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Production Time (production + time)
Selected AbstractsCultivation of the Dible Mushroom Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) in Pasteurized Wheat Straw , Alternative Use of Georthermal Energy in MexicoENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2004G. Mata Abstract Five edible Lentinula edodes strains were evaluated. The mushrooms were cultivated on a wheat straw substrate that was previously pasteurized by immersion in water heated by residual geothermal vapor, which was also used to warm incubation and production rooms. Finely chopped wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) was pasteurized and then spawned with supplemented spawn capable of supplying nutrients and enriching the substrate, with the expectation of yield improvement. The samples were incubated for 60,days before the production started and thus, the mushrooms produced had pileus diameters ranging from 5 to 20,cm. The yields fluctuated from 6.2 to 13.9,% (fresh weight of mushrooms/fresh weight of substrate). Biological efficiency ranged from 24.8 to 55.6,% (fresh weight of mushrooms/dry weight of substrate), while the production rate reached varied from 0.19 to 0.55,% (biological efficiency/production time starting from inoculation). The cultivation system evaluated here offers the possibility of lowering production costs by cultivating the mushroom on easily obtainable substrate and shortening the culture cycle. The efficiency of this use of geothermal energy and supplemented spawn for shiitake mushroom cultivation on non-sterilized substrates was proven. [source] Male field crickets that provide reproductive benefits to females incur higher costsECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2005William E. Wagner JR Abstract., 1.,Females often select mates based on signals correlated with the quality of the direct benefits that males will provide to them. A male's quality as a mate and the structure of his mating signals may covary because both traits are energetically expensive for males to produce and because both traits are affected by short-term changes in nutritional condition. 2.,In the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, previous work has shown that females receive reproductive benefits from males that produce higher chirp rates and lifespan benefits from males that produce longer chirp durations, even when they only receive the sperm and seminal fluid contained in male spermatophores. Higher chirp rates are energetically expensive for males to produce, and chirp rate is strongly affected by diet quality, whereas longer chirp durations do not appear to be expensive for males to produce, and chirp duration does not appear to be affected by male diet quality. In this study two hypotheses were tested about the energetic costs of spermatophore production: (1) that spermatophores are expensive for males to produce and (2) that males providing greater direct benefits to females incur higher costs of spermatophore production. 3.,Males that were provided with a lower quality diet took longer to produce a new spermatophore. This result suggests that spermatophores are costly for males to produce. 4.,Males that produced higher chirp rates took longer to produce a new spermatophore. This result suggests that male chirp rate and female reproductive benefits may covary because both traits are energetically expensive for males to produce and thus are affected by male nutritional condition. There was no association, however, between male chirp duration and spermatophore production time. [source] Optimization of agro-residual medium for ,-amylase production from a hyper-producing Bacillus subtilis KCC103 in submerged fermentationJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Gobinath Rajagopalan Abstract BACKGROUND: Although submerged fermentation (SmF) is the conventional method in industry, use of low-cost agro-residues for ,-amylase production in SmF has not been well established. Here we optimized agro-residue-based medium and culture conditions for ,-amylase production in SmF using a hyper-producing Bacillus subtilis KCC103. RESULTS:B. subtilis KCC103 produced ,-amylase in SmF by utilizing agro-residues. Wheat bran (WB) and sunflower oil cake (SFOC) were selected as the best substrates using shake flasks. Medium containing WB (carbohydrate rich) and SFOC (rich in protein and free amino acids) at 1:1 (w/w) ratio produced high levels (90 IU mL,1) of ,-amylase at 30,36 h in a shake flask. The ,-amylase yield was 14-fold enhanced (1258 IU mL,1) by optimizing process parameters and medium composition following response surface methodology in a bioreactor. The optimal conditions were: WB 1.27%, SFOC 1.42%, pH 7, 37 °C and 10,12 h. Both in shake flask and bioreactor ,-amylase synthesis was not repressed by the release of simple sugars into the medium. CONCLUSION: KCC103 with catabolite derepression and hyperproducing ability is useful for economic ,-amylase production using low-cost agro-residual substrates in conventional SmF. Since the production time (10,12 h) is much shorter than other strains this would improve productivity and further reduce the cost of ,-amylase production. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] How to obtain statistically converged MM/GBSA resultsJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2010Samuel Genheden Abstract The molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) method has been investigated with the aim of achieving a statistical precision of 1 kJ/mol for the results. We studied the binding of seven biotin analogues to avidin, taking advantage of the fact that the protein is a tetramer with four independent binding sites, which should give the same estimated binding affinities. We show that it is not enough to use a single long simulation (10 ns), because the standard error of such a calculation underestimates the difference between the four binding sites. Instead, it is better to run several independent simulations and average the results. With such an approach, we obtain the same results for the four binding sites, and any desired precision can be obtained by running a proper number of simulations. We discuss how the simulations should be performed to optimize the use of computer time. The correlation time between the MM/GBSA energies is ,5 ps and an equilibration time of 100 ps is needed. For MM/GBSA, we recommend a sampling time of 20,200 ps for each separate simulation, depending on the protein. With 200 ps production time, 5,50 separate simulations are required to reach a statistical precision of 1 kJ/mol (800,8000 energy calculations or 1.5,15 ns total simulation time per ligand) for the seven avidin ligands. This is an order of magnitude more than what is normally used, but such a number of simulations is needed to obtain statistically valid results for the MM/GBSA method. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2010 [source] Magnetic field effects on the copolymerization of water-soluble and ionic monomersJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 2 2009Ignacio Rintoul Abstract The effect of magnetic field (MF) on the radical copolymerization of a series of water-soluble and ionic monomers is presented including acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), its ionized form acrylate (A,), and diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC). The following combinations have been studied: AM/AA, AM/A,, AM/DADMAC, and AA/DADMAC. In addition to the MF, strong electrostatic interactions are present for the majority of monomer combinations and conditions. Although the monomer consumption rate (Rp) increased up to 65% applying a MF of 0.1 Tesla, the composition of the resulting copolymers was not affected under such conditions. Despite this increase of Rp by MF, the electrostatic repulsion between ionic monomers and charged growing radicals dominates Rp and governs the copolymer composition with and without MF. The order of the experimentally obtained reactivity ratios reflects the extent of electrostatic interaction: rAM/AA (1.41) < r (3.10) < rAA/DADMAC (4.25) < rAM/DADMAC (6.95) and rAA/AM (2.20) > rDADMAC/AA (0.25) > r (0.17) > rDADMAC/AM (0.03). Overall, weak MF offers to reduce the production time without modifying the product composition. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 373,383, 2009 [source] Determination of stability of MIG/MAG welding processesQUALITY AND RELIABILITY ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL, Issue 5 2001Marjan Suban Abstract The paper treats several methods of evaluating the stability of MIG/MAG welding processes, which are based on measurement of time-varying welding-current intensity and welding voltage. The stability of the welding process is affected by numerous parameters. The most unfavourable result of poor stability are spatters, which are problematic in terms of material losses and extension of production times due to cleaning, as well as appearance. The experimental part of the paper is based on stability analyses carried out with three different gas-shielding atmospheres. Two different welding domains were compared. The first was short-circuit material transfer, and the second spraying material transfer. The results obtained in the analysis of the signals measured indicate a more stable short-circuit material transfer in the case of welding with the pure CO gas, and a more stable spray material transfer in the case of welding with the transferred ionized molten energy mixture. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Nonisothermal Bioreactors in the Treatment of Vegetation Waters from Olive Oil: Laccase versus Syringic Acid as Bioremediation ModelBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 3 2005Angelina Attanasio Laccase from Trametes versicolor was immobilized by diazotization on a nylon membrane grafted with glycidil methacrylate, using phenylenediamine as spacer and coupling agent. The behavior of these enzyme derivatives was studied under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions by using syringic acid as substrate, in view of the employment of these membranes in processes of detoxification of vegetation waters from olive oil mills. The pH and temperature dependence of catalytic activity under isothermal conditions has shown that these membranes can be usefully employed under extreme pH and temperatures. When employed under nonisothermal conditions, the membranes exhibited an increase of catalytic activity linearly proportional to the applied transmembrane temperature difference. Percentage activity increases ranging from 62% to 18% were found in the range of syringic acid concentration from 0.02 to 0.8 mM, when a difference of 1°C was applied across the catalytic membrane. Because the percentage activity increase is strictly related to the reduction of the production times, the technology of nonisothermal bioreactors has been demonstrated to be an useful tool also in the treatment of vegetation waters from olive oil mills. [source] Production of Low-Lactose Milk by Means of Nonisothermal BioreactorsBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 5 2004Valentina Grano The effect of the immobilization time on the activity of immobilized ,-galactosidase from K. lactis was investigated. Six biocatalytic membranes, different only for the time of the enzyme immobilization, were obtained by using nylon membranes grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and activated by hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and glutaraldehyde (Glu), used as spacer and coupling agent, respectively. Comparison between the isothermal and nonisothermal yield of these biocatalytic membranes was carried out in the process of lactose hydrolysis in milk. All of the results, reported as a function of the immobilization time, have evidenced the influence of our variable parameter on the activity of the catalytic membranes. The membrane giving highest yield under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions was that obtained with 2 h of immobilization time. The industrial application of these membranes has been discussed in terms of percentage reduction of the production times. [source] | |||||||||||||