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Kinds of Profiles Terms modified by Profiles Selected AbstractsLIPID, CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACID PROFILE OF SOME COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FISH SPECIES FROM SOUTH CASPIAN SEAJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2010S. PIRESTANI ABSTRACT The fatty acid, lipid, cholesterol and energy contents in five commercially important fish species from South Caspian Sea (common kilka, Caspian kutum, golden gray mullet, common carp and pike perch) were evaluated. The fatty acid compositions of these five fish species ranged from 28.99 to 41.05% saturated fatty acids, 40.99,56.25% monounsaturated fatty acids and 14.22,23.03% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among these, those occurring in the highest proportions were palmitic acid (20.42,27.9%), palmitoleic acid (11.09,26.26%), oleic acid (16.1,36.94%), eicosapentaenoic acid (3.22,7.53%) and docosahexaenoic acid (3.86,11.36%). The lipid, cholesterol and energy contents ranged from 1.97% to 10.23%, 57,302 mg/100 g and 4365.4,5544.2 cal g/dm, respectively. The obtained Statistical results showed that in these fishes, many of the above mentioned indices had significant differences (P , 0.01) and the cluster analysis results of fatty acid compositions showed that common carp and pike perch had good similarity, followed by the Caspian kutum and golden gray mullet. However, common kilka did not show any similarity to others. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Fish consumption has been linked to health benefits such as reduced risk of coronary heart disease. This is largely attributed to the lipid, cholesterol, energy contents, fatty acid compositions and the polyunsaturated fatty acids present in fish oils. The ,-3 : ,-6, polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid and eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid/C16 ratios are considered to be useful criteria for comparing relative nutritional and oxidation values of fish oils. [source] THE EFFECT OF REFRIGERATED STORAGE ON SENSORY PROFILE AND PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINIMALLY PASTEURIZED ORANGE JUICEJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 2009TATIANA BEATRIS TRIBESS ABSTRACT Minimal pasteurization of orange juice (OJ) consists of using minimum holding time and temperature to ensure partial inactivation of pectin methylesterase (PME). This process produces juice with preserved sensory attributes and has a better acceptance by consumers when compared with commercially pasteurized OJ. Sensory profile and physical-chemical characteristics of minimally processed OJ was determined, during refrigerated storage, for two OJ blends with different pH values and the same level of PME thermal inactivation. A selected and trained sensorial panel (n = 16) performed sensory analysis, based on a quantitative descriptive analysis, twice a week for 30 days, evaluating the attributes of appearance (suspended particles and color intensity), odor (natural orange and fermented orange) and flavor (orange characteristic, fermented orange, acid and bitter taste). Storage presented great effect on OJ sensory profile; however, it was not noticeable on physical-chemical characteristics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Minimal pasteurization of orange juice (OJ) consists of using minimum holding time and temperature to ensure partial inactivation of pectin methylesterase. This process produces juice with longer shelf life than fresh squeezed orange juice, preserved sensory attributes and better acceptance by consumers when compared with commercially pasteurized OJ. This study can contribute for quality evaluation of minimally pasteurized OJ under refrigeration. [source] INFLUENCE OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION ON THE VOLATILE PROFILE OF GUAVA FRUITSJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 3 2008JORGE A. PINO ABSTRACT The effect of osmotic dehydration (OD) on the volatile compounds of guava fruits was studied. Osmotic treatments were carried out at atmospheric pressure, at continuous vacuum and by applying a vacuum pulse (5 min under vacuum and the remaining time at atmospheric pressure) at different temperatures (30, 40 and 50C) and times (1, 2 and 3 h). The volatile compounds of fresh and dehydrated samples were obtained by simultaneous distillation,extraction, and were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In general, OD caused changes in the concentration of volatiles, depending on the process conditions. The use of lower temperatures and shorter treatment times can diminish the loss of volatiles with respect to the fresh samples. The greatest damage to volatiles loss is produced at 50C for up to 2 h under both pulsed and continuous vacuum. The lowest total volatiles loss occurred at 30 and 40C for up to 3 h under pulsed vacuum or atmospheric pressure. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Consumer demand for high-quality products with freshlike characteristics has promoted the development of a new category, minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Although these products present, as distinguishing features, simplicity in use and convenience, they generally perish more quickly than the original raw material because of tissue damage caused by mechanical operations. The use of osmotic dehydration process has been presented as a tool for the development of minimally processed fruits. The slight water activity reduction promoted by the process may provide stable products with good nutritional and sensorial quality and with characteristics similar to those of the fresh products. The application of minimal processing to tropical fruits can represent an interesting world market. Fruit flavor is an important quality factor that influences consumer acceptability, and for this reason, its study is relevant in the minimally processed food product. [source] ORGANIC ACIDS PROFILE IN TOMATO JUICE BY HPLC WITH UV DETECTIONJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 1 2007OMBRETTA MARCONI ABSTRACT A simple method was developed to determine 10 organic acids simultaneously in tomato products using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column with the diode array detector set at 210 nm. After centrifugation and filtration, the samples were passed through to an anion exchange resin and the organic acids were released using 0.1 N HCl. The chromatographic separation was achieved with isocratic analysis in a 20-min run. The method was reliable and sensitive. The coefficient of determination of the standard calibration curve is 0.9925 , r2 , 0.9999 and the limit of detection ranged from 0.08 to 6.00 mg/kg for trans -aconitic acid and acetic acid, respectively. The limit of quantification ranged from 0.19 to 15.18 mg/kg for trans-aconitic and acetic acid, respectively. To establish the efficiency of the anion resin the procedure was applied to a standard solution of a mixture of organic acids. The organic acids recovery ranged from 87.0% ± 1.9 for citramalic acid to 109.9% ± 5.2 for fumaric acid. [source] SENSORY EVALUATION OF VANILLA-DAIRY DESSERTS BY REPERTORY GRID METHOD AND FREE CHOICE PROFILEJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 1 2006LUIS GONZÁLEZ-TOMÁS ABSTRACT "Natillas" are semisolid dairy desserts widely consumed in Spain, with notable differences existing between commercial brands in their composition and sensory and physical properties. The repertory grid method, in conjunction with the free choice profile (FCP), was used to provide data on how consumers perceived eight commercial "natillas" samples. The most frequent terms used were: vanilla flavor, sweetness, consistency and liquid texture as described by 77, 67, 57 and 53% of the consumers, respectively. A three-dimensional solution was chosen. Dimension 1 accounted for 27.23% of variance and separated the samples largely by yellow-color intensity and consistency. Dimension 2 (15.88%) was mainly related to the visual attributes of texture, creaminess and different notes of flavor. The third dimension (11.34%) was related to structural-texture attributes, orange-yellow color and acid and artificial flavors. The assessors plot showed two clusters. Analysis of each group data revealed differences in their perception of sample variation, mainly regarding texture and color. [source] SENSORY PROFILE OF FLAVOR AND ODOR CHARACTERISTICS IN RONCAL CHEESE MADE FROM RAW EWE'S MILKJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 5 2002PATRICIA LARRÁYOZ ABSTRACT Roncal cheese is made from raw ovine milk and is regulated by an Appellation of Origin. This cheese variety is quite popular with consumers because of its special properties, which are unlike those of other ewe's-milk cheeses. To date there have been no studies aimed at characterizing the flavor and odor attributes of Roncal cheese. To remedy this situation, sensory analysis has been performed using Roncal cheese samples collected from artisanal and industrial cheese-making establishments. The cheeses were made at three different times of year (winter, spring, and summer) and were ripened for four or eight months. Sensory descriptors were generated, and after discussion suitable descriptors for describing and discriminating among Roncal cheese samples were selected by multivariate analysis. In all, 19 descriptors were employed, namely: odor: cream, meat broth, olive, toffee, liquid caramel, toasted, acetic acid, sweat, acidified milk, ammonia, leather, stable straw, wool, and odor intensity. flavor: characteristic flavor, acetic acid, sweat, butyric acid, and flavor intensity. [source] EFFECT OF MANGO PULP AND SOYMILK FORTIFICATION ON THE TEXTURE PROFILE OF SET YOGHURT MADE FROM BUFFALO MILKJOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 3 2003PRADYUMAN KUMAR The effect of the fat content in buffalo milk and proportions of buffalo milk, soymilk and mango pulp on textural characteristics of mango soy fortified yoghurt (MSFY) is reported. The TA-XT2 Texture Analyzer was used to measure the textural characteristics of MSFY prepared from blends containing varying proportions of buffalo milk (varying fat content), soymilk (8.2% total solids) and mango pulp (18% total solids). Texture profile data were used to develop regression models for dependent variables,hardness (HD), cohesiveness (CO), adhesiveness (AD), springiness (SP) and gumminess (GU), which were used to optimize the blend formula. The optimized values are 2.95% fat content in buffalo milk, 14.7% soymilk and 7.2% mango pulp in the blend for obtaining MSFY having textural characteristics similar to those of yoghurt having 6% fat. The MSFY prepared using optimized blend had HD (108 - 112 g), CO (0.41 - 0.42), AD (- 70.3 to - 72.9 g.s), SP (0.93 - 0.96) and GU (45.05 - 46.38 g). [source] COST, DEMOGRAPHICS AND INJURY PROFILE OF ADULT PEDESTRIAN TRAUMA IN INNER SYDNEYANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 1-2 2006Timothy J. Small Background: Pedestrian accidents are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and cost; however, there has been very little published work on this topic in Australasia over recent years. The objective of this study was to examine the demographics, injury profile, outcomes and cost of pedestrian versus motor vehicle accidents in a central city hospital in Sydney. Methods: Consecutive pedestrians injured by motor vehicles and admitted as inpatients during the years 2002,2004 were identified from our prospective trauma registry. A retrospective review included patient profiles (age, sex, time of injury and blood alcohol), injury pattern, cost, morbidity and mortality. Results: A total of 180 patients (64% men and 36% women) with a mean age of 46 and mean injury severity score of 14.1 were identified. Two peak injury periods were observed: one between 17.00 and 18.00 hours (P < 0.01) and the other between 20.00 and 22.00 hours (P < 0.01). Significantly more injuries occurred on Friday (P < 0.01) and during autumn months (P < 0.05). Musculoskeletal (34.3%), head (31.8%) and external (20.2%) injuries predominated. Forty-nine per cent of patients tested positive for consuming alcohol, with an average blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.22%. Alcohol consumption was associated with a worse outcome in terms of hospital and intensive care unit stay, morbidity and mortality. The average length of stay was 13.4 days costing $A16320 per admission. Sixteen patients died (mortality rate of 8.9%), with the highest rate in the elderly group (22.7%) (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Pedestrian accidents in inner Sydney are common with injuries predominating in intoxicated adult males. Mortality was higher in the elderly group. Injuries to the head and lower extremities predominate. Hospital stays are lengthy, resulting in a high cost for each admission. [source] A PSYCHODYNAMIC PROFILE OF THERAPISTS WHO SEXUALLY EXPLOIT THEIR CLIENTSBRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, Issue 3 2000Angela Hetherington ABSTRACT This paper reviews recent literature pertaining to therapists who sexually exploit their clients. It examines some of the common characteristics that have been identified in therapists who abuse, and the psychosexual factors in their background. It goes on to discuss the dynamics which may prevail in the event of therapist abuse. Research suggests that therapists who exploit their role will only do so if they are in some way dysfunctional (Russell 1993). Similarly, therapists who abuse are found to have severe problems with their own sexual identities and experience a considerable amount of sexual anxiety and guilt in their personal relationships (Strean 1993b). It is suggested that their own unresolved conflicts take precedence over those of their clients and unconsciously they harbour a deep antipathy towards the practice of psychotherapy (Strean 1993a). [source] PHOTOINHIBITION IN RED ALGAL SPECIES WITH DIFFERENT CAROTENOID PROFILES,JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Nadine Schubert Members of the Rhodophyta present different carotenoid profiles. In a majority of the species, lutein constitutes >50% of the total carotenoid content, while in other species, it is replaced by zeaxanthin or antheraxanthin. Given that carotenoids have specific roles in photoprotection, different carotenoid profiles of red algae species could be related to their capacity to cope with photoinhibitory stress. Therefore, in the present work, the sensitivity to light stress of red algal species with different carotenoid profiles was investigated. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by high-light stress and the subsequent recovery in dim-light conditions was measured using maximal PSII quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm). The degree of decrease and recovery of Fv/Fm and their respective kinetics were related to the carotenoid profile of the species. Although no relationship between sensitivity to high-light stress and the carotenoid profile was observed, there were clear carotenoid profile-related differences in the decrease and recovery kinetics. In species with zeaxanthin or antheraxanthin as the major carotenoid, Fv/Fm reduction and recovery was principally associated with slowly activated and relaxed processes. In contrast, in species with lutein as the major carotenoid, rapidly activated processes appear to play a major role in the down-regulation of photosynthesis during light-stress conditions. In these species, the repair of D1 is also important during light-stress conditions. This finding could imply differential expression of mechanisms involved in photoprotection in red algae that seems to be related to the carotenoid profile of the species. [source] QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE SENSORY ANALYSIS OF FIVE DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF SWEET POTATO TO DETERMINE SENSORY AND TEXTURAL PROFILESJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 1 2010C.S. LEIGHTON ABSTRACT A trained sensory panel was used to establish terminology for describing the sensory attributes of different cultivars orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) and white-fleshed sweet potato (WFSP). Quantitative descriptive analysis was applied to evaluate the samples in terms of the aroma, texture, flavor and aftertaste attributes. Thirteen attributes were identified. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify any factors differentiating between the sweet potato cultivars. The findings indicated that the main differences were, in PC1, the flavor and density and adhesive textural characteristics, and, in PC2, the grainy and firm textural characteristics of the different cultivars. OFSP displayed a more dense and pasty texture, which was most intense in the Resisto cultivar. W119 had a more grainy texture when compared with the other cultivars tested. WFSP was more moist and fibrous. Therefore, OFSP differed in color, was sweeter and displayed flavor characteristics of yellow vegetables (such as butternut and pumpkin) when compared with WFSP. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Although standard sensory evaluation techniques were used in this project, the materials used were sweet potatoes, which are of interest. Sweet potato is a root vegetable, and in this project, a lexicon for the textural properties, as well as a flavor profile of sweet potato, was developed. Such information can be used for sensory evaluation of other root vegetables. The shear force of the sweet potatoes was measured, and the methodology to determine shear forces and its contribution to the overall evaluation of the texture of sweet potatoes is included in the article. Furthermore, white-fleshed sweet potatoes are commonly known, and the flavor of WFSP is compared with that of orange-fleshed sweet potatoes. [source] SENSORY PROFILES OF THE MOST COMMON SALMON PRODUCTS ON THE DANISH MARKETJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 4 2006DITTE MARIE BENEDIKTE GREEN-PETERSEN ABSTRACT The sensory profiles of the most common chilled and frozen salmon products available to consumers on the Danish market were studied. A sensory profiling was made on 12 salmon products varying in salmon species, origin, storage method and time. Samples stored in ice between 7 and 16 days, frozen for 1 month or stored in modified atmosphere for 5 days all had sensory profiles dominated by sea/seaweed odor, juicy and oily texture, fresh fish oil, and sweet and mushroom flavor. Marked differences in the sensory profiles of the frozen samples were found to correlate to differences in storage time. Frozen storage for 6 months resulted in firm texture, discolored appearance and rancid flavor. The samples stored in modified atmosphere for 7 days had a sensory profile with marked rancid and sour odor. [source] HP24 MICRORNA EXPRESSION PROFILES IN BARRETT'S OESOPHAGUSANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 2007D. I. Watson Purpose The genetic changes that drive the metaplastic change from squamous oesophagus (NO) towards Barrett's oesophagus (BO) and cancer are unclear. microRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and contribute to cellular differentiation and identity. We sought to determine the role of miRNAs in BO. Methodology Biopsies of NO, BO and cardia were taken from 7 patients and RNA was extracted. miRNA expression profiles of 300 miRNAs were determined by microarray. Guided by the array results, real-time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for 8 selected miRNAs enabled their expression to be studied in tissues from another 15 patients. Results Array data revealed that 39 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between NO, BO and cardia. A tissue-specific expression profile was confirmed by RT-PCR, with miR-21, 143, 145, 194 and 215 significantly up regulated in BO and cardia (columnar) vs. NO (squamous). A trend towards increased miR-21 expression from NO to BO and adenocarcinoma was observed (p = 0.1). Interestingly, high expression of miR-143, 194 and 215 was seen in BO vs. NO (p < 0.0001), but with subsequent downregulation in cancers (p = 0.1). In contrast, miR-203 and 205 were highly expressed in NO and low in BO and cardia. A database search revealed that these miRNAs potentially target (proto-)oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Conclusions Differences in miRNA expression are present between NO, BO, cardia and cancer. Deregulation of certain miRNAs, and their predicted effect on the expression of target genes, might contribute to the metaplastic and neoplastic process in the oesophagus and could serve as novel biomarkers to classify diseased tissues. [source] A COHORT ANALYSIS OF US AGE,EARNINGS PROFILESBULLETIN OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Issue 2 2008Kosei Fukuda J31; C51 ABSTRACT Aggregate data on US earnings, classified by period and by age, are decomposed into age, period and cohort effects, using the Bayesian cohort models, which were developed to overcome the identification problem in cohort analysis. The main findings, obtained by comparing college and high school graduates, are threefold. First, the age effects show a downward trend for the age group of 45,49 onwards for high school graduates but do not show any such trend for college graduates. Second, the period effects show a downward trend for high school graduates but reveal no such trend for college graduates. Third, the cohort effects are negligible for both college and high school graduates. [source] EFFECTS OF AGAR AND PECTIN ON GASTRIC EMPTYING AND POST-PRANDIAL GLYCAEMIC PROFILES IN HEALTHY HUMAN VOLUNTEERSCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 11 2007Masaki Sanaka SUMMARY 1Dietary fibre, such as pectin, delays gastric emptying and may enhance post-prandial glucose tolerance. Agar, which is high in fibre content, is widely used in the traditional Japanese diet. Although long-term diet therapy with agar decreases fasting plasma glucose levels in diabetes, knowledge is lacking about the acute effects of agar on gastric emptying and the post-prandial glycaemic profiles. The present study was designed to investigate the acute effects of agar. 2Ten healthy male volunteers were studied on three occasions with three different test meals (450 kcal/500 mL): (i) a fibre-free meal; (ii) a meal with 2.0 g agar; or (iii) a meal with 5.2 g pectin. On each occasion, participants underwent a [13C]-acetate breath test along with serial blood sampling. To quantify gastric emptying, the half [13CO2] excretion time () and the time for maximal [13CO2] excretion rate (tlag) were determined. The post-prandial glycaemic response was expressed as an incremental change from the fasting value at each sampling time. Data were analysed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (anova), followed by a post hoc paired Student's t -test with Bonferroni adjustment. 3The time-course for respiratory [13CO2] excretion differed significantly among the three test meals (P = 0.0004, anova). Compared with the control meal, [13CO2] excretion was significantly lower following consumption of the agar meal (between 40 and 105 min post-prandially; P < 0.025, Student's t -test) and the pectin meal (between 40 and 180 min post-prandially; P < 0.025, Student's t -test). Among the three meals, significant differences were found in (P = 0.002, anova) and tlag (P = 0.011, anova). Compared with the control meal, the agar and pectin meals exhibited a significantly prolonged (P = 0.007 and P < 0.0001, respectively, Student's t -test) and tlag (P = 0.006 and P = 0.002, respectively, Student's t -test). Neither the agar nor pectin meal affected the post-prandial glucose profile. 4In healthy adults, agar and pectin delay gastric emptying but have no impact on the post-prandial glucose response. [source] TARGET GENES OF THE WILMS' TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE AS IDENTIFIED BY cDNA EXPRESSION PROFILINGNEPHROLOGY, Issue 1 2002Little M.H [source] Phase transformation behaviour and bending properties of hybrid nickel,titanium rotary endodontic instrumentsINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 4 2007Y. Hayashi Abstract Aim, To investigate the bending properties of hybrid rotary nickel,titanium endodontic instruments in relation to their transformation behaviour. Methodology, Four types of nickel,titanium rotary endodontic instruments with different cross-sectional shapes (triangular-based and rectangular-based) and different heat treatment conditions (super-elastic type and hybrid type with shape memory effect) were selected to investigate bending properties and phase transformation behaviour. Bending load of the instruments was measured in a cantilever-bending test at 37 °C with the maximum deflection of 3.0 mm. A commercial rotary instrument, ProFile (PF; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used as a reference for the bending test. Phase transformation temperatures were calculated from the diagrams obtained from differential scanning calorimetry. Data were analysed by anova and Scheffe's test. Results, The bending load values of the hybrid type that had undergone additional heat treatment at the tip were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the super-elastic type with no additional heat treatment. The bending load values of rectangular-based cross-sectional shaped instruments were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of triangular-based cross-sectional shaped instruments. Phase transformation temperatures (Ms and Af points) of the hybrid type were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the super-elastic type. The Mf and As points of the tip part were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the whole part of the hybrid instrument. Conclusions, Additional heat treatment of hybrid nickel,titanium instruments may be effective in increasing the flexibility of nickel,titanium rotary instruments. [source] Evaluation of canal filling after using two warm vertical gutta-percha compaction techniques in vivo: a preliminary studyINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 7 2006M. Venturi Abstract Aim, To evaluate the quality of root canal filling when comparing two warm gutta-percha filling techniques in vivo. Methodology, Human teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups, with 30 canals each. The root canals were shaped by hand and ProFile 0.04 rotary instruments to size 20,40 at the end-point and then filled with gutta-percha cones and AH-Plus. In group A, a traditional warm vertical compaction technique was performed using the Touch'n Heat, and back-filling with the Obtura II. In group B, a modified warm vertical compaction technique was used: small amounts of gutta-percha were removed, and the remaining most apical 3 mm were compacted with a 1 mm movement; then thermomechanical back-filling was performed. The teeth were extracted, stored in dye, cleared, and the distance between the apex and apical limit of the filling, linear dye penetration, and voids were measured from the buccal, lingual, mesial and distal perspective. The homogeneity of variance and means was verified using Levene's test and t -test. anova and Dunnett post hoc test were used to establish the significance and to analyse the effects through multiple comparisons. Results, Compared with the specimens of group A, the specimens of group B exhibited less mean linear dye penetration (P < 0.05), smaller void length (P , 0.05) and maximal width (P , 0.05) when examined in all four views, and a more precise filling when viewed from the buccal aspect (P < 0.05). Conclusions, The modified warm vertical compaction technique with apical back-filling produced a more effective and precise three-dimensional filling. [source] Effectiveness in cleaning oval-shaped root canals using Anatomic Endodontic Technology, ProFile and manual instrumentation: a scanning electron microscopic studyINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005O. Zmener Abstract Aim, To compare in vitro the cleanliness of root canal walls in oval-shaped root canals following automated or manual instrumentation. Methodology, Forty-five oval-shaped single-rooted maxillary and mandibular premolars with straight canals were divided into three groups of 15. Automated canal preparation was performed using Anatomic Endodontic Technology (AET, group 1) and the ProFile system (group 2). Manual instrumentation (group 3) was performed with K-Flexofiles. Irrigation was performed using alternately 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, followed by rinsing with saline. The roots were split longitudinally into halves and the canals examined at ×200 and ×400 in a scanning electron microscope. The presence of debris and smear layer was recorded at distances of 1, 5 and 10 mm from the working length using a three-step scoring scale and a 300 ,m square grid. Mean scores for debris and smear layer were calculated and statistically analysed for significance (P < 0.05) between and within groups, using the Kruskal,Wallis nonparametric anova and Dunn's tests. Results, At 1, 5 and 10-mm levels the root canals prepared with AET had significantly less surface debris and smear layer on the canal walls compared with canals prepared with ProFile or manual instrumentation. For all three groups significantly lower mean smear layer scores (P < 0.05) were recorded at 5 and 10-mm levels compared with the 1 mm level. Significantly lower mean debris scores (P < 0.05) were also recorded at 5 and 10-mm levels for the AET group whereas no significant differences were found between the three levels for the ProFile and manual instrumentation groups. Conclusions, Although better instrumentation scores were obtained in canals prepared with AET, complete cleanliness was not achieved by any of the techniques and instruments investigated. [source] Shaping ability of ProFile and K3 rotary Ni-Ti instruments when used in a variable tip sequence in simulated curved root canalsINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 9 2004L. R. Ayar Abstract Aim, To compare the shaping ability of ProFile and K3 rotary Ni-Ti instruments when used in a variable tip sequence in simulated curved root canals with different curvature and radius. Methodology, ProFile or K3 .06 taper instruments were used to prepare simulated canals of 20° curvature and 5 mm radius (n = 10) and 30° curvature and 3 mm radius canals (n = 10) in resin blocks. All canals were prepared to an apical size 40 at 0.5 mm from the canal terminus using a variable tip crown-down sequence. Pre- and postinstrumentation digital images were recorded, and an assessment of the canal shape was determined using a computer image analysis program. The material removal from the inner and outer wall of the canal was measured at 28 measuring points, beginning 0.5 mm from the end-point of the canal and the data compared using the Mann,Whitney U -test. Results, In 20° and 30° canals both instruments significantly removed more (P < 0.05) material on the outer wall than the inner wall in the apical half of the canal. For ProFile files there was no significant difference in the amount of material removed on the outer canal wall between the 20° and 30° canals. However, in the K3 groups significantly more (P < 0.05) outer canal wall was removed in the apical area in 20° canals. When comparing both instruments the results showed that in 20° canals K3 instruments removed more outer and inner canal wall than ProFile instruments (P < 0.05) but that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the instruments in 30° canals. Conclusion, Within the limitation of this study, both rotary nickel-titanium instruments prepared a well-shaped root canal with minimal canal transportation. [source] Comparison of apical transportation between ProFileÔ and ProTaperÔ NiTi rotary instrumentsINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 6 2004M. K. Iqbal Abstract Aim, To use a newly developed radiographic technique to compare apical transportation and loss of working length (WL) between .06 taper ProFileÔ Series 29 and ProTaperÔ nickel,titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments in vitro. Methodology, Mesio-buccal canals of 40 extracted mandibular molars were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 was instrumented with ProFileÔ and group 2 with ProTaperÔ instruments according to the manufacturers' directions. A specially constructed radiographic jig with a Schick digital radiographic system (Schick Technologies Inc., Long Island City, NY, USA) was used to take pre- and postoperative radiographs of the samples at predetermined angulations. Using AutoCAD 2000 (Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA), the central axes of initial and final instruments were radiographically superimposed to determine the loss of WL and degree of transportation at D0, D1, D2 and D4 from the WL. Data were analysed using repeated-measures anova. Results, A statistically significant difference in apical transportation was found at the D4 level between the two groups (P = 0.05). There was no statistical significance regarding postinstrumentation change in WL between groups. Spearman's Bivariate Correlation analysis indicated no statistically significant relationship between the radius of curvature and transportation. Conclusion, The results indicate that both ProTaperÔ and ProFileÔ instruments are comparable to each other in regards to their ability to optimally enlarge root canal with minimal transportation and loss of WL in vitro. [source] Effects of rotary instruments and ultrasonic irrigation on debris and smear layer scores: a scanning electron microscopic studyINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 7 2002B. E. Mayer Abstract Aim This study evaluated debris and smear layer scores after two types of instruments manufactured from different alloys were used to ultrasonically activate irrigants during canal preparation. The influence of two rotary preparation techniques on cleanliness of the shaped canals was also studied. Methodology Apical stops were prepared to size 45 in 42 single-canalled extracted premolars and canines, which were divided into six equal groups. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were prepared by ProFile .04 (PF) while groups 4, 5 and 6 were prepared by Lightspeed (LS). All groups were irrigated using 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Irrigants in groups 2 and 5 were ultrasonically activated using a size 15 steel K-file and by a blunt flexible nickel,titanium wire in groups 3 and 6. Groups 1 and 4 served as negative controls. Roots were split and canal walls examined at 15×, 200× and 400× magnification in an SEM. Smear layer and debris scores were recorded at 3, 6 and 9 mm levels using a 5-step scoring scale and a 200-µm grid. Means were tested for significance using nonparametric Mann,Whitney U and Kruskal,Wallis tests. Results Debris and smear layer scores for the six groups varied from 1.98 ± 1.04 to 3.47 ± 0.97 and from 1.37 ± 0.4 to 2.36 ± 0.99, respectively. Although all groups had significantly higher smear layer and debris scores at the 3 mm levels compared to the 9 mm levels (P < 0.05), no significant differences were recorded due to the ultrasonic energy transmitted by the two alloys. Conclusion Ultrasonically activated irrigants did not reduce debris or smear layer scores. This finding was not influenced by the material nor by the design of the instrument used to transmit ultrasonic activation. [source] In vivo determination of root canal length: a preliminary report using the Tri Auto ZX apex-locating handpieceINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 7 2002F. Grimberg Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to assess the clinical perfomance of a cordless handpiece with a built-in apex locator , the Tri Auto ZX , designed for root canal preparation with nickel-titanium rotary files. Methodology Twenty-five human maxillary incisor and canine teeth scheduled for extraction with mature apices were selected for the study. Informed written consent was obtained from each patient before treatment. After administration of local anaesthesia, the teeth were isolated and the pulp cavities accessed. The Tri Auto ZX along with a size 15 K-file was used in its electronic apex locating function based on the manufacturer's recommendations. A periapical radiograph with the file at the electronically determined constriction was taken, the file removed and the measurement registered as the electronic length (EL). To test the auto reverse function, a size 20 ProFile .04 taper NiTi rotary instrument was mounted in the handpiece. The point for the auto apical reverse function was preset on the panel at the 0.5 mm level. After the file was introduced into the canal and reached the predetermined level, the file automatically stopped and rotated in the opposite direction. A reference point was marked and this measurement was registered as the auto reverse length (ARL). All measurements were made twice by two different investigators. Teeth were then extracted and immersed in a 20% formalin solution for 48 h. After fixation, a size 15 file was inserted into the canal to measure the actual root canal length from the same reference point obtained with the Tri Auto ZX to the apical foramen, as seen in the stereo microscope. When the file tip was visible at the anatomical end of the canal it was withdrawn 0.5 mm and this measurement was registered as the actual length (AL). All measurements were expressed in mm and the measuring accuracy was set to 0.5 mm. The significance of the mean differences between EL and ARL and between EL and AL measurements at the 5% confidence level was evaluated. Results EL measurements were coincident to ARL in all instances. EL and ARL were coincident to AL in 10 (40%) canals, in the remaining 15 canals (60%) the AL measurements were longer than EL and ARL (+0.5 mm) in 14 instances and shorter (,0.5 mm) in one case. Overall, the AL was longer than the EL or ARL, the mean difference being ,0.23 mm ± 0.32 (P < 0.05). Conclusions It was concluded that the Tri Auto ZX was useful and reliable. The Tri Auto ZX measurements protected against overpreparation. [source] Apical extrusion of debris and irrigants using two hand and three engine-driven instrumentation techniquesINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 5 2001C. C. R. Ferraz Abstract Aim To evaluate the weight of debris and irrigant volume extruded apically from extracted teeth in vitro after endodontic instrumentation using the balanced force technique, a hybrid hand instrumentation technique, and three engine-driven techniques utilizing nickel,titanium instruments (ProFile .04, Quantec 2000 and Pow-R). Methodology Five groups of 20 extracted human teeth with single canals were instrumented using one or other of five techniques: balanced force, hybrid, Quantec 2000, ProFile .04, or Pow-R. Debris extruded from the apical foramen during instrumentation were collected into preweighed 1.5 mL tubes. Following instrumentation, the volume of extruded irrigant fluid was determined by visual comparison to control centrifuge tubes filled with 0.25 mL increments of distilled water. The weight of dry extruded dentine debris was also established. Results Overall, the engine-driven techniques extruded less debris than the manual ones. However, there was no statistical difference between the balanced force technique and the engine-driven methods. The volume of irrigant extruded through the apex was directly associated with the weight of extruded debris, except within the ProFile group. The hybrid technique was associated with the greatest extrusion of both debris and irrigant. Conclusions Overall, the engine-driven nickel,titanium systems were associated with less apical extrusion. [source] A comparative study of four rotary NiTi instruments in preserving canal curvature, preparation time and change of working lengthAUSTRALIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Alavieh Vahid ms Abstract The purpose of this ex vivo study was to compare working time, working length changes and shaping effects using ProTaper, ProFile, FlexMaster and Mtwo rotary instruments. A total of 96 mesiobuccal roots of the first maxillary molars were prepared using these instruments. Using pre and post-radiographs, canal curvature and working length were measured. In addition, the time required for canal preparation was recorded. Data was statistically analysed using one-way anova and Duncan's post-hoc tests. ProTaper significantly lessened the canal curvature (P < 0.001), and Mtwo rotary instruments took significantly less instrumentation time (P < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the four groups in changing working lengths (P = 0.081). According to the results of the study, the Mtwo rotary instruments required significantly less instrumentation time, and the ProTaper significantly changed the canal curvature. [source] An evaluation of .06 tapered gutta-percha cones for filling of .06 taper prepared curved root canalsINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005M. P. J. Gordon Abstract Aim, To compare the area occupied by gutta-percha, sealer, or void in standardized .06 tapered prepared simulated curved canals and in mesio-buccal canals of extracted maxillary first molars filled with a single .06 gutta-percha point and sealer or lateral condensation of multiple .02 gutta-percha points and sealer. Methodology, Simulated canals in resin blocks with either a 30° curve and radius of 10.5 mm (n = 20) or a 58° curve and 4.7 mm radius (n = 20) and curved mesio-buccal canals of extracted maxillary first molars (n = 20) were prepared using .06 ProFiles® in a variable tip crown-down sequence to an apical size 35 at 0.5 mm from the canal terminus or apical foramen. Ten 30° and 58° curved resin canals and 10 canals in the extracted teeth group were obturated with .02 taper gutta-percha cones and AH 26 sealer using lateral condensation. The time required to obturate was recorded. The remaining canals were obturated with a single .06 taper gutta-percha cone and AH 26 sealer. Excess gutta-percha was removed from the specimens using heat and the warm mass vertically condensed. Horizontal sections were cut at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 4.5, 7.5 and 11.5 mm from the canal terminus or apical foramen. Colour photographs were taken using an Olympus 35 mm camera attached to a stereomicroscope set at ×40 magnification, and then digitized using a flatbed scanner. The cross-sectional area of the canal contents was analysed using Adobe PhotoShop®. The percentage of gutta-percha, sealer or voids to the total root canal area were derived and data analysed using unpaired Student's t -test and the Mann,Whitney U -test. Results, In the 30° curved canals the levels had between 94 and 100% of the area filled with gutta-percha with no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the lateral condensation and single cone techniques. In the 58° curved canals the levels had 92,99% of the area filled with gutta-percha, with the single cone technique having significantly (P < 0.05) more gutta-percha fill at the 2.5 mm level only. In the mesio-buccal canals of the teeth the levels had between 72 and 96% of the area filled with gutta-percha with no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the lateral condensation and single cone technique. The time for obturation was significantly (P < 0.05) greater for lateral condensation compared with the single cone technique in all groups. Conclusions, The .06 taper single cone technique was comparable with lateral condensation in the amount of gutta-percha occupying a prepared .06 tapered canal. The .06 single cone technique was faster than lateral condensation. [source] The efficacy of gutta-percha removal using ProFilesINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001J. J. Ferreira Abstract Aim The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy in vitro of gutta-percha removal from obturated root canals using ProFiles. Methodology Forty-eight human root canals with curvatures ranging between 25 and 45° were instrumented by a standardized method to an apical ISO size 30 and 0.04 taper. They were obturated with vertically condensed gutta-percha. Retreatment was performed with the following techniques: K-Flexofiles with chloroform; Hedstrom files with chloroform; ProFiles 0.04 taper with chloroform; ProFiles 0.04 taper alone. The time for each method was measured. A microfocal macroradiographic technique was used to evaluate the amount of debris remaining within the root canals after the retreatment procedure. Roots were divided into apical, middle and coronal parts and scored on a scale of 0 (no debris) to 3 (>50% of walls covered with debris) by trained observers on two separate occasions. Results The scores for debris remaining within root canals for K-Flexofiles with chloroform and ProFiles with chloroform were the lowest and not significantly different at all three levels of the roots examined (P > 0.05), and Hedstrom files with chloroform and ProFiles with chloroform were not significantly different in the apical part. In general, coronal parts were cleaner than apical parts. The difference in scores at the three levels between ProFiles with chloroform and ProFiles alone were each significant (P < 0.01). Instrumentation using ProFiles with chloroform (mean 6.42 min) was significantly faster than using hand files (mean 11.67 min) (P < 0.01). Conclusion The results indicated that ProFiles or hand files with chloroform produced similarly clean canals, but that ProFiles were faster. [source] Effect of Oscillating Sheath on Near-Wall Electron Current Profile in Hall ThrustersCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 9-10 2008D. R. Yu Abstract The radial profile of the axial electron current in Hall thrusters was measured; however, the significant decay of the current density peak in the near-wall region can't be explained effectively by the steady sheath theory. As the sheath exhibits an oscillating character when the thruster is in operation, its effect on the near-wall current profile has been studied in this paper. To obtain a comprehensive knowledge, we have considered a wide sheath oscillation frequency span which includes two asymptotic frequency cases at high and low ends. Based on the case studied, either an analytical treatment or a numerical simulation is applied. The results show that the current density peak has a fastest damping speed away from the wall at the asymptotic low frequency. With the increase of the frequency, both the decay and the spatial "wavelength" of the current profile decrease. The decay finally disappears at the asymptotic high frequency with a constant spatial "wavelength". Moreover, the sheath oscillation amplitude can enhance the decay and enlarge the spatial "wavelength". Taking into account of the realistic situation in Hall thrusters, the significant impact of the oscillating sheath on the near-wall electron current profiles can be anticipant. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Using the Steepened Plasma Profile and Wave Breaking Threshold in Laser-Plasma InteractionCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 8 2008P. Zobdeh Abstract In this work we evaluate the interaction of high intense laser beam with a steepened density profile. During laser interaction with underdense plasma by freely expanding plasma regime, modification of density profile is possible. In this paper we have investigated the ultra short laser pulse interaction with nonisothermal and collisionless plasma. We consider self,focusing as an effective nonlinear phenomenon that tends to increase when the laser power is more than critical rate. By leading the expanded plasma to a preferred location near to critical density, laser reflection is obtained, so the density profile will be locally steepened. The electromagnetic fields are evaluated in this new profile. We show the amplitude and period of electrical field oscillation are increased by reducing the steepened scale length. Also our numerical results identify that by reducing the steepened scale length, the electrical field is increased to wave breaking threshold limit. This high gradient electrical field causes the effective beam loading during the wave breaking phenomenon. The wave breaking can be the initial point for other acceleration regime as cavity or channel guiding regime. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] A classification of risk factors in serious juvenile offenders and the relation between patterns of risk factors and recidivismCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 1 2010Eva Mulder Background,There has been a lot of research on risk factors for recidivism among juvenile offenders, in general, and on individual risk factors, but less focus on subgroups of serious juvenile offenders and prediction of recidivism within these. Objective,To find an optimal classification of risk items and to test the predictive value of the resultant factors with respect to severity of recidivism among serious juvenile offenders. Method,Seventy static and dynamic risk factors in 1154 juvenile offenders were registered with the Juvenile Forensic Profile. Recidivism data were collected on 728 of these offenders with a time at risk of at least 2 years. After factor analysis, independent sample t-tests were used to indicate differences between recidivists and non-recidivists. Logistic multiple linear regression analyses were used to test the potential predictive value of the factors for violent or serious recidivism. Results,A nine-factor solution best accounted for the data. The factors were: antisocial behaviour during treatment, sexual problems, family problems, axis-1 psychopathology, offence characteristics, conscience and empathy, intellectual and social capacities, social network, and substance abuse. Regression analysis showed that the factors antisocial behaviour during treatment, family problems and axis-1 psychopathology were associated with seriousness of recidivism. Conclusions and implications for practice,The significance of family problems and antisocial behaviour during treatments suggest that specific attention to these factors may be important in reducing recidivism. The fact that antisocial behaviour during treatment consists mainly of dynamic risk factors is hopeful as these can be influenced by treatment. Consideration of young offenders by subgroup rather than as a homogenous population is likely to yield the best information about risk of serious re-offending and the management of that risk. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||