUIRY, Issue 4 2006Carol Helmstadter The reform of hospital nursing in the last quarter of the nineteenth century brought nursing leaders into conflict with the gendered and class bound structure of Victorian society. The experiences of Maria Machin are used in this article as an example of the barriers nursing leaders had to overcome in order to establish a competent nursing service. While Machin was eminently successful in improving patient care and expanding the knowledge base of her nurses, she could not change the perceptions of nursing which the public at large held. At the beginning of the nineteenth century hospital nurses had been essentially cleaning women who gave some of the less important nursing care. They formed a cheap service which many hospital governors considered a relatively low priority in the overall operation of the hospital. This view of nursing persisted long after the reformers had made nursing into something quite different. Machin's nursing career also illustrates how nursing participated in a major aspect of British imperialism, the export of professional expertise and administrative skills as well as the way nursing fitted into the rise of the new professionalism. [source] An organizational case study of the case manager's role in a client's return-to-work programme in AustraliaOCCUPATIONAL THERAPY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2002Domenica Russo locum occupational therapist Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the case manager's role in a return-to-work programme in Sydney, Australia. The investigators examined the case manager's role assumed by occupational therapists, physiotherapists, psychologists and rehabilitation counsellors when providing occupational rehabilitation services. Files of closed cases (n=172) were examined to investigate the relationship between the case manager's profession and return-to-work outcomes. It was found that the provider of occupational rehabilitation examined in this study achieved above-average return-to-work rates (83%), with no significant difference between case managers. There was, however, a significant relationship between the client's type of injury and the case manager (p<0.001), and case length was significantly different between case managers (p=0.004). The occupational therapist had the largest case management load (43%), followed by the rehabilitation counsellor (23%). There were trends (0.05 The effects of age and professional expertise on working memory performanceAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Elena Cavallini Differences in professional choice and experience may explain age differences in working memory performance of elderly people. The aim of this study was to examine whether expertise and prolonged practice in verbal and visuo-spatial abilities reduce age differences in laboratory working memory tasks. The effects of age and expertise on working memory performance were examined in three age groups in two different experiments. Firstly, the role of visuo-spatial expertise was analysed by examining age differences in architects. Secondly, people with extensive experience in verbal abilities (literary people) were tested in order to evaluate the effect of professional verbal experience. Architects and literary people outperformed a group of unselected age peers on tasks related to professional expertise only, but not on general working memory tests. There was no interaction between age and experience, suggesting that professional experience does not increase differences between experts and non experts and cannot modulate age-related effects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Eye of the Expert: Walter Benjamin and the avant gardeART HISTORY, Issue 3 2001Frederic J. Schwartz In ,The Work of Art in the Age of its Technical Reproducibility' of 1935/36, Walter Benjamin considers the effects of new conditions of production and commerce on the response to visual stimuli and on the structure of works of art, contrasting reception characterized by ,aura' with that characterized by ,distraction', the gaze of the (bourgeois) art lover with that of the working ,expert'. This essay represents Benjamin's theory of a new and positive form of mass spectatorship; in it he seeks to rise to the challenge of conservative critiques of culture, finding revolutionary potential and cognitive value in seemingly debased modes of apperception. By focusing on the notion of the ,expert', this article seeks to plot new coordinates by which to map the complex conceptual work involved in Benjamin's influential theses. The ,expert' was a key figure in the radical retheorization of cultural values in Weimar Germany, one implicated in the crisis of the traditional intelligentsia as well as in the processes of professionalization that affected fields from the arts to the sciences. Benjamin and those close to him in the Constructivist avant garde felt the pressures of new conditions of intellectual work, and traces of this can be found in the essay. There is also evidence of another process affecting the nature of thought in modernity: as objects of knowledge came to be approached within the parameters of narrowly defined professional concerns, both the origins and uses of the knowledge produced inevitably tended to fall into the blind spots of professional vision. By studying his contact with and borrowings from bodies of professional expertise, this article will question the extent of Benjamin's awareness of changing conditions of knowledge in the twentieth century. [source] Deliberate Practice and Acquisition of Expert Performance: A General OverviewACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 11 2008K. Anders Ericsson PhD Traditionally, professional expertise has been judged by length of experience, reputation, and perceived mastery of knowledge and skill. Unfortunately, recent research demonstrates only a weak relationship between these indicators of expertise and actual, observed performance. In fact, observed performance does not necessarily correlate with greater professional experience. Expert performance can, however, be traced to active engagement in deliberate practice (DP), where training (often designed and arranged by their teachers and coaches) is focused on improving particular tasks. DP also involves the provision of immediate feedback, time for problem-solving and evaluation, and opportunities for repeated performance to refine behavior. In this article, we draw upon the principles of DP established in other domains, such as chess, music, typing, and sports to provide insight into developing expert performance in medicine. [source] Dilemmas in the quest for inclusionBRITISH JOURNAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION, Issue 1 2005Klaus Wedell In 1995, on the occasion of his ,retirement', Professor Klaus Wedell wrote a leading article for BJSE entitled ,Making inclusive education ordinary'. Last October, Professor Wedell, also known to BJSE's readers as the author of the regular ,Points from the SENCo-Forum' column, delivered the Gulliford Lecture at Birmingham University. Here he makes the text of his lecture accessible to a wider audience. In this article, Professor Wedell places some of the ideas he discussed in 1995 in a contemporary context. He explores the systemic rigidities that create barriers to inclusion; he offers creative ideas for new ways to approach the challenges of inclusion; and he argues persuasively for much greater flexibility, at a range of levels, in order to facilitate change, development and innovation. Building on these themes, Professor Wedell summarises a series of implications for policy and practice. These concern teaching and learning; staffing and professional expertise; and grouping and locations for learning. In concluding his article, Professor Wedell calls on the Government to consider in more depth the issues that are raised by moves towards inclusion , particularly those issues that concern the individual learner in relation to the shared curriculum. This article will be of interest to anyone who recognises these and other tensions in the movement towards inclusion. [source]
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